Chess and Checkers: The Way to Mastership

ginal purpose only if Black has a Pawn on d5 so that White can open the c-file. Therefore, i

P-d6 (

e has no reason to expect that he will be able to open the c-file for his Rooks. Consequen

Ktb8-d7

advance the King's Pawn two squares. In other words, White completes his development more quickly than Black and he has consequent

IDDLE

ESSARY for the development of the pieces, and any move which a player-without being compelled-makes with a piece that is already developed, ought to be regarded as a Middle-game move. To give an example:

f a game. But only such moves should be considered in cases of this kind as a player is fairly sure to make at

nstance: After (1) P-e4, P-e5; (2) Kt-f3, Kt-c6; (3) B-b5, Kt-f6; (4) o-o, B-e7 there is no objection to White's playing (5) R-e1 as the Roo

es time, for in the first case he places the Knight on a square from which he is sure to be driven away again as soon as the direct attack involved in his mov

mobility by a second move; the Rooks by occupying a file which is liable to be opened b

ore than one line at a time, and they may be required to hasten from one wing of the board to the other just as often as the other pieces. This is t

be effected in Queen's Pawn openings than in King's Pawn op

ng, gains control of two squares in the heart of the hostile camp. To illustrate this by a case which often occurs: If after (1) P-d4, P-d5; (2) Kt-f3, Kt-f6; (3) P-e3, P-c5; (4) B-d3, Kt-c6; (5) o-o, P-e6; (6) P-b3, B-d6; (7) B-b2, o-o; (8) Ktb1-d2, P-

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et his King's Rook into play by P-f4 and R-f3-h3, while Blac

Knight there is no advantage in occupying the center. The position of Diagram 46 is a typical example. If White plays Kt-d5 he loses practically a move, as after Ktxd5, Pxd5 he has in no way improved the mobility of his men while it is Black's turn to m

e of the most important maneuvers in King's Pawn openings when it i

veloping move B-g5 serves this purpose in the most natural way, and a position arises similar to the one shown in Diagram 43 where Black prevented any furthe

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Bxc3 and then Kt-e7. The reason is that this maneuver enables Black to get his Queen's Knight over to the King's wing while White's Bishop b5 is rather out of action, so that Black has a good chance to enter the battle

Bishop c8. Indeed, there seems to be no reason why Black should not answer (1) B-g5 with B-g4 and (2) Kt- d5 with Kt-d4; for the Knight f6, who after Kt-d5 is attacked twice, is defended twice, and there is no poss

tack on the opposing King's Knight. The danger of the concentration of two pieces on this Knight lies in the fact that Black is ob

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d 29. On the other hand, Black gains an open file for his Rooks as soon as the g- Pawn is out of the way, and the exchange on f6 should therefore not be made

the weakness resulting on f6 and h6. In exchanging he can give up either his Knight d5 or his Bishop g5. In both cases there

ngerous for Black if he could not prevent White's Queen from entering on h6 or render the double threat on f6 ineffective in some other way. The logical continuation for Black is to answer (2) B-h4 with K-h8 in order to occupy the g-file with his Rook as soon a

for Black to prevent the disaster threatened on f6 is to give back the piece he just won: (4) ..., Kt-e2+; (5) K-h1, Bxg2+;

ack in the position of Diagram 47. This is the preparatory move (1) Q-d2. (1) Bxf6 is obviously

2, which threatens (

te, Black has three r

3 or

K-h8 would be followed by (4) Bxg7+, (5) Q-g5+ and (6) Q-f6 mate. It is interesting to note that it is just the one move which White is ahead in the development th

K-h1, Bxg2+; (5) Kxg2, Kt-f4+; (6) Ktxf4, Pxf4; (7) K-h1, K-h8; (8) R-g1, R-g8; (9) Rxg8+,

secures for him the victory. This is (3) P-h3, with the view to make room for the Rook by K-h2. The only way to counter White's threat is now P-c6. However, after (4) Ktxf6+, Pxf6; (5) B-h4, K-h8; (6) K- h2, R-g8; (7) R-g1, Q-e7; (8) R-g3 Black is unab

to the one discussed in the line of play commencing with (1) Ktxf6+, but with the big difference that White is now one move ahead in the attack. Thi

us manner. If White tried to win by (8) R-g1, threatening mate in four moves through Rxg6, Qxg6, Q-h6 and R-g1 Black could sufficiently defend himself with (8) ..., P-d5, unpinning the Pawn f7 and enabling B-e7, which would supply the much needed protection for the

