ourney towards

the subject of the preceding observations more clear and distinct. The dotted line along the left hand margi

phorbia, allied to that previously mentioned. A Sanguisorba of large stature occurs in low wet places. Epilobum not uncommon. The Pines appear first straggling, and

may likewise be found. Salix occurs on the skirts in low places. The hills around are clothed with grasses, among which is a large Airoidea; in the low valleys between these, inters

chiefly of a Digitaria, sown broadcast, and tied up in bundles w

dea; another Herminioidea, and a Habenariod, both out of flower, may be found, the former on hills, the

68 feet, the temperature being

w. Temperature of the air 65°; water

enerality of which are more elevated than those on the northern side; the most conspicuous is the

rature 58?°.

ual in the morning. The

e clothed with forest, and from this northward, Pines increase in abundance. Anthistiria speculis villosissimis continues here and there; a good deal of cultivation passed on the road, especially under Syung to the south, where there is a large valley. The chief cultivation appears to be Coix, Glycine, and some rice, but the produce seemed very small. At the foot of Syung on the north side, large tufts of Juncus occur, and o

journey of 6 hours. Many parts are wet and marshy, and there is an absence of all tree vegetation, until one reaches Syung. This makes the first part of th

oragineous plant hitherto seen by me on these hills, a Cynoglossum closely allied to C. canescens. The altitu

is one which with the true appearance of an El?agnus, seems to be a Loranthus, the first arborescent species yet found, although, as one or two other exceptions occur to parasitism, there is no reason why there should not be a terrestrial arborescent species, as well as a fruticose one. The wood to the east of the bungalow, which clothes a deep and steep ravine, has a very rich flora; a dryish ridge on the other side of its torrent abounds with Orchide?, and presents an arborescent Gaultheria. The ridge in question may be recognised by its large rocks which are

ies of Ph?nicornis, yellow and crimson, described in Gould's Century as male and female, and the black Edolius are found. The only animals are two species of squirrel, and a genet, of which I shot one, but alt

every side except to the E. and NE. is dreary, marshes and the usual bleak grassy hills being alone visible. My favourite spot in this direction would be the Nungbree hill, the altitude of which, at least of that part over which the road to the village runs, is 5,439, (or probably 5,700,) t

e plant is a huge Sarcocordalis, parasitic on the roots of a large climbing Cissus cortice suberosa, foliis quinatis, o

d from the sand washed down the mountain torrents; the sound of their anvils when beaten is very soft and musical, not unlike that of a sheep bell. The road to the rock is very circuitous; it finally ceases, and for an hour one traverses ridges on which no path exists, having the usual vegetation. The rock is certainly a vast mass, forming a precipice of 700 f

?, a Didymocarpus, C?logyne and some other epiphylic

ded, presenting here and there patches of grass, Aira, and Nardus, together with a few stunted shrubs-Viburnum, another Rhododendron, and Didymocarpus common, C?

s of Assam and the huge Brahmapoutra were likewise seen, but not very clearly. The distance from Myrung to the Kullung rock is certainly not less than eight

irs become common, but they are small. The view of Moleem, from this direction is remarkably pretty; the country being better wooded, especially with young firs, and the effect being much increased by the quantities of large boulders t

g the Boga Panee there is a pretty valley, the eminences generally well-wooded with young firs. Pretty and eligible sheltered sites might here be chosen for a Sanatarium. The v

entirely of Acanthace?. Rhus Bucki-Amelam is common here, an Oxalis occurs in very shady places with fleshy leaves, it is so

because it overtops all the intermediate ground, but because that happens in some places to be rather low; the termination of the 1st elevation above Churra, is seen to be very abrupt, but noth

s thick as I have ever seen it: it consists of an Acanthaceous plant; the forest itself of oaks, chesnuts and Rhododendron arboreum, which last is common on the highest margin. A few Pines occur, but scarcely above the

which Otochilus occurred. Bambus?, 2 Fici sp. Andropogon, Gaylussacia, etc. occur about the wood. The vegetation of the grassy hills was precisely the same, Aroidea, Erianthus, Tofieldioidea, Parnassia nana potius collina, Sphacelioidea, Osbeckia, Arbutoide?, etc. I got scarcely

cies occurs, Bromoide?, etc. etc., as at Moflong. I took the height of this place again; the mean of the three thermometers gave 4,502 feet, the temperature being at 60°: water boiling at 95°, 2

met with Hydrangea exaltata along a torrent flowing into the main-feeder of the Boga Panee, and two other Araliace?. The highest ground crossed is towards the ravine of the Boga Panee, and from this a good view of Moflong is obtained, and

ntias had ceased, as well as most of the Impatientes, and Eriocaulons. The grasses had become more

