This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections
such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact,
or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections,
have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works
worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
++++
The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification:
++++
CAPE COD FOLKS<br\/><br\/><author> A. WILLIAMS & COMPANY<br\/><br\/><\/title></p> <!----> <!----></div> <!----> <div class="lastChapter-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249326/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="lastChapter flex-ac-js" data-v-4eca384e><span class="l-title van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e> Chapter 26 LATER AMERICAN CARICATURE.</span> <div class="r-box flex-ac" data-v-4eca384e>
08-13 18:38
<span class="r-icon" data-v-4eca384e></span></div></a></div> <!----> <div class="chapter-content-wrap" data-v-4eca384e><h2 class="chapter-num van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 1 AMONG THE ROMANS.
</h2> <div class="chapter-content" data-v-4eca384e><div data-v-4eca384e><p class='p_sj'>Much as the ancients differed from ourselves in other particulars, they certainly laughed at one another just as we do, for precisely the same reasons, and employed every art, device, and implement of ridicule which is known to us.</p><p class='p_sj'></p></div> <div data-v-4eca384e><p class='p_sj'>Observe this rude and childish attempt at a drawing. Go into any boys' school to-day, and turn over the slates and copy-books, or visit an inclosure where men are obliged to pass idle days, and you will be likely to find pictures conceived in this taste, and executed with this degree of artistic skill. But the drawing dates back nearly eighteen centuries. It was done on one of the hot, languid days of August, A.D. 79, by a Roman soldier with a piece of red chalk on a wall of his barracks in the city of Pompeii.[1] On the 23d of August, in the year 79, occurred the eruption of Vesuvius, which buried not Italian cities only, but Antiquity itself, and, by burying, preserved it for the instruction of after-times. In disinterred Pompeii, the Past stands revealed to us, and we remark with a kind of infantile surprise the great number of particulars in which the people of that day were even such as we are. There was found the familiar apothecary's shop, with a box of pills on the counter, and a roll of material that was about to be made up when the apothecary heard the warning thunder and fled. The baker's shop remained, with a loaf of bread stamped with the maker's name. A sculptor's studio was strewed with blocks of marble, unfinished statues, mallets, compasses, chisels, and saws. A thousand objects attest that when the fatal eruption burst upon these cities, life and its activities were going forward in all essential particulars as they are at this moment in any rich and luxurious town of Southern Europe.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>In the building supposed to have been the quarters of the Roman garrison, many of the walls were covered with such attempts at caricature as the specimen just given, to some of which were appended opprobrious epithets and phrases. The name of the personage above portrayed was Nonius Maximus, who was probably a martinet centurion, odious to his company, for the name was found in various parts of the inclosure, usually accompanied by disparaging words. Many of the soldiers had simply chalked their own names; others had added the number of their cohort or legion, precisely as in the late war soldiers left records of their stay on the walls of fort and hospital. A large number of these wall-chalkings in red, white, and black (most of them in red) were clearly legible fifty years after exposure. I give another specimen, a genuine political caricature, copied from an outside wall of a private house in Pompeii.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Chalk Caricature on a Wall in Pompeii.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The allusion is to an occurrence in local history of the liveliest possible interest to the people. A few years before the fatal eruption there was a fierce town-and-country row in the amphitheatre, in which the Pompeians defeated and put to flight the provincial Nucerians. Nero condemned the pugnacious men of Pompeii to the terrible penalty of closing their amphitheatre for ten years. In the picture an armed man descends into the arena bearing the palm of victory, while on the other side a prisoner is dragged away bound. The inscription alone gives us the key to the street artist's meaning, Campani victoria una cum Nucerinis peristis-"Men of Campania, you perished in the victory not less than the Nucerians;" as though the patriotic son of Campania had written, "We beat 'em, but very little we got by it."</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>If the idlers of the streets chalked caricature on the walls, we can not be surprised to discover that Pompeian artists delighted in the comic and burlesque. Comic scenes from the plays of Terence and Plautus, with the names of the characters written over them, have been found, as well as a large number of burlesque scenes, in which dwarfs, deformed people, Pigmies, beasts, and birds are engaged in the ordinary labors of men. The gay and luxurious people of the buried cities seem to have delighted in nothing so much as in representations of Pigmies, for there was scarcely a house in Pompeii yet uncovered which did not exhibit some trace of the ancient belief in the existence of these little people. Homer, Aristotle, and Pliny all discourse of the Pigmies as actually existing, and the artists, availing themselves of this belief, which they shared, employed it in a hundred ways to caricature the doings of men of larger growth. Pliny describes them as inhabiting the salubrious mountainous regions of India, their stature about twenty-seven inches, and engaged in eternal war with their enemies, the geese. "They say," Pliny continues, "that, mounted upon rams and goats, and armed with bows and arrows, they descend in a body during spring-time to the edge of the waters, where they eat the eggs and the young of those birds, not returning to the mountains for three months. Otherwise they could not resist the ever-increasing multitude of the geese. The Pigmies live in cabins made of mud, the shells of goose eggs, and feathers of the same bird."</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Battle between Pigmies and Geese.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Homer, in the third book of the "Iliad," alludes to the wars of the Cranes and Pigmies:</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>"So when inclement winters vex the plain</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>With piercing frosts, or thick-descending rain,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>To warmer seas the Cranes embodied fly,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>With noise and order through the midway sky;</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>To Pigmy nations wounds and death they bring,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>And all the war descends upon the wing."</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>A Pigmy Scene-from Pompeii.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>One of our engravings shows that not India only, but Egypt also, was regarded as the haunt of the Pigmy race; for the Upper Nile was then, as now, the home of the hippopotamus, the crocodile, and the lotus. Here we see a bald-headed Pigmy hero riding triumphantly on a mighty crocodile, regardless of the open-mouthed, bellowing hippopotamus behind him. In other pictures, however, the scaly monster, so far from playing this submissive part, is seen plunging in fierce pursuit of a Pigmy, who flies headlong before the foe. Frescoes, vases, mosaics, statuettes, paintings, and signet-rings found in the ancient cities all attest the popularity of the little men. The odd pair of vases on the following page, one in the shape of a boar's head and the other in that of a ram's, are both adorned with a representation of the fierce combats between the Pigmies and the geese.