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Bishop c4 and threatening R- g1. The consequence could then be: (10) ..., K-h8; (11) R-g1, Q- e7; (12) R-d3, R-g8; (13) R-h3, Ktxh4; (14) Qxh7+ and (15) Rxh

same attack which White threatens to initiate by Q-d2 one move earlier by playing Q-d7 instead of B-c5. The fact, however, that this Bishop is not cooperating with the pieces on the King's wing makes a big difference and the most Black can obtain is apparently a draw. The continuation could be: (1) Ktxf6+, Pxf6; (2) Bxf6, P-h6; (3) P-c3, Ktxf3+, (4) Pxf3, B-h5; (5) K-h1, K-h7; (6) R-g1, R-g8; (7) R-g3. If Black's Bishop were on c5 instead of b4, White could not play R-g3 on account of Bxf2. He would h

variations. The important thing to realize is the fact that in a position where both players have castled on the King's side, a dangerous weakness is created if the g-Pawn is forced to move, and if pressure can be brought to bear

e adhered to under all circumstances, but in most games it is a good rule to follow. The reason is obvious. The Rooks have no opportunity of making themselves useful until a file has been opened, while the Queen often finds an occasion to enter the battlefield on a diagonal.

ntinued with P-b5 with the view to playing B-g4 and Kt-d4. White replied (8) B-b3, B-g4; (9) Kt-e2. Better would surely have been B-e3, which develops a new pie

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Bxf3; (11) Pxf3, Q-h3; (12) Kt-g3, P-h5; (13) B-e3. He cannot play R-e1 on account of Bxf2+ followed by Qxh2+ and Qxg3. (13) ..., P-

an active part in the battle because a file was open

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the Pawns in front of the King has moved. In the position of Diagram 50 for instance, White is able to open the h-file by advancing the h-Pawn and exchanging it against Black's g-Pawn, while Black, who would like to use his Rooks in an attack on the Queen's wing, has little hope to open a file on that side of the board. If Black's g-Pawn were still on his origi

-b3 Kt-a5 (3) P-h5

move threatens mate in two moves by Q-a1; Kt-b1, Bxb2; but White simply defends himself first

Pxg6 Pf7xg6 (7) B-h

fense around Black's King who has now only t

Kt-g

nce. But so great is the advantage afforded White by the open h-file that he can sacrifice his Knight to brea

Ktxh7

ite continues (11) Q-

-g7; (14) Rxh7+, Kx

+ K-f6 (15) Q-h8+ K-e7 (16) R-h7+ K-d6 (17) Q-f8+ K-e5 (

as there is no def

ok's Pawn. If he does not want to play P-g4 on the first move, because Black could take the Pawn with his Knight, he can prepare the advance by R-g1. But he need not really fear the loss of the Pawn, because in taking him Black would himself open the g-file for White's Rook and White is sure to obtain an ov

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Pxg5; (3) Qxg5+, K-h8; (4) Q-h6+, K-g8; (5) P-g5, Kt-e4; (6)

King without weakening his own King's position. Only if a player holds more territory and has a greater number of pieces on the King's wing t

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lack cannot easily throw his men over to the King's wing, White can risk to loosen his Pawns on this wing without fearing that Bla

ly any other move than P-g6; for if he permits Kt- f5 with the view to exchanging the Knight with his Bishop, he opens the g-file for White's Roo

enerally speaking it is easier to get the two Rooks into cooperation in the center than on the side of the board. This cooperation-usually effected by doubling in one file-is naturally very important and it is the main reason why it is desirable to castle as early as possible. Between the Ro

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on but this Rook might be needed later on the c-file while the King's Rook certainly will have no chance to be developed in any but the d-file as long as the White e- and f-Pawns are s

th the other pieces, while White may be able to double his Rooks in the Queen's file, which would decide the victory as Black has no possibility to counter the threat R-d8+ in the long run. White played (6) Kt-e5 with the intention to sacrifice the Knight on f7 in case Black should move his Bishop. Rxf7 would then be followed by Q-g8+ and Qxb8 or Qxe6 mate

reach positions favorable for an active part in the attack. With the Bishops it is different. They can usually be d

ver, is not advisable in positions in which the opponent has the option of castling to the Queen's side. After (1) P-e4, P-e5; (2) Kt-f3, Kt-c6; (3) B-c4, Kt-f6; (4) Kt-c3, B- c5; (5) P-d3, P-d6; for instance White should wait with B-g5 until Black has castl

verwhelming attack. Another good square for the Queen's Bishop is in Queen's Pawn openings b2 from where the Bishop supports the advance of the King's Knight to e5. In this c

g move with the g-Pawn. The position of Diagram 54, which occurred in a game between Teichmann and Rubinstein in the Karlsbad Tournament, 1911, furnishes an instructive example. White played (1) P-a4, trying to make use of

