Terrestrial and Celestial Globes Vol I

s of the Last Quarter

nd Philip Apianus.-The armillary sphere of Carlus Platus.-Roll and Reinhold.-Tycho Brahe and his influence.-Titon du Tillet.-The terrestrial globe of Rouen.-

ief seemed to have found very general acceptance that the New World was but a prolongation or eastward extension of the Asiatic continent, a belief which found expression in the plane as well as in the globe maps. Exceptions to such belief were likewise noted, as was also the inclination manifesting itself in this second quarter to return to the earlier notions, that a great body of water separated Asia from the northern continent, in the spread of which notion Mercator seems to have exerted a dominating influence. In the third quarter of the century the globe maps indicate that a belief in the independent position of the New World had aga

k left to us being exceedingly few. We note a rising interest and activity in globe making in the North in this period, which reaches a climax during the early years of the seventeenth centur

before his pupil, Dasypodius, was successful in urging the magistrates of the city to take up the work anew. In the year 1570, through his advice, two young globe makers of Schaffhausen, Isaac and Josias Habrecht,339 who had given aid to their father in the construction of the "Frohnwaagthurm Uhr" of the last-named city, together with the Schaffhausen artists, Tobias and Josias Stimmer,340 were invited to take up the work under his supervision. At the end of three years the clock was completed and soon came to be referred to as one of the seven wonders of Germany. "Truly a masterpiece," said Montucla, "and the first of its kind in all Europe by reason of the numerous movements which it executes."341 In the year 1580 a description of the same was prepared and published by Dasypodius himself.342 Although calling for frequent repairs the clock continued running until the year 1789, when it ceased, and after fifty years had passed the old mechanism was replaced by new, the work of Schwilgué.343 Remarkable as is the entire masterpiece, it is the globes with which Dasypodius furnished it that especially interest us here. At the base of the clock is placed a celestial sphere (Fig. 70) three feet in diameter, supported by four columns of wood richly carved. On the surface appear the forty-eight Ptolemaic constellations, each constellation having its appropriate figure, and the 1022 stars which had been located in Ptolemy's day. The globe is so connected with the machinery, by which the various parts of the clock are made to perform their functions, that it makes one revolution on its axis every twenty-four hours, thus representing the rising and the setting of the several celestial bodies. Two circles were added, one carrying the sun and the other the moon, adjusted so as to turn about the globe, the first in twenty-four hours, and the second in about twenty-five. The arrangement of the movements, it appears, was not greatly altered

lock and Globe of Con

lstadt, and in 1541, for his distinguished abilities, he was ennobled by the Emperor Charles V. In addition to the fame acquired through his mathematical treatises he became widely known as a maker of physical and astronomical instruments, among which were celestial globes. Numerous as appear to have been these globes of his construction, no example at present is known bearing the unmistakable evidence of h

rtrait of P

stehen drey grosser hulzinen Globi Coelestes, davon d. ain in einem messingen gestell, mit ainem messingem zodiaco, der dritt von mettall. 1777. Sechs grosser Globi terrestres von Holz. mit mettallinen zodiacis 1778. Zwei claine Globi der ain Coelestis der ander Terrestris, auf gedraxelten holzen fuesslen."349 "Next in order is table No. 34. On this there stand three large celestial globes of wood, one of which has a base of brass, with a brass horizon circle, the third of metal, 1777. There are six large terrestrial globes of wood, with metal horizon circles, 1778. Two small globes, one celestial, the other terrestrial, resting on turned wooden feet." It will be noted, however, that there is no mention therein of Apianus globes. Kobalt tells us that Apianus "vertigte allerley mathematische instrumente, als Cosmolabium, Globos duos Caeli et Terrae maximos, und Planisphaerium," "constructed many kinds of mathematical instruments such as astrolabes, two large globes celestial and terrestrial and planispheres." This same author gives us the information that "in der k. b. Central-Bibliothek befinden sich zwei grosse, von Apian ververtigte und von Johann Mielichs gemalte Globi Coelestes et Terrestres, worauf folgende Inschrift zo lesen ist, 'Illustrss Seren. Principi ac Domi

