Terrestrial and Celestial Globes Vol I

ond Quarter of th

hus.-Hakluyt's reference.-The Gilt globe.-Parmentier.-Francesco Libri.-Nancy globe.-Globes of Gemma Frisius.-Robertus de Bailly.-Sch?ner globe of 1533.-Scheipp.-Furtembach.-Paris Wooden globe.-Vopel

ngraved gore maps. Since the latter in this period have especially found favor, attention is more and more directed toward the shaping of the segments or gores with

o become conviction that a new continental region had been found, that a New World had been discovered,198 and practically all of the early explorers had hope of finding such a waterway. It is very true that more than two hundred years passed from Columbus' day before there was positive proof of an independence of the newly found land, but the earliest map makers outlined it as if believing in its independence of an Old World or Asiatic connection.199 The so-called Bartholomew Columbus sketch maps,200 probably drawn in the first decade of the sixteenth century (Fig. 47), alone can be cited, among the maps of any particular importance in the first quarter of this century, as distinctly indicating a belief in an Asiatic c

lomew Columbus

e New World. Here, as noted, the New World is first represented on a map as having distinctly an Asiatic connection, the southern continent (South America) being separated from the northern only by that narrow strait which we find so prominently represented on the Maiollo map of 1527, and there called "stretto dubitoso."206 While these hemispheres cannot themselves be referred to as a globe, they may serve to give us a general idea of the geographical representations on the globe, which, as appears probable, was at that time constructed by the author of the text. To the Ecclesiastical Prince, to whom Franciscus dedicated his little volume, information was sent concerning his globe on which he had drawn by hand a map of the world as he said, the reply to his letter containing the following statement, "Orbis globum, in quo terrae ac maria luculenter depicta sunt, una cum epistola accepimus." "We accept the globe of the world on which the land and the seas are elegantly depicted, to

eres of Francisc

coste described in Italian, which laieth oute the very selfe same streite necke of lande in latitude of 40. degrees, with the sea joynninge harde on bothe sides, as it dothe on Panama and No

is to be noted that the nomenclature of the northeast coast of North America is very different from that which appears on the last-mentioned globe, and that it more nearly resembles in that region the simple cordiform map of Orontius Finius of the year 1536.211 The latest geographical information which it records seems to relate to the expedition of Verrazano. In the region corresponding to the present New England, we find the legend "Terra Francesca nuper Lustrata." The Gulf of Mexico is called "Sinus S. Michaelis," and the Caribbean Sea, "Mare Herbidium." In South America are the conspicuous legends "America Inventa 1497," "Brazilio Regio," and "Terra Nova." The great Antarctic land bears the inscrip

ilt Globe,

ps were merely constructed on a projection which enabled him in some measure to represent the curved surface of the earth. Schefer, in his work 'Le discours de la navigation de Jean et Raoul Permentier,' says, "Permentier estoit bon cosmographe et géographe, et par lui ont esté composez plusieurs mappes monde en glo

n as a globe maker in the early sixteenth century, and who apparently was most active in this field of endeavor about the

ographers and astrologers, it was afterward to be painted by Francesco for a Venetian gentleman, Messer Andrea Navagero, a most learned orator and poet, who intended to make a present of the same to King Francis of France, to whom he was about to be sent as ambassador from the Republic. But scarcely had Navagero arrived in France and entered on his office, when he died. The work consequently remained unfinished, which was much to be regretted since, executed by Francesco, under the guidance and with the advice and assistance

f Verona; the other belonging to the Count Raimondo della Torre, and is now the property of his son, the Count Giovanni Battista, by whom it is very greatly

which we know to have been the eighth of May, 1529. It must therefore have been in that year that Francesco completed the construction of his globe. It would be interesting to know the geographical configuration of the New World as laid down by Fracastro and Francesco on this large globe, remembering that it was not long