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>There has been an extraordinary display of erudition in the attempt to account for the endless repetition of Pigmy subjects in the houses of the Pompeians; but the learned and acute M. Champfleury "humbly hazards a conjecture," as he modestly expresses it, which commends itself at once to general acceptance. He thinks these Pigmy pictures were designed to amuse the children. No conjecture could be less erudite or more probable. We know, however, as a matter of record, that the walls of taverns and wine-shops were usually adorned with Pigmy pictures, such subjects being associated in every mind with pleasure and gayety. It is not difficult to imagine that a picture of a pugilistic encounter between Pigmies, like the one given at the head of this chapter, or a fanciful representation of a combat of Pigmy gladiators, of which many have been discovered, would be both welcome and suitable as tavern pictures in the Italian cities of the classic period.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Vases with Pigmy Designs.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The Pompeians, in common with all the people of antiquity, had a child-like enjoyment in witnessing representations of animals engaged in the labors or the sports of human beings. A very large number of specimens have been uncovered, some of them gorgeous with the hues given them by masters of coloring eighteen hundred years ago. In the following cut is a specimen of these-a representation of a grasshopper driving a chariot, copied in 1802 from a Pompeian work for an English traveler.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>A Grasshopper driving a Chariot.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>From an Antique Amethyst.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Nothing can exceed either the brilliancy or the delicacy of the coloring of this picture in the original, the splendid plumage of the bird and the bright gold of the chariot shaft and wheel being relieved and heightened by a gray background and the greenish brown of the course. The colorists of Pompeii have obviously influenced the taste of Christendom. There are few houses of pretension decorated within the last quarter of a century, either in Europe or America, which do not exhibit combinations and contrasts of color of which the hint was found in exhumed Pompeii. One or two other small specimens of this kind of art, selected from a large number accessible, may interest the reader.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Flight of ?neas from Troy.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The spirited air of the team of cocks, and the nonchalant professional attitude of the charioteer, will not escape notice. Perhaps the most interesting example of this propensity to personify animals which the exhumed cities have furnished us is a burlesque of a popular picture of ?neas escaping from Troy, carrying his father, Anchises, on his back, and leading by the hand his son, Ascanius, the old man carrying the casket of household gods. No scene could have been more familiar to the people of Italy than one which exhibited the hero whom they regarded as the founder of their empire in so engaging a light, and to which the genius of Virgil had given a deathless charm:</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>"Thus ord'ring all that prudence could provide</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>I clothe my shoulders with a lion's hide</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>And yellow spoils; then on my bending back</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The welcome load of my dear father take;</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>While on my better hand Ascanius hung,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>And with unequal paces tripped along."</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Artists found a subject in these lines, and of one picture suggested by them two copies have been found carved upon stone.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Caricature of the Flight of ?neas.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>This device of employing animals' heads upon human bodies is still used by the caricaturist, so few are the resources of his branch of art; and we can not deny that it retains a portion of its power to excite laughter. If we may judge from what has been discovered of the burlesque art of the ancient nations, we may conclude that this idea, poor as it seems to us, was the one which the artists of antiquity most frequently employed. It was also common with them to burlesque familiar paintings, as in the instance given. It is not unlikely that the cloyed and dainty taste of the Pompeian connoisseur perceived something ridiculous in the too-familiar exploit of Father ?neas as represented in serious art, just as we smile at the theatrical attitudes and costumes in the picture of "Washington crossing the Delaware." Fancy that work burlesqued by putting an eagle's head upon the Father of his Country, filling the boat with magpie soldiers, covering the river with icebergs, and making the oars still more ludicrously inadequate to the work in hand than they are in the painting. Thus a caricaturist of Pompeii, Rome, Greece, Egypt, or Assyria would have endeavored to cast ridicule upon such a picture.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>From a Red Jasper.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Few events of the last century were more influential upon the progress of knowledge than the chance discovery of the buried cities, since it nourished a curiosity respecting the past which could not be confined to those excavations, and which has since been disclosing antiquity in every quarter of the globe. We call it a chance discovery, although the part which accident plays in such matters is more interesting than important. The digging of a well in 1708 let daylight into the amphitheatre of Herculaneum, and caused some languid exploration, which had small results. Forty years later, a peasant at work in a vineyard five miles from the same spot struck with his hoe something hard, which was too firmly fixed in the ground to be moved. It proved to be a small statue of metal, upright, and riveted to a stone pedestal, which was itself immovably fastened to some solid mass still deeper in the earth. Where the hoe had struck the statue the metal showed the tempting hue of gold, and the peasant, after carefully smoothing over the surface, hurried away with a fragment of it to a goldsmith, intending (so runs the local gossip) to work this opening as his private gold mine. But as the metal was pronounced brass, he honestly reported the discovery to a magistrate, who set on foot an excavation. The statue was found to be a Minerva, fixed to the centre of a small roof-like dome, and when the dome was broken through it was seen to be the roof of a temple, of which the Minerva had been the topmost ornament. And thus was discovered, about the middle of the last century, the ancient city of Pompeii, buried by a storm of light ashes from Vesuvius sixteen hundred and seventy years before.</p/><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Roman Masks, Comic and Tragic.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>It was not the accident, but the timeliness of the accident, which made it important; for there never could have been an excavation fifteen feet deep over the site of Pompeii without revealing indications of the buried city. But the time was then ripe for an exploration. It had become possible to excite a general curiosity in a Past exhumed; and such a curiosity is a late result of culture: it does not exist in a dull or in an ignorant mind. And this curiosity, nourished and inflamed as it was by the brilliant and marvelous things brought to light in Pompeii and Herculaneum, has sought new gratification wherever a heap of ruins betrayed an ancient civilization. It looks now as if many of the old cities of the world are in layers or strata-a new London upon an old London, and perhaps a London under that-a city three or four deep, each the record of an era. Two Romes we familiarly know, one of which is built in part upon the other; and at Cairo we can see the process going on by which some ancient cities were buried without volcanic aid. The dirt of the unswept streets, never removed, has raised the grade of Cairo from age to age.