e interior; thus Osbeckia Nepalensis? was not to be met with in flower in the interior

und in any other locality, much greater altitudes and deeper descents in its ravines, and it is as it were the transit point between a tropical or

ut Moosmai, Mamloo and Surureem, and the depths of whose sides is probably at Mamloo 1,000 feet, might have been better named. I have never seen it on any other places. The Alsophila Brunoniana is likewise apparently confined to the limestone hills, while the tree fern, Polypodium,

m the edge of the table land, seem to undermine the sandstone below, producing land slips, which occur in this manner year after year. Since 1835, the edge of the Moosmai fall has receded at least 10 feet, and ample evidence remains of the recession to take place next rains. This simple undermining will suffice for the formation of ravines, which are formed by their sides merely slipping down without being carried away, this last only occurring in the immediate vicinity of the strength of the torrent. All the different stages may b

ed the ascent, after digging in many places without any success. The site is scarcely 1,000 feet below Mamloo, which is 3,153 feet; it is below the ridge along which the road is visible from the village, and is about 100 yards farther from it than the second square stone erection. One would imagine that one was passing through rocks presenting nothing interesting: the rocks are in many places very hard, particularly when they have been long exposed to the atmosphere, in which case they are less red than when sheltered by vegetation, when they are soft and of a reddish colour: the fossils are by no means frequent, the cylindric tubes

ranthera, Flemingia as at Mahadeb, Vitis, Drymaria, Panicum eleusinoides, Eurya, Panax foliis decompositis inermis, Pogonatherum crenitum, Wallichia, which occur before one has gained an ascent of 2,000 feet: Osbeckia nepalensis descends to this but in small quantities; then I remarked Bidens, ?theilema, Caricine?, Rottlera, Didymocarpus, Begonia, Cheilanthes dealbata, Stemodia ruderalis? Scutellaria, Impatiens bracteata, Rungi? sp. Sida, Elephantopus sp. and Bambusa, Gordonii occurring there at an elevation of about 2,100 feet. Then Centotheca lappacea, Deeringia, Panicum centrum, Gouania, Caryophyllus, which last occurs on all the chain of Himalayas, and which I hav

y above this, Holcus, Andropogons, etc., begin to preponderate, and thence the vegetation is nearly that of Churra. The woods of Mamloo consist of Bucklandia, oaks, chesnuts, Panax, Hyalostemma, Eurya, and Oleine?; Epiphytes are very common. The most

ently with Sterculiace?; the f

enustum, and various other

cco, which in voice resemble

M. 63°. The large metal thermometer rose at the boiling point t

r this, has cut a deep well in the limestone: the road to the bottom is precipitous and dangerous. On reaching the water-course again no signs of the well are observable, access to this is gained by subterranean passages, of which two, now dry, exist. The scene inside is very striking; you stand on the rugged bottom o

ides of the valley are covered with boulders; those at the entrance from Churra of huge size, and thrown together with great confusion. Pines at this place occur of some size, but they are distinctly limited in this direction to the granitic formation. The downs have now assumed a withered wintry appearance. Nonkreem is a great place for iron; this is found in coarse red sands

The large thermometer indicated boiling water 203°: centigrade 96?°: wooden 204

n, Sphacelia Daucas, Hypericum, Hedychium, Polygonum rheoides, Smithia but rare, Tradescantia clavigera, Parnassia collina, Pteris aquilina, Euphorbia, Dipsacus, Salix, Osbeckia capitata, ?thionnia, Eriocaulon, Kno

ds consist of a Castanea, 2 oaks, Rhododendron arboreum and R. punctatum, Panax, Eurya, Thebaudiace? vari

poor quality, is here cultivated, as well as capsicum, but this is also of inferior quality; the houses are worse than usual. Near this place several Nunklow plants appear, as Plectranthus c?ruleus, Labiata foliis verticillatis of Suddya.

n, consisting chiefly of pines, which are of moderate size, Gordonia, Castanea, and Quercus: Mimosea occurs, also Saurauja. The grasses are as before, except that the Anthi

till larger stream not fordable in the rains, at least where I crossed, meets it. On the streams at the base of the Suneassa acclivity, Salix, Ligustrum, Ficus frutex humelis, and a fine Indigofera occur. Moving thence along the valley the vegetation becomes tropical, although pines descend nearly to its level. Pontederia the sm

ble seeded Labiata. Grasses abound; in addition to those above several new ones occur, Rottboellia exallata, Anthis

rs Ph?nix pumile, which as well as the Rottboellia, which I think I have s

cur, although they may be seen here and there. The woods appear the same as those of Churra. Pandanus sp. altera? occurs. I

dland scenery in the south of England; close to Amwee is a fine stream 40 yards wide, this winds through the valley, and on its upper part fine cascades occur. No fish are to be found besides those of Churra. The river is crossed by a stone bridge consisting of pillars of single slabs of large size, one measuring 20 feet in length by from 4 to 5 in breadth. The temperature varies from 50 to 68 during

