An Introduction to Chemical Science

An Introduction to Chemical Science

Rufus P. Williams

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This book (hardcover) is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS. It contains classical literature works from over two thousand years. Most of these titles have been out of print and off the bookstore shelves for decades. The book series is intended to preserve the cultural legacy and to promote the timeless works of classical literature. Readers of a TREDITION CLASSICS book support the mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. With this series, tredition intends to make thousands of international literature classics available in printed format again - worldwide.

Chapter 1 THE METRIC SYSTEM.

1. The Metric System is the one here employed. A sufficient knowledge of it for use in the study of this book may be gained by means of the following experiments, which should be performed at the outset by each pupil.

2. Length.

Experiment 1.-Note the length of 10 cm. (centimeters) on a metric ruler, as shown in Figure 1. Estimate by the eye alone this distance on the cover of a book, and then verify the result. Do the same on a t.t. (test-tube). Try this several times on different objects till you can carry in mind a tolerably accurate idea of 10 cm. About how many inches is it?

In the same way estimate the length of 1 cm, verifying each result. How does this compare with the distance between two blue lines of foolscap? Measure the diameter of the old nickel five- cent piece.

Next, try in the same way 5 cm. Carry each result in mind, taking such notes as may be necessary.

(Fig. 1)

3. Capacity.

Experiment 2.-Into a graduate, shown in Figure 2, holding 25 or 50 cc. (cubic centimeters) put 10 cc. of water; then pour this into a t.t. Note, without marking, what proportion of the latter is filled; pour out the water, and again put into the t.t. the same quantity as nearly as can be estimated by the eye. Verify the result by pouring the water back into the graduate. Repeat several times until your estimate is quite accurate with a t.t. of given size. If you wish, try it with other sizes. Now estimate 1 cc. of a liquid in a similar way. Do the same with 5 cc.

A cubic basin 10 cm on a side holds a liter. A liter contains 1,000 cc. If filled with water, it weighs, under standard conditions, 1,000 grams. Verify by measurement.

4. Weight.

Experiment 3.-Put a small piece of paper on each pan of a pair of scales. On one place a 10 g. (gram) weight. Balance this by placing fine salt on the other pan. Note the quantity as nearly as possible with the eye, then remove. Now put on the paper what you think is 10 g. of salt. Verify by weighing. Repeat, as before, several times. Weigh 1 g., and estimate as before. Can 1 g. of salt be piled on a one-cent coin? Experiment with 5 g.

5. Resume-Lengths are measured in centimeters, liquids in cubic centimeters, solids in grams. In cases where it is not convenient to measure a liquid or weigh a solid, the estimates above will be near enough for most experiments herein given. Different solids of the same bulk of course differ in weight, but for one gram what can be piled on a one-cent piece may be called a sufficiently close estimate. The distance between two lines of foolscap is very nearly a centimeter. A cubic centimeter is seen in Figure 1. Temperatures are recorded in the centigrade scale.

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An Introduction to Chemical Science
1

Chapter 1 THE METRIC SYSTEM.

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2

Chapter 2 WHAT CHEMISTRY IS.

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3

Chapter 3 ELEMENTS AND BINARIES.

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4

Chapter 4 MANIPULATION.

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5

Chapter 5 OXYGEN.

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Chapter 6 NITROGEN.

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7

Chapter 7 HYDROGEN.

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Chapter 8 UNION BY WEIGHT.

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Chapter 9 CARBON.

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Chapter 10 ELECTRO-CHEMICAL RELATION OF ELEMENTS.

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Chapter 11 UNION BY VOLUME.

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Chapter 12 ACIDS AND BASES.

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Chapter 13 SALTS.

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Chapter 14 CHLORHYDRIC ACID.

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Chapter 15 SULPHURIC ACID.

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Chapter 16 AMMONIUM HYDRATE.

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Chapter 17 SODIUM HYDRATE.

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Chapter 18 OXIDES OF NITROGEN.

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Chapter 19 LAWS OF DEFINITE AND OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION.

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Chapter 20 CARBON DIOXIDE.

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Chapter 21 OZONE.

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Chapter 22 THE CHEMISTRY OF FLAME.

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Chapter 23 CHLORINE.

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Chapter 24 IODINE.

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Chapter 25 THE HALOGENS.

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Chapter 26 DIFFUSION AND CONDENSATION OF GASES.

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Chapter 27 SULPHUR.

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Chapter 28 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE.

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Chapter 29 PHOSPHORUS.

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Chapter 30 ARSENIC.

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Chapter 31 METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS.

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Chapter 32 SODIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS.

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Chapter 33 POTASSIUM AND AMMONIUM.

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Chapter 34 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS.

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Chapter 35 MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, AND ZINC.

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Chapter 36 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS.

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Chapter 37 LEAD AND TIN.

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Chapter 38 COPPER, MERCURY, AND SILVER.

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Chapter 39 CHEMISTRY OF ROCKS.

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Chapter 40 ILLUMINATING GAS.

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