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ess Black weakens his Pawn position by P-g6. The proper way to answer White's first move would have been either B-e6 or P-b4. The latter is a Paw

the development by B-g5, will be to open the f- file for the Rook by advancing the f-Pawn. This advance can be prepared by P-h3 and Kt-h2. Of course, White would prefer to do without the move of the h-Paw

s Rooks and opening it by P- d5 and Pxe4. His Queen's Bishop, however, is badly placed in any case as

said that in King's Pawn openings White's King's Bishop comparatively seldom has an opportunity to take an active part in the battle. He is mostly exchanged at an early stage of the game for Black's Queen's Knight or Queen's Bishop. In Queen's Pawn openings, ho

ed in the position of Diagram 55 in a game between Teichmann and Dus Chotimirski in the Prague Tournament 1908. Black, on the move, played (1)..., Kt-e5, disturbing the symmetry of the position to his advantage by opening the diagonal of his Queen's Bishop without allowing White to make a similar

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and it is the advantage of the work done by his Queen's Bishop in the unobstructed diagonal which secures Black the victory, (11) ..., Kt-d5; (12) Ktxd5, Bxd5; (13) Q-g4, Q-b7; (14) P-f5, R-c4; (15) Q-g3, R-f4!. White cannot capture t

al Rook's, Bishop's and Knight's maneuvers have also shown the methods by which the cooperation with the Queen can be effected. The main field of action for the Queen is the side on which the opponent has castled. In games, in which both players have castled on the same side of the board, and which, as stated previo

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GRA

with his Queen in conjunction with the two Bishops. Another example is the position of Diagram 57 which occurred in a game between Capablanca and Bernstein in the San Sebastian Tournament 1911.

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e game. White would, of course, have avoided the exchange by playing his King into the corner. (3) R-c1, Q-b2; (4) Kt-h5; this prevents the Queen from getting back into play via f6. The threat is now R-c3, cutting Black's Queen off from g7, and then Kth5xg7 and Qxh6. Black defends himself against this threat

y be termed "weak" if it can be safely occupied by men which help the opponent in his attack, and this is generally possible if the square in question cannot any longer be defended by a Pawn. The great danger involved in the occupation by hostile pieces of such weak squares is evident if they are situated near the King, and examples of how the attack develops in cases of this kind have been discussed in connection with Diagrams 48, 49, 50 and 52. It is less apparent why a Pawn move should create a weakness if a center-Pawn or a Pawn on the Queen's wing is concerned. In the latter case, the possibi

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posal than Black that the latter is soon forced to move his King allowing White to break in with his King at one or the other side. For insta

ding positions frequently arise in which it is important to have some moves to spare in order to be able to

arises after the opening moves (1) P-e4, P-e5; (2) Kt-f3, Kt-c6; (3) P-d4, Pxd4; (4) B-c4, Kt-f6; (5) o-o, B-e7. The proper continuation is (6) R- e1, protecting the center-Pawn. The advance of this Pawn is entirely uncalled for. Not only does it enable Black to open the f-file for his Rook by advancing his f-Pawn, but it gives up the greatest advantage connected with t

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(11) B-e3, P-c6; (12) B-b3, P-d5; (13) Ra1-d1, K-h8; (14) Q-f4, P-f6. This decides the middle-game in Black's favor. Not only will he have s

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GRA

s wing. After all pieces have been exchanged, these Pawns would finally result in a passed Pawn, which

ttack. In the position of Diagram 60, for instance, Black would make his Queen's Pawn backward if he played P-c5; for if White handles the game right Black will never be able to advance the Queen's Pawn beyond d6, making him an easy mark for an attack in the d-file or in the diagonal h2-b8, an

ows: (1) Ktxd6, Pxd6; (2) Ra1-d1, Q-f6; (3) P-c4, Rf8-e8; (4) Q-g4 (threatening Q-d7) B-c6; (5) R-e2; R- e4; (6) Q-g3, Q-e6 (threatening R-g4); (7) P-h3, R-d8. Black cannot protect the Pawn d6 as many times as White can attack him. It looks as if he could have taken th