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>A Roman Comic Actor masked for the Part of Silenus.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The excavations at Rome, so rich in results, were not needed to prove that to the Romans of old caricature was a familiar thing. The mere magnitude of their theatres, and their habit of performing plays in the open air, compelled caricature, the basis of which is exaggeration. Actors, both comic and tragic, wore masks of very elaborate construction, made of resonant metal, and so shaped as to serve, in some degree, the office of a speaking-trumpet. In the engravings on this page are represented a pair of masks such as were worn by Roman actors throughout the empire, of which many specimens have been found.</p/><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>If the reader has ever visited the Coliseum at Rome, or even one of the large hippodromes of Paris or New York, and can imagine the attempts of an actor to exhibit comic or tragic effects of countenance or of vocal utterance across spaces so extensive, he will readily understand the necessity of such masks as these. The art of acting could only have been developed in small theatres. In the open air or in the uncovered amphitheatre all must have been vociferation and caricature. Observe the figure of old Silenus, on preceding page, one of the chief mirth-makers of antiquity, who lives for us in the Old Man of the pantomime. He is masked for the theatre.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The legend of Silenus is itself an evidence of the tendency of the ancients to fall into caricature. To the Romans he was at once the tutor, the comrade, and the butt of jolly Bacchus. He discoursed wisdom and made fun. He was usually represented as an old man, bald, flat-nosed, half drunk, riding upon a broad-backed ass, or reeling along by the aid of a staff, uttering shrewd maxims and doing ludicrous acts. People wonder that the pantomime called "Humpty Dumpty" should be played a thousand nights in New York; but the substance of all that boisterous nonsense, that exhibition of rollicking freedom from restraints of law, usage, and gravitation, has amused mankind for unknown thousands of years; for it is merely what remains to us of the legendary Bacchus and his jovial crew. We observe, too, that the great comic books, such as "Gil Blas," "Don Quixote," "Pickwick," and others, are most effective when the hero is most like Bacchus, roaming over the earth with merry blades, delightfully free from the duties and conditions which make bondmen of us all. Mr. Dickens may never have thought of it-and he may-but there is much of the charm of the ancient Bacchic legends in the narrative of the four Pickwickians and Samuel Weller setting off on the top of a coach, and meeting all kinds of gay and semi-lawless adventures in country towns and rambling inns. Even the ancient distribution of characters is hinted at. With a few changes, easily imagined, the irrepressible Sam might represent Bacchus, and his master bring to mind the sage and comic Silenus. Nothing is older than our modes of fun. Even in seeking the origin of Punch, investigators lose themselves groping in the dim light of the most remote antiquity.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>How readily the Roman satirists ran into caricature all their readers know, except those who take the amusing exaggerations of Juvenal and Horace as statements of fact. During the heat of our antislavery contest, Dryden's translation of the passage in Juvenal which pictures the luxurious Roman lady ordering her slave to be put to death was used by the late Mr. W. H. Fry, in the New York Tribune, with thrilling effect:</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>"Go drag that slave to death! You reason, Why</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Should the poor innocent be doomed to die?</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>What proofs? For, when man's life is in debate,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The judge can ne'er too long deliberate.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Call'st thou that slave a man? the wife replies.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Proved or unproved the crime, the villain dies.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>I have the sovereign power to save or kill,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>And give no other reason but my will."</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>This is evidently caricature. Not only is the whole of Juvenal's sixth satire a series of the broadest exaggerations, but with regard to this particular passage we have evidence of its burlesque character in Horace (Satire III., Book I.), where, wishing to give an example of impossible folly, he says, "If a man should crucify a slave for eating some of the fish which he had been ordered to take away, people in their senses would call him a madman." Juvenal exhibits the Roman matron of his period undergoing the dressing of her hair, giving the scene the same unmistakable character of caricature:</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>"She hurries all her handmaids to the task;</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Her head alone will twenty dressers ask.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Psecas, the chief, with breast and shoulders bare,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Trembling, considers every sacred hair:</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>If any straggler from his rank be found,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>A pinch must for the mortal sin compound.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>"With curls on curls they build her head, before,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>And mount it with a formidable tower.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>A giantess she seems; but look behind,</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>And then she dwindles to the Pigmy kind.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Duck-legged, short-waisted, such a dwarf she is</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>That she must rise on tiptoe for a kiss.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Meanwhile her husband's whole estate is spent;</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>He may go bare, while she receives his rent."</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The spirit of caricature speaks in these lines. There are passages of Horace, too, in reading which the picture forms itself before the mind; and the poet supplies the very words which caricaturists usually employ to make their meaning more obvious. In the third satire of the second book a caricature is exhibited to the mind's eye without the intervention of pencil. We see the miser Opimius, "poor amid his hoards of gold," who has starved himself into a lethargy; his heir is scouring his coffers in triumph; but the doctor devises a mode of rousing his patient. He orders a table to be brought into the room, upon which he causes the hidden bags of money to be poured out, and several persons to draw near as if to count it. Opimius revives at this maddening spectacle, and the doctor urges him to strengthen himself by generous food, and so balk his rapacious heir. "Do you hesitate?" cries the doctor. "Come, now, take this preparation of rice." "How much did it cost?" asks the miser. "Only a trifle." "But how much?" "Eightpence." Opimius, appalled at the price, whimpers, "Alas! what does it matter whether I die of a disease, or by plunder and extortion?" Many similar examples will arrest the eye of one who turns over the pages of this master of satire.