es of Philip

ally in the polar regions, but the continental and other outlines are all clearly traceable. Three large compass roses, of ornamental pattern, are placed along the Line of Demarcation. The coast outline of Europe is, in the main, well done, as is tha

torial axis, the key winding stem for this machinery projecting at the north pole through an engraved hour plate with pointer. With its meridian and its horizon circle it is adjusted to make one revolution in three hundred and sixty-five days. A stationary ring, about 2 cm. in width, which closely surrounds the horizon circle and in its same plane, fits the instrument as a calendar. This ring has engraved on its surface crossing lines, one for each day of the year, to each month there being assigned its proper number of days or lines, as, for example, "October habet

ilt Globe of Gerh

as one beautifully constructed of brass and mounted on a carved wooden base. The circle representing the course of the sun and that made to represent the course of the moon are made to revolve on the axis of the ecliptic, and a small ball, of recent construction, representing the earth, is placed in the common center of the armillae, and is made to revolve on the axis of the equator. A dial attached to the axis of the earth below t

e, the whole resting on a tripod base. It is a fine example of an early metal engraved globe, the representation of the figures of the constellations in particular being done in a very superior manner. On the surface of the sphere the equator, the ecliptic, the eq

ruction and remarkably well preserved. It is of brass, having a diameter of 36 cm., and is furnished with numerous movable circles, a large meridian circle surmounted with an armillary sphere, and a brass horizon circle on which are marked the old and the new calendars, the names of the twelve months and of the important holy days. The globe base, very artistically wrought, rests upon four griffin's feet, between which a small terrestrial globe 10 cm. in diameter has been placed, this having been

eorge Roll and Joha

appears that it was constructed in the year 1588, and that, like the Dres

tellations are represented, the figure of each being engraved in outline with the name in Latin. The several stars are not named but near each is an engraved number to indicate its magnitude, these numbers ranging from 1 to 6. Nebulae are distinguished by small circles, and the Milky Way by numerous dots. The meridian circle, in which the sphere revolves, has the usual graduation from 0 to 90, but has in addition a climatic graduation designed "Climata ex Ptolomeo," and a division into zones called "Torrida Zona," "Zona habitabilis temperata," and "Frigida zona." On the convex surface of the horizon circle we find engraved the names of the four cardinal points, and o

5 occasioned his return to his native country, but Germany offering him special opportunities for continued study in his favorite field, we soon find him in Wittenberg, later in Rostock, where in a quarrel with a peasant he lost part of his nose and thereafter to the end of his days wore a silver substitute. In 1567 we find him in Lauingen engaged in the study of astronomy with the distinguished Cyprian Leowitz, in 1568 in Basel with Peter Ramus, and for two years thereafter in Augsburg with the brothers Johan and Paul Hainzel, with whom he constructed a large quadrant having a radius of seventeen and one half feet. While in Augsburg it appears that he began the construction of a celestial globe four feet in diameter, but there is some uncertainty as to his completion of this work. A short but unhappy sojourn in his native town followed his years of congenial study in Germany, and we soon learn of his visit to the observatory of Landgraf Wilhelm of Cassel, an event of great significance for him. His travels carried him to other cities of Germany, including the city of Regensburg, where he witnessed the coronation of the Emperor Rudolf II. Landgraf Wilhelm, a Maecenas of wide repute in his day, had been greatly impressed with the abilities of Tycho, and he urged upon the Danish King Frederick that he should make suitable provision for the further astronomical studies of his distinguished subject, which suggestion the King generously met. In the year 1575 the documents were signed and sealed granting to Tycho full possession for life of the little Island of Hveen, lying between Seeland and Schonen; in addition he was furnished with all the mea

rtrait of T

Tycho Brahe's Obser

n the year 1623 by King Christian's son, Ulrich, and there it was carefully kept until