its fine workmanship, having its land areas gilded and its seas blue enameled, in which sea monsters and ships of artistic design appear. We have the record that in the year 1662, Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, presented it to the church of N?tre Dame de Sion in his residence city, and that by this church it was long used as a pyx.215 There is a striking resemblance of its land configurations, and of its geographical nomenclature to that of the Gilt globe, of the Wooden globe, and of the World map of Orontius Finaeus of 1531. The New World is represented as a part of the Asiatic continent, and the central section of that region, to which we may refer as North America, is designated "Asia Oriental

ancy Globe

be of Jacob S

ncy Globe in

e earliest technical yet practical explanations of the parts and uses of the globe, and a somewhat detailed statement how such instruments may be serviceably employed in cosmographical studies. On the title-page there appears the representation of a globe resting on a base having three feet, which has been thought to be a representation of his completed work.218 We are told in his 'Epistola salutatoria,' at least in an implied manner, that there were to be numerous copies of the globes, seeing that they were intended for the trad

rtrait of G

1? mm. in thickness. On the smooth surface thus furnished the twelve gores of which the map is composed had been pasted, these gores extending from pole to pole.220 Though undated, the following inscription gives information concerning the map maker and the engravers. "Gemma Frisius Medicus ac Mathematicus ex varijs descripsit geographicorum observationibus, atque in hanc formam redegit; Gerar

also the continent of Asia. North America, which is rather better drawn than on any of the earlier maps, has the legend "Hispania Maior a Nu?o Gusma?o devicta anno 1530." The west coast becomes a very indefinite line at latitude 25 degrees north, at which point we read "Matonchel siue petra portus." It then sweeps northeastward in a flattened curve to "Baccalearum Regio" with its "Promōtoriū agricule seu cabo del labrador." From the land around the north pole, which is connected with Asia, the continent is separated by a narrow strait which is referred to as "Fretum arcticum siue trium fratrum, par

at of the terrestrial globe leads to the somewhat ingenious argument that the latter, though undated, is the older of the two. We know that Mercator was a pupil of Gemma Frisius,221 and that after leaving his university studies he found employment with the master in draughting maps and in the construction of mathematical instruments. In the dated legend of 1537 Mercator and Myrica appear to have advanced in impo

e names, all in small capitals, has been remarkably well done. In outlining the contour of the New World the draughtsman of the map has been influenced by the Verrazanian data, and although exhibiting minor differences in details there is a striking resemblance to the map of Maiollo of 1527,224 to that of Verrazano of 1529,225 and to that

f the period. None can be referred to which is in a better state of preservation, if we can accept its mounting as the original.227 In Rosenthal's catalogue No. 100 it is referred to as a "Verrazzano-Globus," which is clearly an error, if there was t

discovery of two globes apparently of the e

of mechanism, probably a planetarium. It is surrounded by a disc on which the hours are engraved in Roman numerals. The geographical outlines are clearly of Verrazanian origin, representing the New World relatively long and narrow and having no Asiatic connection. With few exceptions the nomenclature is in the L

ection with the German attempt at the colonization of Venezuela. The engraved title of the map is practically the same as that to be found on the Paris gilt globe and reads "Nova et integra universi orbis descriptio." It omits, however, the legend "Francesca" and "Verrazana sive nova Gallia," which fact may be due to its Germ

bertas de Bailly, 1530. Nine of

al Globe of Robert

obe is furnished with gilded meridian and horizon circle,

h?ner says, "Unde longissimo tractu occidentem versus ab Hispani terra est, quae Mexico et Temistitan vocatur superiori India, quam priores vocavere Quinsay id est civitatem coeli eorum lingui." "By a very long circuit westward, starting from Spain, there is a land called Mexico and Temistitan in Upper India, which in former times was called Quinsay, that is the city of Heaven, in the language of the country." He adds the statement, "Americus tamen Vesputius maritima loca Indiae superioris ex Hispaniis navigio ad occidentem palustrans, eam partem que superiore Indiae est, credidit esse insulam, quam a suo nomine vocari institituit. Alii vero nunc recentiores Hydrographi eam terram ulterius ex alia parte invenerunt esse continentem Asiae nam sic etiam ad Moluccas insulas superioris Indiae pervenerunt." "Americus Vespuccius, sailing along the coasts of Upper India, from Spain to the west, thought that the said part which is connected with Upper India, was an island which he had caused to be called after his own name. But now oth

the globe and the descriptions to be found in Sch?ner's tract. The date 1534, which appears on the support, is doubtless of later origin than the globe itself, just as the date 1510 inscribed on the horizon circle of the Behaim globe is known not to indicate the year in which that work was completed