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>The great festival of the Roman year, the Saturnalia, which occurred in the latter half of December, we may almost say was consecrated to caricature, so fond were the Romans of every kind of ludicrous exaggeration. This festival, the merry Christmas of the Roman world, gave to the Christian festival many of its enlivening observances. During the Saturnalia the law courts and schools were closed; there was a general interchange of presents, and universal feasting; there were fantastic games, processions of masked figures in extravagant costumes, and religious sacrifices. For three days the slaves were not merely exempt from labor, but they enjoyed freedom of speech, even to the abusing of their masters. In one of his satires, Horace gives us an idea of the manner in which slaves burlesqued their lords at this jocund time. He reports some of the remarks of his own slave, Davus, upon himself and his poetry. Davus, it is evident, had discovered the histrionic element in literature, and pressed it home upon his master. "You praise the simplicity of the ancient Romans; but if any god were to reduce you to their condition, you, the same man that wrote those fine things, would beg to be let off. At Rome you long for the country; and when you are in the country, you praise the distant city to the skies. When you are not invited out to supper, you extol your homely repast at home, and hug yourself that you are not obliged to drink with any body abroad. As if you ever went out upon compulsion! But let M?cenas send you an invitation for early lamp-light, then what do we hear? Will no one bring the oil quicker? Does any body hear me? You bellow and storm with fury. You bought me for five hundred drachmas, but what if it turns out that you are the greater fool of the two?" And thus the astute and witty Davus continues to ply his master with taunts and jeers and wise saws, till Horace, in fury, cries out, "Where can I find a stone?" Davus innocently asks, "What need is there here of such a thing as a stone?" "Where can I get some javelins?" roars Horace. Upon which Davus quietly remarks, "This man is either mad or making verses." Horace ends the colloquy by saying, "If you do not this instant take yourself off, I'll make a field-hand of you on my Sabine estate!"</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>Roman Wall Caricature of a Christian.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>That Roman satirists employed the pencil and the brush as well as the stylus, and employed them freely and constantly, we should have surmised if the fact had not been discovered. Most of the caricatures of passing events speedily perish in all countries, because the materials usually employed in them are perishable. To preserve so slight a thing as a chalk sketch on a wall for eighteen centuries, accident must lend a hand, as it has in the instance now given.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>This picture was found in 1857 upon the wall of a narrow Roman street, which was closed up and shut out from the light of day about A.D. 100, to facilitate an extension of the imperial palace. The wall when uncovered was found scratched all over with rude caricature drawings in the style of the specimen given. This one immediately arrested attention, and the part of the wall on which it was drawn was carefully removed to the Collegio Romano, in the museum of which it may now be inspected. The Greek words scrawled upon the picture may be translated thus: "Alexamenos is worshiping his god."</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>These words sufficiently indicate that the picture was aimed at some member, to us unknown, of the despised sect of the Christians. It is the only allusion to Christianity which has yet been found upon the walls of the Italian cities; but it is extremely probable that the street artists found in the strange usages of the Christians a very frequent subject.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>We know well what the educated class of the Romans thought of the Christians, when they thought of them at all. They regarded them as a sect of extremely absurd Jews, insanely obstinate, and wholly contemptible. If the professors and students of Harvard and Yale should read in the papers that a new sect had arisen among the Mormons, more eccentric and ridiculous even than the Mormons themselves, the intelligence would excite in their minds about the same feeling that the courtly scholars of the Roman Empire manifest when they speak of the early Christians. Nothing astonished them so much as their "obstinacy." "A man," says the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, "ought to be ready to die when the time comes; but this readiness should be the result of a calm judgment, and not be an exhibition of mere obstinacy, as with the Christians." The younger Pliny, too, in his character of magistrate, was extremely perplexed with this same obstinacy. He tells us that when people were brought before him charged with being Christians, he asked them the question, Are you a Christian? If they said they were, he repeated it twice, threatening them with punishment; and if they persisted, he ordered them to be punished. If they denied the charge, he put them to the proof by requiring them to repeat after him an invocation to the gods, and to offer wine and incense to the emperor's statue. Some of the accused, he says, reviled Christ; and this he regarded as a sure proof of innocence, for people told him there was no forcing real Christians to do an act of that nature. Some of the accused owned that they had been Christians once, three years ago or more, and some twenty years ago, but had returned to the worship of the gods. These, however, declared that, after all, there was no great offense in being Christians. They had merely met on a regular day before dawn, addressed a form of prayer to Christ as to a divinity, and bound themselves by a solemn oath not to commit fraud, theft, or other immoral act, nor break their word, nor betray a trust; after which they used to separate, then re-assemble, and eat together a harmless meal.</p><p class='p_sj'></p><p class='p_sj'>All this seemed innocent enough; but Pliny was not satisfied. "I judged it necessary," he writes to the emperor, "to try to get at the real truth by putting to the torture two female slaves who were said to officiate at their religious rites; but all I could discover was evidence of an absurd and extravagant superstition." So he refers the whole matter to the emperor, telling him that the "contagion" is not confined to the cities, but has spread into the villages and into the country. Still, he thought it could be checked: nay, it had been checked; for the temples, which had been almost abandoned, were beginning to be frequented again, and there was also "a general demand for victims for sacrifice, which till lately had found few purchasers." The wise Trajan approved the course of his representative. He tells him, however, not to go out of his way to look for Christians; but if any were brought before him, why, of course he must inflict the penalty unless they proved their innocence by invoking the gods. The remains of Roman literature have nothing so interesting for us as these two letters of Pliny and Trajan of the year 103. We may rest assured that the walls of every Roman town bore testimony to the contempt and aversion in which the Christians were held, particularly by those who dealt in "victims" and served the altars-a very numerous and important class throughout the ancient world.</p></div></div> <a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249302/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="read-btn btn isClick" data-v-4eca384e>Continue Reading</a></div> <div style="display:none;" data-v-4eca384e><!----> <div class="comments-list" data-v-4eca384e></div> <div class="comments-title flex-ac-js" data-v-4eca384e><h2 class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Other books by James Parton