and on celestial globe making, it cannot be without interest to quote here

o Denmark. There the cracks were filled in and the sphericity made more nearly perfect by laying over the surface about one hundred skins. There followed a testing for a period of two years to ascertain whether the cracks would reappear after two summers and two winters. When, after this test, I saw that it retained its sphericity, I covered it over with thin brass plates of uniform thickness without mishap, and this I did with such care and skill that you would be led to say the globe was made of solid brass, the joinings of the plates being scarcely visible. I next fashioned it into a perfect sphere and marked thereon the zodiac, and the equator with its poles, also the degrees each of sixty minutes by engraved lines as we do in such work. I then left it for the space of one year, as there was some doubt after putting on the brass plates as to whether the globe would retain its sphericity in winter and in summer. When it had been sufficiently tested not only did I indicate the circles of which I have spoken

ich you see on one side and two on the other. These are for the purpose of giving stren

painted for the sake of ornamentation, and with the other features adding beauty to the whole. The globe itself is approximately six

believe and say without the thought of arousing envy, has been completed. It is an immense and a magnificent work; so much so that many have come from various

l machine, in which are fixed the stars of the eighth sphere as set down on his globe each exactly in its place, also the wandering stars as they appear among these, Tych

ar, and concave within to enclose the upper half of the globe, which canopy, fastened to the roof by a chain, may be let down as a protection from dust and from other injury. The use of the globe is the same as is that of others, and this use I have decided to describe in a special work during my leisure time, since it cannot be done in few words. This globe has, on account of its great size, an advantage

s Magnus of Ty

ce to this work to be found in "Memoirs lus à la Sorbonne." We have been unable to obt

er engraved globe mounted on a metal base.358 The record referring to the purch

y Terrestrial

probability before 1600. It seems not to be known how the globe found its way into the locality designated. The Abbé L'écuy died in Paris in the year 1634 at the age of eighty-four, Vicar General of the Prebendary of N?tre Dame. It is probable that at the death of the Abbé

e insertion of the author's name, a thought suggested by the arrangement for the inscription, and underneath the cartouch is engraved a representation of Neptune driving his sea horses and chariot and armed with a trident. There are numerous v

f the sixteenth century, but with an indifference to details. The Senegal and the Niger are made to unite to form the Nile. Asia is not particularly well drawn. Below the island of Cipango the author has engraved

of La Plata is represented as very large. The coast names north of Florida seem to have been obtained from the Verrazano sources of 1524. In the region of Newfoundland, which is represented as a region of numerous small islands, we find "Baccalearum regio," "Gamas," "insule Corteralis," "terro de laborador." The strait separating Greenland from the mainland is referred to as "Fretum arcticum per quod Lusitani in orientem et ad Indos et Molucas navigare conati sunt," "Arctic strait through which the Portuguese attempted to sail to the east and to the Indies and the Moluccas," a

asily be conceiued of the Readers, by adding Geographicall, and Hydrographicall tables thereunto, thou art by the way to be admonished that I have contented my selfe with inserting into the worke one of the best generall mappes of the world onely, untill the coming out of a very large and most exact terrestriall Globe, collected and reformed according to the newest, secretest, and latest discoueries, both Spanish, Portugall, and English, composed by M. Emmerie Mollineux of Lambeth, a rare gentleman in his profession, being therein for diuers yeeres, gratly supported by the purse and liberalitie of the worshipfull marchant M

ial Globe of Emer

o Sir Walter Raleigh, to Richard Hakluyt, to Edward Wright, and to John Davis. To the suggestions of the last-named we perhaps owe the existence of these globes.363 As noted by Hakluyt in his preface, the glob

part of the stand, is painted with the zodiac signs, the months, the Roman calendar, the points of the compass, and the same in Latin, in concentric circles. Rhumb lines are drawn from numerous centers over the surface of the terrestrial globe. The equator, the ecliptic, the polar circles are painted boldly; while the parallels of latitude and meridians, at every ten degrees, are very faint lines. The globe received additions, including the discoveries of Baren

orters, a lion and dragon; motto of the garter; crown, crest, and bald

is quarterly; 1st, paly of six azure and argent, over all a bend sable for Sanderson; 2nd, gules, lions, and castles in the quarters for Skirne alias Castilion; 3rd, or, a chevron between 3 eagles displayed sable, in ch