Terrestrial Globe

's Celestial Glob

diosorum Mecaenasi, pauperum Christi asylo cantatissimo, Martinus Furtenbachius Abusiacus, Astrophilus typum hunc Cosmographicum universalem composuit atque dedicavit Anno a nato Christo M.D.XXXV." "To the Magnificent Dn. Raymond Fugger, most competent counselor of the most invincible Prince Charles V Emperor, and Ferdinand the First King of the Romans, a Maecenas of scholars, a most provident supporter of the poor in Christ, Martin Furtembach lover of astronomy, composed and dedicated this universal cosmographical figure, in the year of Christ 1535." This

aphy suggests that it is not the work of an expert cartographer, but of one who somewhat hastily and carelessly had undertaken to copy a globe map of the type represented in the work of Franciscus, of the maker of the Paris Gilt globe, or of Sch?ner in his globe of 1533. Meridians are represented at intervals of ten degrees commencing at a prime meridian which passes through the Cape Verde Islands, while the parallels are similarly marked, the graduation being indicated on the prime meridian. The globe maker has retained in his representations the old climatic idea, of which climates there are nine specifically designated. We find on this globe such inscri

ris Wooden

interesting to the student of historical geography. It appears that Vopel entered the University of Cologne in the year 1526, that at a later date he became a professor of mathematics in a Cologne gymnasium, and that he continued to reside in this city until his death in the year 1561. During these years he became well known as a maker of maps and globes. Of his very large and important world m

t work of which we have knowledge, now belonging to the city of Cologne, and to be found in the collection of its archives, is inscribed "Caspar Medebach opus hoc astronomicum fecit 1532 Martii." It is a credit to the youthful

n gores which he pasted on the surface of the sphere. It bears the inscription "Caspar Vopel, Medebach, hanc Cosmogr. faciebat s

lobe in this Museum is an armillary sphere of eleven metal rings, 4? inches in diameter, with a very small globe in the center. The rings are elaborately inscribed wit

faciebat Coloniae A. 1542." "Caspar Vopel of Medebach made this globe in 1542 at Cologne." His terrestrial map assures us of his acceptance of the idea that the American continent could be but an extension of the continent of Asia; that is, like his predecessor Sch?ner and others of the second quarter of the sixteenth century, referred to above, he had concluded after Magellan had found a termination of the newly found transatlantic region at the south, and no passageway from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of the equator had been found though search had freq

is a small terrestrial globe, on the surface of which is a manuscript world map. Quad refers to this globe in the following words: "Item ein Astrolabium novum varium ac plenum das auff alle Landsc

this globe in Cologne in the year 1543." On the bottom of the box in which the globe is kept is a modern label reading "Nocolaus Copernicus 1543 ... ty ... Brah." Co

pel artiv? profes. hanc sphaeram faciebat Coloniae 1543." "Caspar Vopel professor of arts made this globe in Cologne in the year 1543," while on the remaining circles are engraved numerous cosmographical signs and names. The terrestrial globe is covered with a manuscript map in colors, and bears the title leg