</h2> <a href="/en/author/James-Parton" title="Other books by James Parton" class="authorMore" data-v-4eca384e>More</a></div> <div class="books" data-v-4eca384e><div class="book-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/16155322/Literature/The-Humourous-Poetry-of-the-English-Language" data-v-4eca384e><div author="James Parton" class="bookImage book-img van-image" data-v-73761e3b data-v-4eca384e><img src="https://cos-enres.cdreader.com/site-322(new)/0/16155/coverorgin.jpg?v=e2ae277bec29cee125e513cfd00d0cf6&imageMogr2/format/webp" alt="The Humourous Poetry of the English Language" class="van-image__img"><div class="van-image__loading"><i class="van-icon van-icon-photo van-image__loading-icon"><!----></i></div></div></a> <div class="right-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/16155322/Literature/The-Humourous-Poetry-of-the-English-Language" data-v-4eca384e><h3 class="b-title van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>The Humourous Poetry of the English Language</h3></a> <p class="b-classify van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Literature
</p> <div class="scoreBox mt0" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-4eca384e><div class="star-box" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <div class="star-box star-box-active" style="width:100%;" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i></div></div> <span class="score" data-v-68b1e2a0>5.0</span></div> <a href="/en/bookDetail/16155322/Literature/The-Humourous-Poetry-of-the-English-Language" data-v-4eca384e><p class="b-desc van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>The Humourous Poetry of the English Language by James Parton</p></a></div></div></div> <h2 class="comments-title" data-v-4eca384e>You'll also like</h2> <div class="books" data-v-4eca384e><div class="book-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/68446322/Billionaires/Billionaires-Secret-Bride-Sweet-Wife-Youre-Mine" data-v-4eca384e><div class="bookImage book-img van-image" data-v-73761e3b data-v-4eca384e><img src="https://cos-enres.cdreader.com/site-322(new)/0/68446/coverorgin.jpg?v=dc24ed2bd271a21e2a40c7bb26b07e48&imageMogr2/format/webp" alt="Billionaire's Secret Bride: Sweet Wife, You're Mine" class="van-image__img"><div class="van-image__loading"><i class="van-icon van-icon-photo van-image__loading-icon"><!----></i></div></div></a> <div class="right-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/68446322/Billionaires/Billionaires-Secret-Bride-Sweet-Wife-Youre-Mine" data-v-4eca384e><h3 class="b-title van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>
Billionaire's Secret Bride: Sweet Wife, You're Mine
</h3></a> <a href="/en/author/Rain_R-155413128" class="b-classify van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>Rain_R</a> <div class="scoreBox mt0" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-4eca384e><div class="star-box" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <div class="star-box star-box-active" style="width:80%;" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i></div></div> <span class="score" data-v-68b1e2a0>4.0</span></div> <a href="/en/bookDetail/68446322/Billionaires/Billionaires-Secret-Bride-Sweet-Wife-Youre-Mine" data-v-4eca384e><p class="b-desc van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>Sophie became limp after an accident while saving an old grandma. Her parents, who resented her, laughed and said, "No one will marry a limping girl. Marry an old man and bring us the dowry money!" She thought her life was useless now.
Until, the grandma's handsome grandson appeared with a shocking marriage proposal: "Marry me and I'll help you with your leg surgery!"
She was stunned. "But I'm just a poor girl with a limp leg.why would you marry me?"
His lips curled up into a smirk. "At least, I'll have a silly girl as my wife."
Blinded by desperation and hope, Sophie agreed. Only later did she discover her new husband's true identity.
Dominic William, London's most elusive billionaire, notorious for his icy heart and disdain for women.
As Sophie navigates Dominic's world, she uncovers the secrets behind his frozen facade. But will their unconventional love overcome the darkness of his past and her own insecurities? Or will his secrets tear them apart?</p></a></div></div><div class="book-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/60498322/Werewolf/Shunned-By-An-Alpha-Cherished-By-A-Lycan" data-v-4eca384e><div class="bookImage book-img van-image" data-v-73761e3b data-v-4eca384e><img src="https://cos-enres.cdreader.com/site-322(new)/0/60498/coverorgin.jpg?v=62dcb7be9563dc3a710aa1e248de0ea9&imageMogr2/format/webp" alt="Shunned By An Alpha, Cherished By A Lycan " class="van-image__img"><div class="van-image__loading"><i class="van-icon van-icon-photo van-image__loading-icon"><!----></i></div></div></a> <div class="right-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/60498322/Werewolf/Shunned-By-An-Alpha-Cherished-By-A-Lycan" data-v-4eca384e><h3 class="b-title van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>
Shunned By An Alpha, Cherished By A Lycan
</h3></a> <a href="/en/author/Baby-Kemo-120059214" class="b-classify van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>Baby Kemo</a> <div class="scoreBox mt0" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-4eca384e><div class="star-box" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <div class="star-box star-box-active" style="width:96%;" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i></div></div> <span class="score" data-v-68b1e2a0>4.8</span></div> <a href="/en/bookDetail/60498322/Werewolf/Shunned-By-An-Alpha-Cherished-By-A-Lycan" data-v-4eca384e><p class="b-desc van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>Rejected by her mate, who had been her long-time crush, Jasmine felt utterly humiliated. Seeking solace, she headed to a party to drown her sorrows. But things took a turn for the worse when her friends issued a cruel dare: kiss a stranger or beg her mate for forgiveness. With no other choice, Jasmine approached a stranger and kissed him, thinking that would be the end of it. However, the stranger unexpectedly wrapped his arms around her waist and whispered in her ear, "You're mine!" He growled, his words sending shivers down her spine. And then, he offered her a solution that would change everything...</p></a></div></div><div class="book-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/88510322/Short-stories/A-Wifes-Bitter-Reckoning" data-v-4eca384e><div class="bookImage book-img van-image" data-v-73761e3b data-v-4eca384e><img src="https://cos-enres.cdreader.com/site-322(new)/0/88510/coverorgin.jpg?v=7dd35ae32e267d9bda47a200bc473e45&imageMogr2/format/webp" alt="A Wife's Bitter Reckoning" class="van-image__img"><div class="van-image__loading"><i class="van-icon van-icon-photo van-image__loading-icon"><!----></i></div></div></a> <div class="right-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/88510322/Short-stories/A-Wifes-Bitter-Reckoning" data-v-4eca384e><h3 class="b-title van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>
A Wife's Bitter Reckoning
</h3></a> <a href="/en/author/Gavin-38361828" class="b-classify van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>Gavin</a> <div class="scoreBox mt0" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-4eca384e><div class="star-box" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <div class="star-box star-box-active" style="width:86%;" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i></div></div> <span class="score" data-v-68b1e2a0>4.3</span></div> <a href="/en/bookDetail/88510322/Short-stories/A-Wifes-Bitter-Reckoning" data-v-4eca384e><p class="b-desc van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>My husband, Bennett, and I were New York's golden couple. But our perfect marriage was a lie, childless because of a rare genetic condition he claimed would kill any woman who carried his baby. When his dying father demanded an heir, Bennett proposed a solution: a surrogate.