6-87, gave these names when he mapped the shores of America lying between the parallels of 55 degrees and 73 degrees north latitude.') On another legend we have 'Additions in the north parts to 1603'; and below it are the discoveries of Barents, with his Novaya Zemlya winter quarters-'Het behouden huis.' Between Novaya Zemlya and Greenland there is an island called 'Sir Hugo Willoghbi his land.' This insertion arose from a great error in longitude, Willoughby having sighted the coast of Novaya Zemlya; and the island, of course had no existence, though it long remained on the m

' 'Brasil,' 'Maidas,' 'Heptapolis,' 'St. Brandan.' On the eastern side of North America are the count

s River, near Boston. On the Atlantic, near the American coast, is the following legend 'Virginia primum lustrata, habitata, et cultu ab Anglis impensis D. Gualteri de Ralegh Equitis Aurati ammenti

rio Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa por la Corona de Castella y Leon desde el ano 1568 llamolas Islas de Jesus aunque vulfarmente las llaman Islas de Salomon.' ('Pedro Sarmiento

aken prisoner by an English ship on his way to Spain, and was the guest of Raleigh in London for several weeks, so that

'Y Sequenda de los Tubarones,' and 'San Pedro,' as well as the n

he words of a legend off the Patagonian coast seem to countenance this idea, reading, 'Thomas Caundish 18 Dec. 1587 haec terra sub nostr

del Fuego and the south coast of Magellan's Strait, an

t has never been seen since. It appears on the globe. In the south Atlantic there are painted a sea-serpent, a whale, Orpheus ridi

are shown, the one by a red and the other by a blue line. That these tracks were put on wh

s given: 'Emerum Mullineus Angl. sumptibus

n, but a briefer dedication to the Queen. It appears that the map was engraved and printed by Hondius of Amsterdam, since it carries the brief legend "Judocus Hondius Fon. Sc." I

he was called to the court of Landgrave William IV in Cassel, under whose patronage he won great distinction as a maker of astronomical and mathematical instruments. In the year 1603 he was called into the service of the Emperor at Prague, but in the year 1631 he returned to Cassel, where he died in the follo

l. This museum, in the course of years, became one of the most famous of its kind in all Europe, and indeed remains such to this day. In its collections the work of Bürgi is well represe

e movements of the heavenly bodies, and surmounted with an engraved celestial globe, which, driven by clockwork, is made to turn on its axis once

engraved hour circle 46 cm. in diameter. A large brass semicircle intersects this meridian circle at right angles through the north pole, and is attached to the horizon circle at its extremities. The instrument rests upon an artistic and substantial brass support. On the surface of the sphere are engraved the princip

be found in this Cassel collection. A small silver sun, movable along the equator, is mechanically attached in such manner as to serve admirab

hird globe. Kepler is said to have held in the highest esteem the scientific work of Bürgi, and to have placed him, within his field, as high as he did Albrecht Dürer among artist

, and the date in gold, 1595, which may refer to the date of construction or to the date when it was placed in the monastery. On the equatorial circle one finds represented the signs of the zodiac, the calendar, the names of the saints and of the winds. On the heavy meridian circle are indicated the climatic zones and the degrees of latitude. The prime meridian is made to pass through the Azores Islands. The sphere is of papier-maché and plaster, on which the engraved gores are mounted. The seas have been colored green, the lands a dull yellow, the mountain ranges bro

ous Terrestrial

a fashion especially pronounced in South Germany, although their construction was not limited to that region. Not a few of such

Francis of the Waldburg zu Wolfegg princely family and was supposed to date from the end of the eighteenth century. Professor Fischer, however, found this "globis terrestris" referred to in a testament dated January 17, 1779, with instructions that it, with certain other treasures, should not be recast or otherwise altered from its ancient form. It was at that time recognized as a masterpiece, but from the hands of an unknown master, and not until recently was it definitely determined to be the work of the Zürich goldsmith, Abraham Gessner

blet of Abraham G

and has a diameter of 17 cm. The support is a standing figure of Atlas, which also serves as a stem of the lower half or the lowe

e, Asia, and Africa, and the "terra australis sive Magallanica" have their outlines drawn in the main as they appear on Mercator's map of 1569. While certain recent discoveries as "Nowa