Vopel Glo

Hemisphere of Vope

ds "Caspar Vopel Me. Matem. hanc sphaeram faciebat coloniae 1544." Within the eleven armillae is a very small wooden sphere intended to represent a terrestrial globe of

eding, bearing the same date and legends, is repor

he outermost, is a citation from Ovid (Amores I. 6. 59), "Night, love, and wine are not counselors of moderation." On circle 5, which represents the Tropic of Cancer, is the author and date legend, reading "Caspar Vopellius Mathe. Profes. hanc sphaeram faciebat Coloniae 1545." On circle 7 we read "Fate rules the world, all stands secure according to unchangeable law, and the long lapse of time is marked by certain course." On one of the circles movable about the pole of the ecliptic is the inscription "The sun, called H

rge Hartmann.246 In this collection there are two sets of celestial globe gores, the one containing nine, originally ten parts, dated February, 1535, the other containing ten undated parts. It

upon an oak base, and measuring from the bottom of the base to the top of the iron cross which tips the north polar axis, its entire height is 111 cm. The hollow hemispheres of which the ball is composed are made to join at the line of the equator, the parts being held together by iron pins. In addition to its copper equatorial circle, which is neatly graduated and engraved with signs of the zodiac, it has a meridian and an hour circle of brass. On the surface of the g

al Globe of Euphro

to our day scarcely injured in the slightest degree, is a source of much del

ncients or have been discovered in our memory or that of our fathers. Delineated by Euphrosynus Ulpius in the year of salvation 1542." The work is dedicated to "Marcello Cervino S. R. E. Presbitero Cardinali D. D. Rome," "Marcellus Cervino, Cardinal Presbyter and D

Florentino comperta anno Sal. M.D." "Verrazana or New France discovered by Verrazano a Florentine in the year of salvation 1500." The date in this legend is taken to be an incomplete rather than an erroneous record, the correct date being obtainable from the following legend appearing on the map of Hieronimus Verrazano, brother of the explorer, "Verrazana sive nova gallia quale discopri 5 anni fa giovanni di verrazano fiorentino per ordine et commandamento del Christianissimo re di francia." "Verrazana or New France discovere

Hemisphere of U

courses then followed by navigators. Though South America has the entire coast line represented, that section stretching southward from Peru is marked as "terra incognita." Separated from the mainland by the Strait of Magellan, marked by the legend, "initium freti magellanici," is an extensive land area, that part lying to the southwest of the strait being called "Regio Patalis," that to the southeast as "Terra Australis adhuc incomperta," while from this particular region

he East, although much of the information which the earlier years of the c

and of this opportunity the engraver fully availed himself. It may well be referred to as one of

for fifteen scudi which is the price of the metal composing it, and I have given it out to be decorated hoping to make of it the most beautiful globe which is possessed by any Prince in the world. It will cost altogether 25 scudi."251 This globe must have been made before th

n sailing charts, that shortly after the above-named date he became Cosmografo Major, and that some time before his death, which occurred in the year 1572, Philip II appointed him to the office of Royal Historian.254 His best-known work is his 'Yslario general del mondo,' of which three signed manuscript copies are known, no one of which, however, appears to be complete. Two of these copies are to be found in the Royal Library of Vienna;255 the third, now belonging to t

the University Library of Upsala,258 and one copy of his world map in gores (Fig. 59), preserved i

p of Alonso de S

Cruz Cosmographer Major of the Emperor Charles V. 1542." The original map is drawn on three connected sheets of parchment, as Dahlgren states in his excellent monograph, the total dimensions of which are 79 by 144 cm. In the lower corner on the left is the dedication: "Potentiss. Caes. Carlo V. Usi sumus et hic ad terrae, marisque simul, demonstractionem, sectione alia, Augustiss. Caesar, per equinotialem lineam Polum quemque, dividui ipsius globi, singula medietas obtinens, depressoque utroque in planum Polo, equinotialem ipsam secantes, rationem prospectivam servavimus, quemadmodum et in alia, veluti solutis Polis, itidem in planum discisis meridianis propalavimus, neque pre

t and left a distance representing five degrees of the earth's longitude, he thus established the points through which to draw his meridians which marked the boundaries of each sector, leaving between the sectors equal spaces to be cut away should the sectors be used for pasting on the surface of a sphere. Every fifth meridian and every tenth parallel is drawn in black; the equator, the tropics, the polar circles, and the prime meridian are gilded. The prime meridian runs somewhat to the west of the Island of Fayal. At longitude 20 degrees west is the papal line of demarcation which is called "Meridianus particionis," crossing South America south of the mouth of the Amazon. On the one side of this line in the southern hemisphere appears the flag of Spain, on the other that of Portugal, thus designating specifically the "Hemisperium Regis Castelle," and the "Hemisperium Regis Po