, and Pandanus of large size in the woods. Epiphytical Orchide? abound; Nepenthes occurs her

he woods nearly disappearing except in the more favoured spots. Pines soon commence. In the second valley, the stream of which is large, and of which pretty views are to be obtained,

ent timber palings. The people are different from Khasyas Proper-perhaps they are not so fine a race. Their features approach more to those of Bengallees, particularly the women, who dress their hair like those of Assam, indeed the dress generally of both sexes assimilates to that of Assamese, although their language seems to b

f Moflong, Sida, Clematis pubescens, Caricine?, Myrica, Gordonia, Polygonum 3, among them Rheoides Engeldhaardtii common, Viburna 2, Wendlandia, Osbeckia capitata and nepalensis. The grasses chiefly Andropogons; Muss?nda, Bucklandia, Saurauja, Hir?a, Dipsacus rare, Camellia oleifolia, an

2°; large thermometer boiling point 205?°: wooden d

out 4,000 feet: Joowye being situated i

the trees except in the ravines almost exclusively pines, those on the ravines consisting of oaks, Rhododendra, Betula corylifolia, Betula moroides, Solidago, Verbena, Primulace?, Othonna, occur; Anthistiri?, both those of Nunklow are

abiat. lobis 2, superioribus minoribus,

Khasya houses, but the lawns and the comparative cleanliness of the front makes them look much better. The market, which took place to-day, is outside the village and close to our bungalow: it is well attended, but the amount of persons could not exceed 100 to 200, and these form a considerable amount of all the persons capable of bearing burdens from the neighbouring villages. The luxuries exhibited are all Khasyan, consisting of stinking fish, some other

rees in some of the buildings, in most of the houses in the presence of some brahmins, in the tanks, and in a sacred lake. At an

our huts: Rhus bucki ameli, two Artimise?, Anthistiria arundinacia, Pteris aquilina, Callicarpa lilacina, Eurya, Bombax, Osbeckia nepalensis and linearis, Marlea begonifolia, Pyrus, Pinus, Urticia fructibus aurantiaceus capitulatis, Polygonum rheoides, R

ia ciliaris, Panax, Wendlandia Salvinia, Isachne bigeniculata, Betula corylifolia common, Pontedera, Tetranthera, Erythrina, Celtis, Salix, Buddleia, Gordonia, Calamu

Verbena, Xanthophyllum, Xyris,

let, Soflong? pumpkins and tobacco; g

well as Loxotis obliqua, the Ca

king the mean, I find the eleva

large size. From this place to Koppilee river it is said to be nine marches. A fuqueer from Cutch said sev

e days, but with loaded people probably twelve or fifteen. The station between Rulung and the K

h.-Left for

with grassy vegetation. There are no steep ascents nor descents; and the

ountry became more undulated and scarcely a tree was met with: Hedysarum gyrans commenced shortly after leaving Nurtung: a sure sign of decreasing elevation. The country subsequently improved, being more diversified with wood: firs became abundant, Callicarpa arborea commenced. About Nonk

ng at first entirely of pines, Betula of Joowye, etc. then of pines, Quercus castaneoides which attains a large size. It was here that the pines became large, one felled measured sixty-nine feet to the first branch, most are straight, the greatest diameter not two feet. Gordonia occurred here of large size, the woods are really deligh

it Castanea, Kydia, Gordonia. No pines no

but the Castanea castaneoides of large size, Camellia oleifolia, Daphne cannabina, Rhododendron punctat

high, rocks of course break the stream, which is gentle at the points crossed. Breadth is 50

assa as well as Manisuroides here occur. The village Madan is very small, the people, of course, as they have scarcely ever seen a white face, very polite and

n great numbers. Pea-fowl at Madan. Elephants are abundant, especially towards the descent to the Borpanee. Fly wheel (?) insect is here common at Kokreen, a small village close to Nonkreen. Equisetum occurs along the Boga

he only ascent of any length is that before descending on Nungtung. Throughout the 1st part, all