The woman he chose, Aria, was a younger, more vibrant version of me. Suddenly, Bennett was always busy, supporting her through "difficult IVF cycles." He missed my birthday. He forgot our anniversary.
I tried to believe him, until I overheard him at a party. He confessed to his friends that his love for me was a "deep connection," but with Aria, it was "fire" and "exhilarating."
He was planning a secret wedding with her in Lake Como, at the same villa he'd promised me for our anniversary.
He was giving her a wedding, a family, a life—all the things he denied me, using a lie about a deadly genetic condition as his excuse. The betrayal was so complete it felt like a physical shock.
When he came home that night, lying about a business trip, I smiled and played the part of the loving wife.
He didn't know I'd heard everything.
He didn't know that while he was planning his new life, I was already planning my escape.
And he certainly didn't know I had just made a call to a service that specialized in one thing: making people disappear.</p></a></div></div><div class="book-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/69834322/Modern/The-Jilted-Heiress-Return-To-The-High-Life" data-v-4eca384e><div class="bookImage book-img van-image" data-v-73761e3b data-v-4eca384e><img src="https://cos-enres.cdreader.com/site-322(new)/0/69834/coverorgin.jpg?v=fcc364f58e98a2ca005385db2508a9f0&imageMogr2/format/webp" alt="The Jilted Heiress' Return To The High Life" class="van-image__img"><div class="van-image__loading"><i class="van-icon van-icon-photo van-image__loading-icon"><!----></i></div></div></a> <div class="right-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/69834322/Modern/The-Jilted-Heiress-Return-To-The-High-Life" data-v-4eca384e><h3 class="b-title van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>
The Jilted Heiress' Return To The High Life
</h3></a> <a href="/en/author/Earvin-Garner-38361828" class="b-classify van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>Earvin Garner</a> <div class="scoreBox mt0" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-4eca384e><div class="star-box" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <div class="star-box star-box-active" style="width:90%;" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i></div></div> <span class="score" data-v-68b1e2a0>4.5</span></div> <a href="/en/bookDetail/69834322/Modern/The-Jilted-Heiress-Return-To-The-High-Life" data-v-4eca384e><p class="b-desc van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>Corinne devoted three years of her life to her boyfriend, only for it to all go to waste. He saw her as nothing more than a country bumpkin and left her at the altar to be with his true love.
After getting jilted, Corinne reclaimed her identity as the granddaughter of the town's richest man, inherited a billion-dollar fortune, and ultimately rose to the top. But her success attracted the envy of others, and people constantly tried to bring her down.
As she dealt with these troublemakers one by one, Mr. Hopkins, notorious for his ruthlessness, stood by and cheered her on. "Way to go, honey!"</p></a></div></div><div class="book-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/56699322/Romance/Dear-Ex-wife-Be-Mine-Again" data-v-4eca384e><div class="bookImage book-img van-image" data-v-73761e3b data-v-4eca384e><img src="https://cos-enres.cdreader.com/site-322(new)/0/56699/coverorgin.jpg?v=77af159c277b1231f0a6437742ea9c85&imageMogr2/format/webp" alt="Dear Ex-wife, Be Mine Again!" class="van-image__img"><div class="van-image__loading"><i class="van-icon van-icon-photo van-image__loading-icon"><!----></i></div></div></a> <div class="right-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/56699322/Romance/Dear-Ex-wife-Be-Mine-Again" data-v-4eca384e><h3 class="b-title van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>
Dear Ex-wife, Be Mine Again!
</h3></a> <a href="/en/author/R.-Ink-writer-153827144" class="b-classify van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>R. Ink writer</a> <div class="scoreBox mt0" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-4eca384e><div class="star-box" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <div class="star-box star-box-active" style="width:94%;" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i></div></div> <span class="score" data-v-68b1e2a0>4.7</span></div> <a href="/en/bookDetail/56699322/Romance/Dear-Ex-wife-Be-Mine-Again" data-v-4eca384e><p class="b-desc van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>After three years of loveless marriage, Kira was slapped with divorce papers.
She has shown him her unrequited love throughout her entire marriage with him, but he decided to turn blind eyes all because of his lover.
Distraught and heartbroken, Kira choose to sign the divorce papers with bitter heart. But then and there, she promised herself that when she's back, he will come crawling to her, but she will make him pay for hurting her.