nnot find that he impressed his method on the globe makers of the period. We seem to have but one st

re likewise has been noted the fact that not a few of the map makers of the period expressed a certain degree of doubt as to whether the prevailing idea of the first quarter of the century (that the lands discovered

ty of Antwerp. His parents died while he was still a mere lad, but in a great-uncle he found a faithful guardian and a generous benefactor, who took care that his education should be the best that was afforded by the schools of the Netherlands. In 1527, at the age of fifteen, he entered the College of Bois-le-Duc in Brabant, where he studied for three and one half years, and in 1530 he was matriculated as a student in the University of Louvain, famous throughout Europe at that early date as a center of

of Gerhard Mercator

eparated from the continent of America by a narrow sea, an idea which increased in favor with geographers and cartographers long before actual discovery proved this to be a fact. This map is one to which great importance attaches, but it is not the first world map on which there was an attempt to fasten the name America upon both the northern and the southern continents of the New World, although it frequently has been referred to as such; this honor, so far as we at present know, belongs to a globe map referred to and briefly described above.267 His large map of Europe, the draughting of which appears to have claimed much of his time for a number of years, was published in the year 1554, and contributed greatly to his fame as a cartographer.268 In 1564 appeared his large map of England,269 and in the same year his map of Lorraine based upon his own original surveys.270 In the year 1569 a master work was issued, this being his nautical chart, "ad usum navigantium," as he said of it, based upon a new projection which he had invented.271 It is the original chart setting forth the Mercator projection which is now so extensively employed in map making. In the year 1578 he issued his revised edition of the so-called Ptolemy maps,

ch a globe had long been known through a reference in Ghymmius' biography, yet it had been thought, until 1868, that none of the copies of this work had come down to us. In that year there was offered for sale, in the city of Ghent, the library of M. Benoni-Verelst and among its treasures was a copy of Mercator's engraved glob

veral peoples he employed a different form of letter. The gores, twelve in number, were engraved and printed in groups of threes (Fig. 61), each gore having an equatorial diameter of thirty degrees. Mercator worked out mathematically the problem dealing with the proper relation of the length of each of the gores to its width, or of its longer diameter to its shorter, in his endeavor to devise a map as nearly per

errestrial Globe Gores b

ed lines cutting the meridians at equal angles.273 This feature could not have failed to win the approval of navigators, since they well knew that the previous attempts to represent these rhumbs as straight lines on maps drawn on a cylindrical projection, led to numerous errors in navigation. A second somewhat curious and interesting feature of his globe, a feature which I do not recall to have noticed in any other, is the representation in various localities on land and on sea of certain stars, his idea being that he could thus assist the traveler to orient himself at night.

Sac. Caesaree Mati à consiliis primo dedecat?." "Dedicated to the very distinguished Seigneur Nicholás Perrenot, Seigneur de Granvella; first counselor of His Imperial Majesty," over which is the coat of arms of the Prime Minister. On gore six we read "Ubi & quibus argumentis Lector ab aliorum descriverimus editione libellus noster indicabit." "Reader, where and in what subjects we have copied from the publications of other men will be pointed out in our booklet," in which there appears to be a reference to an i

calls "M. Paulo Veneto," and from the accounts of Vartema, whom he calls "Ludovico, Rom Patricii." Between parallels 50 degrees and 60 degrees south latitude and meridians 60 degrees and 70 degrees east longitude is the inscription "Psitacorum regio a Lusitanis anno 1500 ad millia passum bis mille praetervectis, sic appellata quod psitacos elat inaudite magnitudinis, ut qui ternos cubitos aequent longitudine." "Region of parrots discovered by the Portuguese in 1500 who sailed along 2000 miles; so called because it has parrots of unheard-of size, measuring three cubits in length." America, he notes, is called New India, "A