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ttack on e3 is possible. Of course, he would have to see that the possibility of such an attack does not arise later on. For instance, he wou

improve his strength and acquire within a short time a much more intimate grasp of the game than others who have had years o

eneral principles to the continuous series of combinations which constitute a game of Chess. The author has chosen games from his own to

STRATIV

E N

ournament of the Western Sta

te

owalter. E

(2) Kt-f3 Kt-c

has to either retreat with the Bishop, adding nothing to his development, or e

B-a4

ce the exchange of Black's center-Pawn by P-d4. The complete control of the center which White would gain in the further

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GRA

5, Kt-e8; (10) P-d5, Kt- e7; (11) P-d6,

)

wn either one or two squares. When advancing the Pawn two squares White has to avoid the following trap: (5) o-o, B-e7; (6) P-d4, P-b5; (7) B-b3, Pxd4 (not Ktxd4 on account of (8) Bxf7 and (9) Ktxe5 +); (8) Ktxd4 ??,

n account of (9) R-e1. Black has various ways to counter this threat. He can either defend the Pawn by P-d6 or play B-e7 w

ars that White obtains a slight advantage however Black continues. Th

ain variations which have been ado

d and Black threatens to exert pressure on d4 by playing B-g4 and Kt-c6. It might seem that White can ignore this threat and as soon as d4 attacked either exchange the Pawn on e5 or advance him to d5. However, the former maneuver would open the d-file for Black's Rooks and the latter would n

irect attack B-g4 and at the same time prepares an attack along the lines of the one discussed in connection with Diagram 52.

d Ktxd4 would follow threatening to win a piece; but he may try to maintain his Knight on the dominating square e4 by (6) ..., P-b5; (7) B-b3, P-d5. After (8) Pxe5, B-e6; (9) P-c3 (again providing a retreat for the Bishop), B-e7; (10) Ktb1-d2, Black's best continuation is probably Ktxd2; (11) Qxd2 (not Bxd2 on account of B-g4); Kt-a5 or o-o. The maneuver (10) ..., Kt-c5; (11) B-c2, P-d4, which was tried in several recent tournaments, is of doubtful value as

...

defend the Pawn e5 against the threa

B-b3

-c5. White could then

o-o; (8) Bxc6, Pxc6;

mate on f2 and att

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Kt

White wins a Pawn but this cannot be considered an adequate equivalent for the time he loses in doing so. He negl

P-d5 (

the Knight on f7, thus: (8) ..., Ktxd5; (9) Ktxf7, Kxf7; (10) Q-f3+, K-e6 (the Knight d5 has to be protected); (11) Kt-c3, Ktc6-e

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...

who was to play the main part in the attack, and, as a consequence

)

getting rid of the advanced Pawn by exchang

txb3 (10)

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GRA

, B-b7; (14) K-e2, B-d6 and Bxc7; but in doing so he would give up his advantage in

3 B-b7 (12

eds only two moves-R-e1 and Kt-e4-to paralyze the effect of Black's powerful Queen's Bishop and to r

) R-e1 o-o (15) Ktb

and Rook at the same time. White's only defense would be (18) B-d2 or Kt-d2, but he would pin himself badly in

self for the purpose is P-e4, opening a line for the Bishop d6 and the Queen at the same time. At first sight the move does not seem playable as on e4 the Pawn is three times attacked and only twice defe

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GRA

(17) Pxe4 Kt

nnot take him without opening the f-file for Black's Rook and losing the Pawn h2 who needs the protection of the Knight f3. The other is Ktxd2, winning the Pawn h2 right away no matter whether White retakes with the Bishop or with the Knight. Which of the two moves is th

...

es with the Knight, Black also wins the Pawn h2, but the other Pawns in front of the King remain intact. The drawback to the latter continuation is, however, that White's development is delayed for another two move

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GRA

Bxd

's Bishop in order to win the Pawn h2 was very likely ano

3 Bxh2+

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e has to make several preparatory moves with his Rooks before he can make use of them on the King's wing, the only part of the board wh

exposed while Black's King is s

ught, is R-d6, enabling the doubling of the Rooks in the d- line

. R-d6

2) P-f4 would not be good either as Black would reply Q-d7, thr

g by R-g4 against attacks in the g-file, an

. P-f5

counterattack looks better as it threatens to force an entrance for the Rooks in the second rank, displacing White's Queen and atta

erattack is Q-d8, which attacks the Rook h4 too, thereby dep

8 (24) Rxh2

cooperate by doubling them either in the d-file or in the second rank. He decides on the former alternative because the control of the Queen's file keeps White's t

+ (26) K-h1 R

hereby gaining time to swing over t

...