Join Kira as she transform to a wealthy heiress and soared as the CEO of a multi-billion-dollar empire, a remarkable healer and make her ex-husband pay!</p></a></div></div><div class="book-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/64082322/Billionaires/Im-Divorcing-with-You-Mr-Billionaire" data-v-4eca384e><div class="bookImage book-img van-image" data-v-73761e3b data-v-4eca384e><img src="https://cos-enres.cdreader.com/site-322(new)/0/64082/coverorgin.jpg?v=3b6497ddf8ecfa841031756b6c683c74&imageMogr2/format/webp" alt="I'm Divorcing with You, Mr Billionaire!" class="van-image__img"><div class="van-image__loading"><i class="van-icon van-icon-photo van-image__loading-icon"><!----></i></div></div></a> <div class="right-box" data-v-4eca384e><a href="/en/bookDetail/64082322/Billionaires/Im-Divorcing-with-You-Mr-Billionaire" data-v-4eca384e><h3 class="b-title van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>
I'm Divorcing with You, Mr Billionaire!
</h3></a> <a href="/en/author/The-Wine-Press-155413128" class="b-classify van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>The Wine Press</a> <div class="scoreBox mt0" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-4eca384e><div class="star-box" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <div class="star-box star-box-active" style="width:90%;" data-v-68b1e2a0><i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i> <i class="star van-icon van-icon-star" data-v-68b1e2a0 data-v-68b1e2a0><!----></i></div></div> <span class="score" data-v-68b1e2a0>4.5</span></div> <a href="/en/bookDetail/64082322/Billionaires/Im-Divorcing-with-You-Mr-Billionaire" data-v-4eca384e><p class="b-desc van-multi-ellipsis--l2" data-v-4eca384e>I received a pornographic video.
"Do you like this?"
The man speaking in the video is my husband, Mark, whom I haven't seen for several months. He is naked, his shirt and pants scattered on the ground, thrusting forcefully on a woman whose face I can't see, her plump and round breasts bouncing vigorously. I can clearly hear the slapping sounds in the video, mixed with lustful moans and grunts.
"Yes, yes, fuck me hard, baby," the woman screams ecstatically in response.
"You naughty girl!" Mark stands up and flips her over, slapping her buttocks as he speaks. "Stick your ass up!"
The woman giggles, turns around, sways her buttocks, and kneels on the bed.
I feel like someone has poured a bucket of ice water on my head. It's bad enough that my husband is having an affair, but what's worse is that the other woman is my own sister, Bella.
************************************************************************************************************************
"I want to get a divorce, Mark," I repeated myself in case he didn't hear me the first time-even though I knew he'd heard me clearly.
He stared at me with a frown before answering coldly, "It's not up to you! I'm very busy, don't waste my time with such boring topics, or try to attract my attention!"
The last thing I was going to do was argue or bicker with him.
"I will have the lawyer send you the divorce agreement," was all I said, as calmly as I could muster.
He didn't even say another word after that and just went through the door he'd been standing in front of, slamming it harshly behind him. My eyes lingered on the knob of the door a bit absentmindedly before I pulled the wedding ring off my finger and placed it on the table.
I grabbed my suitcase, which I'd already had my things packed in and headed out of the house.</p></a></div></div></div></div> <div class="bottom-box-placeholder" data-v-4eca384e></div> <div class="bottom-box-wrap flex-ac" data-v-4eca384e><div class="chapter-btn flex-column" data-v-4eca384e><span class="chapter-icon" data-v-4eca384e></span> <span data-v-4eca384e>Chapters</span></div> <a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249301/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="readBtn flex-column" data-v-4eca384e><span class="book-icon" data-v-4eca384e></span> <span class="btn isClick" data-v-4eca384e>Read Now</span></a> <div class="flex" data-v-53979f14 data-v-4eca384e><!----> <!----> <div data-clipboard-text="" class="downLoad touch downloadbtnbox" data-v-53979f14><span class="downIcon" data-v-53979f14></span> <span data-v-53979f14>Download Book</span></div></div></div> <!----> <div class="chapter-view" data-v-4eca384e><div data-v-4eca384e>Caricature and Other Comic Art</div> <a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249301/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>1</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 1 AMONG THE ROMANS.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249302/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>2</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 2 AMONG THE GREEKS.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249303/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>3</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 3 AMONG THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249304/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>4</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 4 AMONG THE HINDOOS.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249305/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>5</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 5 RELIGIOUS CARICATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249306/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>6</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 6 SECULAR CARICATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249307/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>7</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 7 CARICATURES PRECEDING THE REFORMATION.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249308/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>8</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 8 COMIC ART AND THE REFORMATION.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249309/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>9</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 9 IN THE PURITAN PERIOD.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249310/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>10</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 10 LATER PURITAN CARICATURE.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249311/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>11</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 11 PRECEDING HOGARTH.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249312/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>12</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 12 HOGARTH AND HIS TIME.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249313/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>13</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 13 ENGLISH CARICATURE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249314/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>14</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 14 DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249315/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>15</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 15 CARICATURES OF WOMEN AND MATRIMONY.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249316/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>16</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 16 AMONG THE CHINESE.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249317/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>17</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 17 COMIC ART IN JAPAN.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249318/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>18</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 18 FRENCH CARICATURE.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249319/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>19</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 19 LATER FRENCH CARICATURE.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249320/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>20</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 20 COMIC ART IN GERMANY.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249321/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>21</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 21 COMIC ART IN SPAIN.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249322/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>22</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 22 ITALIAN CARICATURE.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249323/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>23</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 23 ENGLISH CARICATURE OF THE PRESENT CENTURY.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249324/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>24</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 24 COMIC ART IN PUNCH.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249325/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>25</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 25 EARLY AMERICAN CARICATURE.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a><a href="/en/readBook/12518322/249326/Caricature-and-Other-Comic-Art" class="item flex" data-v-4eca384e><span class="left" data-v-4eca384e>26</span> <div class="right" data-v-4eca384e><p class="van-ellipsis" data-v-4eca384e>
Chapter 26 LATER AMERICAN CARICATURE.