and a reference to his privilege "Inhibitum est ne quis hoc opus imitetur, aut alibi factum vendat, intra fines Imperii, vel provinciarum inferiorum Caes: Mt?is an: te decennium, sub poenis & mulctis in diplomatibus cotentis. Oberburger & Soete subscrib." "All persons are forbidden to reproduce this work or to sell it when made elsewhere within the Empire or the Low Countries of His Imperial Majesty until after ten years, under the penalties and fines prescribed in the patent. Signed by Oberburger and Soete." It clearly was the intention that this should serve as the companion of his terrestrial globe of 1541, described above, since the gores are of the same size, each of the twelve being truncated in the same manner, and the circular section being prepared for the polar areas. Mercator's merits as an astronomer by no means equaled his merits as a geographer. However, his celestial globe, by reason of the exactness of the composition, by reason of its simplicity, and by reason of the artistic skill exhibited in the

ville tells us in his 'Exercises' that Mercator's globes were in common use in England until 1592,279 and the number of his globes which have become known since 1868 in various parts of Europe assure us that copies of that master's work must have been easily obtainable by those interested. Ruscelli, in referring to printed spheres; notes that they usually were made small, and that those of large size are not exact, but he adds that he had seen some that were three and one half palms in diameter, such as that which years ago Aurelio Porcelaga sent to him to examine, printe

no, director of the Biblioteca Governativa of Cremona, in 1890 briefly described a pair of Mercator's globes belonging to that library, and what he was able to learn as a result of their damaged condition of Mercator's method of construction is not without interest. He found that over a framework composed of thin, narrow strips of wood had been pasted first a cloth covering, over this a thin layer of plaster and that to this was added a covering of a pastelike substance about six or seven millimeters in thickness, consisting of plaster, wood fiber, or sawdust, and glue. On this prepared surface had then been pasted the engraved gores. The learned librarian's conjecture as to the manner in which these globes found their way into Italy, if

ich are reported to be in a fair state of preservation. It is thought that they may have come i

y of the celestial of the year 1551. These, it will be seen from the reproduction (Fig. 62), are not

ial Globe of Gerh

be of glass, on the surface of which he engraved with a diamond the several constellations, and that he likewise constructed a very small terrestrial gl

ld be counted the greatest, among those active within this field, for fifty years and more, following the issue of his first work in the year 1541. It is among the Italian globe mak

venteenth century. This is an armillary sphere of brass, the diameter of its largest or zodiacal circle being 14 cm. This circle is graduated and has engraved on its outer surface the names of the twelve constellations. It is likewise provided with a graduated equatorial circle, with polar circles and those representing the tropics. At the common center of the several rings is a sm

jesty Philip II. Among the many globes which he constructed our museum possesses one of surpassing excellence, in that it exhibits, in add

ng this sphere much injured by rust and usage he called upon Giovanni Gianelli to restore it, but it was reported to be beyond repair. Thereupon the Emperor

r of the first half of the sixteenth century, was also a skilful globe maker, as we learn from Ramusio,

288 and we are led to believe that he was often consulted as an expert by globe makers of his day. While none of those he may have construct

ht; it would be a good idea and we might ask him about the very prominent star in the right foot to ascertain whether it is a separate star or is one of those in the 'Southern Cross.'" On the twenty-fifth of January, 1548, he again wrote to Ramusio: "On my globe Zeilan is just below the Cape of Calicut, on the equinoctial line, and it may be that which Jambolo discovered was Zeilan or Taprobana; I am inclined to believe it was Taprobana." His letter of May 10, 1549, also to Ramusio, is of special interest, indicating, as it does, his estimate of the value of terrestrial and celestial globes in the study of astrology (astronomy) and geography. "In regard to what you write me about M. Paolo, I thoroughly approve of his taking up the sacred study of astrology and geography, subjects of study for every learned gentleman and nobleman, as he would have as his guide and teacher the very well-known Piedmontese to whom we owe so many excellent things, but first I should advise you to have M. Paolo construct two solid spheres. On one of these should be represented all the celestial constellations, and the circles should all have their place, that is to say, not as Ptolemy represents the stars as they were located in his time, but according to the investigations of our own times, that is, about twenty degrees further east. The other should be a terrestrial globe construct