) Q

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GRA

orce her out by attacking the square d1 once more with the Queen, thereby threatening to win the Queen fo

. R-d6

1 in order to answer Q-d8 with (30) R- e1, R-dl; (31) K-g2. But Black would then also h

. Q-d8

he Queen was K-g2, but then R-

; (35) Q-h4, Qxf3+; (36) Q-g3, Rxg3+; (37) Pxg3, P-f4; (38) K-h4, Qxg3+; (39) K-h5, Q-g5 mate. This instructive game

E N

ew York Masters

te

er Jose Rao

t-f6 (3) P-c4 P-e6 (4) Kt

ed to e7 as on b4 he is out of p

P-e3

he Queen by advancing to e4. In trying to counter Black's threat White will seek to do as much as he can for the development of his pieces so as to combine the att

3 Q-a5

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#B | | #K

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| | #Kt| | #

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| | #P |

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#P | #P |

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| ^P | ^P

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^Kt| ^B | ^

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| | | | ^P

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| | | ^K

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d e

GRA

ing the Pawn d5 to clear the fifth rank. Or he might play Kt-e4 first and then exchange on d4. Considering that all these threats are based on the fact that the Knight c3 is pinned as long as White has not yet castled it lies near for White to try (8) o-o. It is tr

te cannot do better than play (9) Pxb5 or Pxd5 allowing P-C4. Secondly, Black can make the combination indicated above which

Kt-e4

the view to attacking by (11) R-c1, etc., as previously

(10) Ktxg5 P

d3 and the Knight on g5. Black could now win a Pawn by taking on d3, but

...

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#B | | #K

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| | | | #P

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| | #P

-------

t| #Kt| #P

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| ^P | #P

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| | ^B |

-------

| | | | ^P

-------

| | | | ^

-------

d e

GRA

there seems to be no satisfactory continuation. For instance: (13) Q-C2, Ktxd3; (14) Ktd6xf7, R-f8 winning two Knights for the

Ktxd3 (13)

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#B | | #K

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| | | #P

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| | | #

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Kt| | #P |

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| ^P | #P

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| ^Q | ^

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| | | | ^P

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| | | | ^

-------

d e

GRA

Kt-f3, Pxe3; White can continue (15) Pxd5 with good attacking chances on account of the open fil

he fifth rank in order to o

c4 (15) Qxc4

ght from the dominating center square White decreases his mobility instead of increasing i

Qxg5 (17)

this favorable square with his Bishop, ha

P-e

the diagonal a3-f8 as the Paw

Q-d

tageous for White, a fact that White should have foreseen as the unprotected Knigh

2 o-o-o (

d1 on account of R-d

Bxe4 (2

lace. Ktxa5 was indicated. R-d2 could then ha

. K-b8

e opponent as it drives the

(24) Ktxa5

s governing Pawn formations as previously discussed. By attacking the Knight

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| #R | |

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| | | #P

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| | #P

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| | #B

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| | |

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| | | |

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| | | | |

-------

| ^R | |

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d e

GRA

tly compelled to stay on the Queen's wing guarding the Pawn, while Black is at leisure to secure a passed Pawn on the King's wing. These maneuvers ar

+ (26) Rxc1 R

a Pawn by (27) R-d1, P-b6; (28) Kt-c4, Bxc4; (29) Pxc4, Rxc4; (30) R-d2

29) K-e3 K-b6 (30) Kt-c4+ Bxc4

play P-a3 which would also keep Black's King from b4; but he would soon run out of spare moves with his Pawns necessitating a King's move. For instance, (32) P-a

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| | |

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| | | #P

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| | |

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#K | | #

-------

^P | |

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| ^K | |

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| | | | |

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| | |

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d e

GRA

cannot do more than capture the g- and h-Pawns, and Black's Queen can naturall

(34) P-h4 P-g

captured the Pawn c4 and permi

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| | |

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| | | |

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#K | | #

-------

| | #P

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| | ^K |

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| | |

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| | | |

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| | |

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d e

GRA

t moves while White could not get farther with

ng's side would not help White either, as he does not get b

(38) P-h5 Kxc4 (39) K-e4 P-b