, and hour circles. The several constellations represented on the surface of the sphere are, through gildin

as if to catch the ball should it fall from the head of the figure. The hair and the beard are gilded, as is also the drapery, one end of which hangs loose

that it bears the mark of this goldsmith, the same being the letter "Z." The terrestrial globe, like that of Wolfegg, has a diameter of 17 cm., the whole being very artistically designed and engraved. It, too, is surmounted by a celestial globe and rests on a figure of Atlas, which figure in turn stands upon an ornamental base. Each of the two globes can be opened on the line of the equator, thus practically making four drinking cups. On the terrestrial globe, Marcel notes, California is represented as an island. Near "Nova Guinea" one finds the inscription "Nova Guinea semper inventa qual ... insula an pa

the ecliptic, has a diameter of 8 cm. and rests upon the figure of a satyr with uplifted hands forming a part of the support, this figure in turn resting upon an ornamental circular base. Topping t

d Globe-Gobl

circle a salutation reading "Princeps felicissime totus Orbis ad se gubernandum te vocat et expectat." "O most fortunate ruler, the whole world calls and awaits you to govern it." Antonio, a native of Tropea, near Naples, was granted in the year 1595 a pension of one hundred ducats, by his master and patron, Philip II. This he seems to have enjoyed until his death, which occurred in Madrid in the year 1615. We learn that this was continued to his son, Francisco Spano, by King Philip III. The mounting of the globe, which is simple, seems to be of a later date than that given as the year of construction in the date legend, but it is well suited to

restrial Globe of

Region on Globe of

Region on Globe of J

f Marco Polo, and near this the legend "His magnus C

better drawn than in the southern. The St. Lawrence River is represented, but the Great Lakes are omitted. "Estland," "Frisland," and "St. Brandan" are laid down. The austral land, as represented, is very large, being designated "Terra Australis: Vastissimas his esse regiones ex M. Pauli Ven. et Lud. Vartomani scriptis perigrinationibus constat." "Austral l

ns seemed to show a marked preference for manuscript and engraved metal globes. In the front rank of those who were to lead the Low Countries into their place of pre?minence stood the Van Langren family, the father, Jacobus Florentius, as he was accustomed to call himself, and the sons, Arnoldus Florentius, Henricus Florentius, and Michael Florentius.370 The father was a native of Denmark, but sometime prior to 1

was appointed Globe Maker of the Archdukes, a title he retained until the death of the Archduke Albert in the year 1621, and a somewhat later record tells us that he was honored shortly after that event by an appointment to the office of Royal Cosmographer and Pensioner of His Majesty the Catholic King. Michael became a resident of Brussels

been dated 1580. Of this globe it is stated that it was "een seer correcte ende schoone Globum terrestrem, van de grootste forme," and that it was inscribed as is that of the year 1585. A doubt, however, arises as to the accuracy of the date 1580, since Van der Aa states in the same article that Arnoldus was born in the year 1571. This particular globe was formerly kept in the "Geldersch Gerichtshof," as Van Hasselt tells us, but since the destruction of that court nothing has been known of the inventory of the objects which had been placed therein. In support, however, of an early date, perhaps 1580

per places the nautical squares, as they are called, and the directions of the winds, all of which I have carefully adapted to the need of the navigator, as experts in geography will, on examination, recognize. Farewell and may you be happy." In a cartouch on the left we read "Jacobus Florentius Ultrajectensis autor," and on the right "Arnoldus Florentius filius sculptor Amstelodami 1585." The sphere, which is hollow, is constructed of wooden strips covered with a preparation of plaster. It has a diameter of about 32 cm. and is therefore slightly smaller than is the Mercator globe of 1541. It is furnished with a graduated brass meridian circle and with a horizon circle of the same material, which is supported by four arms or quadrants upheld by a simple base. The engraved gores pasted on the ball are twelve in number and extend to within twenty degrees of the poles, the remaining space being covered with an engraved circular disc, in accord with a method first employed by Mercator. The surface of the globe is not well preserved, yet notwithstanding the injuries which time has brought to it, it remains a masterpiece of engraving and a valuable geographical record of that early day. Its numerous inscriptions are of much interest. We read, for example, in latitude 35 degrees south and longitude 185 degrees, "Vastissimas hic esse regiones ex M. Pauli Veneti et Ludovico Vartomanni scriptis peregrinationibus liquido constat." "The voyage of Marco Polo and of Ludovico Varthema make it certain that an enormous territory exists here." In latitude 16 degrees south and longitu