O

se. Discov

Cantino, Canerio, Waldseemüller, Schōner globe maps of 15

Bartolomeo Columbo über die vierte

above,

lis ...,' gave the first printed notice of Magellan's voyage. See Harrisse. B. A. V. Nos. 122, 123, 124. There are numerous editions of Antonio Pigafetta's account of the Magellan voyage,

pears to have believed in the existence of a strait through which one might find a shorter way from Spain to the Indies of the East than was hitherto known. Sanuto Livio. Geographia distincta. V

a royal commission, "the search for a new route leading to Cathay between

mends one attributed to Maximilianus Transylvanus, and although constructed with much skill, he could not agree with its geographical representations, admitting, however, that many did accept th

o. 10 of this series is a reproduction of Maiollo's

se. Discov

De Orontio Fin

onard Wood. (In: Maine Historical Society, Collections, second series, ii, and printed as Do

Locke map and its configurations, which map clearly i

. Discovery.

produces the Finaeus map from a 1566 reprint, observing

ion de Jean et Raoul Parmentier. Paris, 1883. p

. by Mrs. J. Foster. London, 1850-1885.

1698. This work contains the first description of the globe; De Costa, B. F. The Nancy Globe. (In: The Magazine of American History. New York, 1881. pp. 183-187.) A representation of the globe in hemispheres is presented with this article, being a

ructed for this purpose, although globe goblets we

Ruscelli, G. La Geografia di Claudio Tolomeo. p. 32, there is reference to a "Globo, grande"; K?stner, Vol. II, pp

ting of the scientific construction of globes, and of the

osely resembles that give

In: Internationaler Amerikanisten-Kongress,

ty introduced by Mercator, in which

Mercator, sa vie et ses oeuv

hrbuch, der Geographie. Leipzig, 1903. Chap. iv; Zondervan, H. Allgemeine Kartenkunde. Leipzi

175-177.) An extensive Verrazanian bibliography may be found in Phillips, P. L. Descript

son reproducti

son reproducti

nces to Ulpius

ing with that of Sch?n

s a tract

thought to be a representation of Sch?ner's terrestrial and celestial globes of 153

above,

y of the western hemisphere; Santarem, V. de. Notice sur plusieurs monuments géographiques inedits.... (In: Bulletin de la Société de Géographie. Paris, 184

se. Discov

and pl. XXII, which is a represen

Vol. I, pt. 4.); Graf, J. H. Ein Astrolabium mit Erdkugel aus dem Jahre 1545, von Kaspar Volpellius. (In: Jahresbericht d. Geographischen Gesellschaft zu München. 15 Heft, p. 228); Nordenski?l

i?ld, op. ci

Kaspar Vopelius. (In: Globus. Brauns

iefly by Michow,

of August

iefly by Michow,

April 9, 1567, in which the accusation is made against Vopel that merely to please the Emperor Charle

ll be noted, represent

ere terrestri e

Facsimile Atlas. (In: Petermanns Geograp

, op. ci

t reproduced by Nord

artmann was a noted manufacturer of globes and mathematical instruments in

the western hemisphere; same author. Verrazano the Explorer. New York, 1881. (In: Magazine of American History. New York, 1881. p. 64.); Winsor, op. cit., Vol. III

sideration of questions relating to the subject of the Line of Demarcation. Linden, H. V. Alexander VI and the demarcatio

Maximi commentarius. Romae, 1744; Cordella, L. Memorie storiche de

losophy, jurisprudence, and mathematics he held a place of great distinction among his contemporaries. In the year 1539 he wa

North America. (In: Fifteenth Annual Report of the American

voyage of discovery in the year 1524, seems to have been lost, but copies of the same, it may have been with alterations, were sent to Verrazano's relativ

ragmentary copy in the Academy of Cimento, and a manuscript copy recently discovered, which from the name of its present owne