2,800 feet, Volkameria is common. The same grasses continue. In the rice fiel

s bark is thick and somewhat corky, its diameter three feet. Quercus callicarpifolius appeared soon after, with Polygala linear

nicus floribus roseis, Gerardia, Apluda, Se

atures. Oaks and chesnuts still continuing to be the usual trees. Much underwood, consisting of Acanthace?, Laurine?, Anonace?, R

e of the stream of which was 1,979 feet, the thermomete

y 60, Randia microphyllum, Aneilema aspera, and pines appeared in the woods, with straight trunks and high branches, occasioned by the abortion of the lower branches, sometimes dichotomously forke

g the precipitous or steep edge of a very wet water-

ifera, Phlogacanthus, Acanthace?, Sarcopyramis, Magno

tly appears but

oxia cordata, Polypodium arborescens, Thibaudi

lly ascending, op

Q. cast

astanea, Quercus castaneoides and callicarpifolia, Polyga

. Oaks, chesnuts, a

Melica latifolia, Epiphytes common, especially on Gordoni?. The altitude of the summ

64°. Big Therm. in boiling water 206?°, ditto

e doors of curious construction, consisting of bamboos strung longitudinally over a transverse one, so that they can be only opened

n through part of an oak and fir wood; I then turned off to NNE. traversing undulated hills entirely covered with grass; here and there an oak and chesnut wood occurred; this continued until 1 P.M., when the path joined the great road as it

warms of elephants, by which animals we were disturbed twice; it continued until 6 P.M., over undulated ground becoming lower and lower until

but pines ceased about half w

s to it is pretty. Its elevation is 1,632 feet, temperature 63°. Water boils at 98? of c

hat of the Khasyahs. They approach to Hindoos in not eating cows. They inhabit the lower northern ranges of these h

of which I slept, having it first cleansed, and the deity appeased

ius, Ricinus, Artocarpus intigrifol, Tamarind, Guava,

on malv?fol, Hastingsia, Torenia asiatica, Caricinea, Leea, Prunus! Congea! Antidesma, Rottleria, Clerodendron nutans, Calamus, Xan

nt the former grasses. Rottboellia, Andropogons, Erianthus, Saccharum, Anthistiria, and the trees are scattere

the plants forming which I have already mentioned,

mperature being 66°, 8? A.M., water boiled at 211.1° in the large thermometer. 100 cent

Dhumria, the country being low and highly cultivated, presents generally the appearance of one sheet of rice. In this march I observed one or two instances of the absolute enclosure of Dicotyledonous trunks by Fici. This enclosure arises entirely from the excessive tendency to cohesion between the roots and radicles of so

it abounds with milky juice, and in habit and some other

ore, whither I had been to repor

eighbouring villages, but I saw no instance of this. They occur solitarily, or at most in groups of two or three. They appear to be more frequent towards the immediate base of the hills, and to prefer the drier parts of those humid and dense f

e of main tr

ding the sup

covered by crown

tto ditto,

The trunk is a compound one, formed entirely by the mutual cohesion of roots; not as in almost all other trees by the growth of parts in an ascending direction. Its aspect is picturesque and varied, occasionally putting on the appearance of sculpture. It is, I think, doubtful whether this as well as some other species of the genus are not to be considered as genuine parasites, at any rate they generally caus

ion of the bark, the union subsequently becomes of the most intimate kind. The supports are perfectly cylindrical; they become conical only towards the earth, on approaching which they divide into roots: they are strictly descending growths, and as such, under ordinary circumstances, they never produce leaves, etc. Roots likewise issue from every section of the bark of sufficient depth to reach the outer layer of wood, with the o

houc it contains. This is ascertained by rubbing a few drops up in the palm of the hand, which causes the watery juice to separate (probably by evaporation) from the caoutchouc which remains in the form of small, oblong, or round portions; and by kneading this in the hand, and striking it sharply once or twice with the fist it acquires elasticity, so that an additional test of excellence is at once pointed out. Many incisions are made in one tree, the juice flows rapidly at first, at the rate of sixty drops a minute from an ordinary incision, but this soon becomes so much diminished that it dwindles to eight. The bleeding is continu

s, by far the greater portion of which were of large size. Lieutenant Vetch has made a calculation, (on the assum

however, the increase in latitude may occasion their decrease both in number and size. On the southern side of the valley there is every reason to believe it to be equally common. The general geographic range may hence be

g may be estimated at 13,000 maunds of the caoutchouc itself, assuming Dr. Roxburgh's proportion of one to three to be nearly correct. Some idea ma

t may be considered as equal to any other. It has been pronounced by persons in Calcutta to be excellent, but no details have been entered into except by Mr. Bell, who objects to its snapping: if by this we are to underst

the inferiority of the juice during the season of active vegetation. And if it be possible to limit the number of bleedings of each tree to four or five during the above period, I consider that the present 3,000 stock cannot fail to be kept up. But to venture on still larger supplies, to meet the demand for this most useful article, a demand to which limits can scarcely be assigned, the format

no one feature in particular. The trees are all of a tropical nature, except towards the