igators had sailed to Pernambuco in Brazil, to the island of St. Thomas under the equator, to the Isle de Principe and to other places. This privilege was renewed to him and to his sons Arnoldus and Henricus in the year 1596. In the following year the Estates General granted a privilege to Jodocus Hondius, who had constructed a globe in England in the year 1593, of which, however, no example appears now to be known. The Van Langrens contested this claim at law, the results of which contest s

ng columns. As an example of the engraver's art the map which covers the sphere is one of superior excellence. A manuscript dedication, pasted on its surface near the "Mar di India" and surmounted by a representation of the Spanish coat of arms, reads, "Collegio Ratiociniorum Brabanti regnantibus; Alberto et Isabellae Opt. Max. Belgii Principibus. Singulari observantia Dedicabat Arnoldus Florentinus a Langren. Ano Dni 1612." "To the College of Computations of Brabant, to Albert and Isabella, the very great Princes of Belgium, Arnold Florentius van Langren dedicates with great respect (this globe) in the year 1612." Beneath "Nova Guinea" is given the privilege "Caut

rial Globe of Va

rative features of the globe map, and ships sail hither and thither over the oceans, carrying the flags of their respective countries. The author has laid down the "Streto de Anian" which separated America from Asia, and California is a peninsula. The "Quivira regnum" is made to include a part of western North America, and the great stretch of country to the west of the Mississippi appears to be the home of wild horses and cattle. The eastern coast line of America included within the present limits of the United States is represented with a remarkable approach to accuracy, a portion of his information for that region being derived from the report of Thomas Heriot. Following Mercator there h

rajectensis Author. Arnoldus Florentius filius sculptor Amsterdam," and bears in addition the legend "Arnoldus Florentius a Langren, Serenissum. Archiducu. Austr. Burgundiae, Brabantiae, Ducum, Sphaereographus Author. Cum Privileg." "Arnoldus Florentius a Langren

ue of the previous editions, especially of the later ones. A legend including an address to the reader concludes with a reference to the author "Arnold

tenus non notatis. Ornatusque trecentis stellis circa polum antarcticum ab Houtmanno Holando observatis industria Arnoldi Florentii van Langren Cosmographici, qui olim observationibus: Tyconis interfuit. Operam sibi filii parenti felicissime contulerunt." "A celestial globe which represents the position of the fixed stars, corresponding to the actual position of the stars in the sky in the year 1600, followi

et cura, ut singulae Regiones, Insulae, Portus, Braevia, et Scopuli suae longitudini et latitudini respondeant, quibus Indices seu lineas ventorum ..." "Inasmuch as, on account of voyages, daily undertaken by various nations, especially the Dutch, who have sailed along all the coasts of the world, the various regions of the earth, distant islands, and innumerable countries hitherto unknown, have every day become better known (additional facts) and our knowledge of those already discovered has become much clearer through a more detailed examination and detailed observation, this present globe of ours, presents itself to the public as one much more exact, more free from errors than those previously issued by us, which

ion concerning it has not been obtainable other than that it is in a damaged cond

rings, very artistically gilded and painted, representing in particular the orbits of the planets. This the Prince is said to have presented to one Battaglioni of Naples; further than this fact nothing seems to be known of this particular example. In the year 1606, we are informed, he collected and sent to the Grand Duke a number of valuable maps relating to Europe, Asia, Africa, and the West Indies, and to the several separate countries of Europe. In the year 1619 he published, through the fa