Storia. Tom. VII

i, op. cit

Biblioteca Hispana. Romae, 1672. Tom, I, p. 37; Harrisse. Discovery, p. 736; also in his Jean et Sébastian Cabot, p. 173; Espada,

his collection of maps, pictures, and manuscripts and especially referred to in the receipt given by J

and there is still preserved, in the Royal Library of Madrid, his manuscript bearing the title "Libro de las longitudes y manera que hasta ago se ha tenido en el arte de navegar con sus demonstraciones y examplos." At the time of his dea

Mayor des Kaisers Karl V, mit der spanischen original Texte und einer Kritischen Einleitung. Innsbruc

èques Publiques de France. Department Tom. XXXII.

f Americanists. London, 1913. Vol. II, pp. 415-432.); Islario general de todas las islas del mundo dirigido á la S. C. R. M. del rey don Phelipe miestro Se?or

nski?ld, Facsimile Atlas, p. 109, give

92. Dahlgren has given us an excellent facsimile of this map, with critical text

ee p.

. Vol. II, pp. 37-109; 174-213; Breusing, A. Gerhard Kremer, genannt Mercator, der deutsche Geograph. Duisbourg, 1869; Raemdonck, J. van. Gérard de Cremer ou Mercator, Géographe F

ne cannot at present tell the fate of these manuscripts. They may have been destroyed at the time of

ee p.

s, 1884. This map of Palestine, published in large folio size, was dedicated to Fran?ois Craneveld, Counseiller

weergeg. naar het ex. behoorende aan het Museum Plantin-Moretus ... en voorzien met eens verklarende inleiding. Ant

cator. St. Nicolas, 1882. (In: Annales du Cercle Archéolog

de la susdite mappemonde conserve par la Société de géographie d'Amérique, à New-York, reproduction due à la sollicitude éclairée et généreuse de c

graphical Society a fine facsimile may be found in Nordenski

projections appear to be practically identical, but it will be noted that Mercator represents the New World as independent of the Old World, whereas Finaeus r

See

89; 474-487; 507-528.); Drei Karten von Gerhard Mercator, Europa, Britische Inseln, Weltkarte. Facsimile-Lichtdruck nach den Originalen der St

urg, was dedicated to Antoine Perrenot, Bishop of Arras, and published at Duisbourg in th

tio" was published at Duisbourg in the year 1564. Reprod

n person by Mercator to Duke Charles of Lorraine at

dert. (In: Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Geographie. Wien, 1885. pp. 289-291.); D'Avezac, M. A. P. de. Coup d'oeil historique sur la projection des cartes de géogr

Mercator projection. See in addition to above references Wagner, op.

published at Duisbourg in the year 1569. Original copies may be found in the Bibliothèque Nationale, and in the Stadtbibliothek of Breslau, the former r

de de facsimilé de leurs fuseaux origineaux, gravés par Mercator et conservés a la Bibliothèque Royale a Bruxelles. St. Nicolas, 1875; Fiorini M. Globi di G

rlichen Geheimrate und Reichssiegelbewahrer Granvella widmete. Und wenn Ruscelli uns erz?hle, er habe mit Staunen einen herrlichen Globus von drei und halben Palme im Durchmesser betrachten müssen, der von deutscher Arbeit und Granvella gewidmet gewesen sei und an Sch?nheit der Zeichnung und S

er mathematischen und physikalischen Geographie. Halle, 1879. Heft 6.); Grünert, J. A. Loxodrom

an Raemdonck and publish

ione ac fabrica; Raynaud, A. Le Continent Austral, hypothèses et découv

eferences

rahe, Halley, Hevelius, deduced from the best authorities. L

or globes. (In: Zeitschrift für Wissensch

e, T. Exercise

li, op. ci

re terrestre et

i. Sfere,

igniorum utilitatum. St. Nicola

erum varietate et elegantia.

made, lived in the latter part of the ninth century. He wa

. Navigationi et

opera omnia. The biography is thought

above,

o, op. cit