as its ecliptic four times the width of the corresponding circles of the other spheres. Meucci states, in his detailed description, that there are no less than eighty-two armillae or rings, large and small, to which, he adds, eight larger ones might be added, these being cut in half and arranged somewhat in the form of a cup, the lower half supporting the horizon circle, the upper half serving as a support for an adjustable

urther notes that his researches led him to the discovery that the instrument originally cost 1052.2 scudi, which, with an incidental addition of 170 scudi, thought proper to be included in the reckoning, would make the entire expense of construction 1222.2 scudi or about 7187 liri, that is, less than $1400. The amount seems insignificant, remem

each of the numerous circles, it is a well-preserved example of Italian workmanship. It is furnished with horizon, meridian, tropical, polar, and ecliptic circles, the first being graduated on both the outer and the inner edge. This horizon circle has a diameter of about 50 cm., and a width of about 7 cm., the width of the other ci

phere of Antonio San

ions, with the name of each, and in addition the principal celestial circles including the meridians. It is furnished, in its mountings, with a graduated bronze meridian circle to which is attached, near the north equatorial pole, a clock dial with hour and minute hands, the dial being marked with the hours from I to XII. Surmounting the whole is an artistic

stial Globe o

eir school, we owe this interesting example. Attention has been previously called to certain early globes which seem primarily to have been constructed to contain the works of clocks such as the Jagellonicus. Here as in the case of the Roll and Reinhold globes, and as in certain other examp

O

ee Ch

der Mathematik in der Schweiz, "Conrad Dasypodius." (In: Mitteilung der naturforschenden Ges

Historische Na

trassburg. Strassburg, 1872; Heitz, E. Zur Geschichte

eum Catalogue lists

aft zu Bern. Bern, 1854. p. 69.); Doppelmayr, op. cit., p. 115; Habrecht

ayr, op. ci

stoire des Mathématiqu

erecti descriptio. Argentorati, 1580; same author. Warhafftige Aus

de l'horologe astronomique de la cathé

locks and watches and th

r, S. Peter und Philipp Apian, zwei deutsche Mathematiker und K

been regarded as one of the most important of the early printed maps on which the New World is represented. Until the recent discovery by Professor Joseph Fischer of Waldseemüller's long-lost map, it has frequ

ae tam privatae quam publicae extructi

Opera Omnia. Ed. by Frisch. F

werbhalle. Stuttgart, 1885. Taf. 62.); Günther, S. Die Münchener Globen Phili

ie Münchener G

s the artist employed in the decoration of these globes, but praises the excellent workmanship exhibited. Kobolt, A. M. Ba

scribes the Plautus globes. The information contained therein was als

rage. p. 69. See

, op. cit.,

ury. Edinburgh, 1890; Brahe, T. Astronomiae instauratae mechanica. Noribergae, 1602; Brahe, T. Epistolarum astronomicarum libri. Uraniburgi, 1596; Brahe, T. Tychonis Brahe mathi

op. cit.,

astronomiae inst

sur une globe terrestre ... de la succession de Titon du Til

cuivre à la fin du XVIe Siècle. (In: Bulletin de la So

aris, 1836-1839. Vol. II, pp. 152-1

gations, Voyages and Discoveries o

lestial and terrestrial, most plainly deliv

r. Blundeville his Ex

above,

ork are given by Markham, C. Hues,

Wolf, R. Bürgi. (In: Biograph. z. Kulturgeschichte, 1 Zyklus, pp. 57 ff.); Weid

phique en Suisse. (In: Bulletin de la Soci

tholic Historical Society Historical Records and Studies. New York

lar globe of Gessner was sold at Christie's in London, July 23, 1919, for ￡3800. It is thought to have been

3. (In: Royal Geographical Jour

it., p. 393; Génard, P. Les Globes du géographe Arnauld Florent van Langren et de Guill. Blaeu.

612. (In: Kon. Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Gen

62. Vol. I, p. 179. The author gives here a report rendered by J. Hondius in which he re

above, is a description of t

ere di Tolomeo construita da A