</p> <p class="time" data-v-4eca384e>06/12/2017</p></div></a></div></div></div></div><script>window.__CD__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,_,$,aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,aA,aB,aC,aD,aE,aF,aG,aH,aI,aJ,aK,aL,aM,aN,aO,aP,aQ,aR,aS,aT,aU,aV,aW,aX,aY,aZ,a_,a$,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,bA,bB,bC,bD,bE,bF,bG,bH,bI,bJ,bK,bL,bM,bN,bO,bP,bQ,bR,bS,bT,bU,bV,bW,bX,bY,bZ,b_,b$,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck,cl,cm,cn,co,cp,cq,cr,cs,ct,cu,cv,cw,cx,cy,cz,cA,cB,cC,cD,cE,cF,cG,cH,cI,cJ,cK,cL,cM,cN,cO,cP,cQ,cR,cS,cT,cU,cV,cW,cX,cY,cZ,c_,c$,da,db,dc,dd,de,df,dg,dh,di,dj,dk,dl,dm,dn,do0,dp,dq,dr,ds,dt,du,dv,dw,dx,dy,dz,dA,dB,dC,dD,dE,dF,dG,dH,dI,dJ,dK,dL,dM,dN,dO,dP,dQ,dR,dS,dT,dU,dV,dW,dX,dY,dZ,d_,d$,ea,eb,ec,ed,ee,ef,eg,eh,ei,ej,ek,el,em,en,eo,ep,eq,er,es,et,eu,ev,ew,ex,ey,ez,eA,eB,eC,eD,eE,eF,eG,eH,eI,eJ,eK,eL,eM,eN,eO,eP,eQ,eR,eS,eT,eU,eV,eW,eX,eY,eZ,e_,e$,fa,fb,fc,fd,fe,ff,fg,fh,fi,fj,fk,fl,fm,fn,fo,fp,fq,fr,fs,ft,fu,fv,fw,fx,fy,fz,fA,fB,fC,fD){al.title=am;al.description="Caricature and Other Comic Art: This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E ++++\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E++++ \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003E CAPE COD FOLKS\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cauthor\u003E A. WILLIAMS & COMPANY\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003C\\\u002Ftitle\u003E";al.keyWord="Caricature and Other Comic Art, James Parton, Literature, classic american novels, classic american literature, top 100 books, top 100 books of all time, 100 best books";an.isSpeedSowing=b;an.dayUpdate=a;an.bookId=12518322;an.mainBookId=a;an.bookName=s;an.authorId=O;an.authorName=p;an.imgUrl="https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F12518\u002Fcoverbig.jpg?v=8b068275ab5ddd3f75803ed990ec61d3";an.introduce="This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E ++++\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E++++ \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E \u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Ctitle\u003E CAPE COD FOLKS\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cauthor\u003E A. WILLIAMS & COMPANY\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003Cbr\\\u002F\u003E\u003C\\\u002Ftitle\u003E";an.readerNum=T;an.updateChapter="4787 Chapter 26 LATER AMERICAN CARICATURE.";an.updatetime="08-13 18:38";an.chapterNum=U;an.chapterName=V;an.cName=P;an.site="Not classified";an.bookLength="129466";an.bookStar=R;an.cid=ak;an.buildTime="2017-12-06T23:19:11";an.viewedBooks=[];an.url=d;an.bookStat=b;an.channelStr="图书";an.lastReadChapterID=a;an.lastReadChapterName=c;an.isAutomatic=b;an.isFull="已完本";an.roles=c;an.seriesID=c;an.tag=[];an.tagList=ao;an.updateNum=a;aQ.Author=aR;aQ.Bonus_001=aS;aQ.Completion_Bonus_001=aT;aQ.Excellence_BONUS_01=aU;aQ.Excellence_Bonus_001=aV;aQ.FAQ_0111=aW;aQ.FullEditor=t;aQ.H5_EditorRecom=aX;aQ.H5_GuessLike=aY;aQ.H5_HotBestBook=aZ;aQ.H5_HotCoolBook=a_;aQ.HotNewBook=a$;aQ.Monthly_bonus_001=ba;aQ.Monthly_bonus_002=bb;aQ.MostSold=bc;aQ.NanPin=bd;aQ.NvPin=be;aQ.PinDao=bf;aQ.Prepayment_001=bg;aQ.Prepayment_002=bh;aQ.Prepayment_003=bi;aQ.Signing_Bonus_001=bj;aQ.TOP=bk;aQ.TOP_UP_NOW=bl;aQ.Toprated=bm;aQ.UNLOCK_CHAPTERS_IN_BULK=bn;aQ.Updated=bo;aQ.about=bp;aQ.all=bq;aQ.all_the_following_chapters=br;aQ.authorWelfare=bs;aQ.author_fogetsuccess_one=bt;aQ.author_fogetsuccess_two=bu;aQ.auto_unlock=bv;aQ.balance=bw;aQ.be_author=bx;aQ.bonus_0116=by;aQ.bonus_0117=bz;aQ.bonus_0118=bA;aQ.bookList=i;aQ.book_review=u;aQ.booklist=i;aQ.booklist_recommend=bB;aQ.buy_success=bC;aQ.cancel=bD;aQ.chap_day=bE;aQ.chapter=bF;aQ.chapterEnd=bG;aQ.chapter_num=bH;aQ.charts=v;aQ.checkEmailTip=bI;aQ.check_email=bJ;aQ.check_email_tip=bK;aQ.clear_all=w;aQ.clear_allHistory=bL;aQ.clear_all_his=w;aQ.clicks=bM;aQ.coin=bN;aQ.coins=x;aQ.coins1=x;aQ.coins_freecoin=bO;aQ.comment=bP;aQ.completed=t;aQ.completedadventure=bQ;aQ.completedadventure1=bR;aQ.completedantigo=d;aQ.completedantigo1=d;aQ.completedbillionaire=bS;aQ.completedbillionaire1=bT;aQ.completedbookh1=bU;aQ.completedbottom=bV;aQ.completedbottom1=bW;aQ.completedfantasy=bX;aQ.completedfantasy1=bY;aQ.completedgame=d;aQ.completedgame1=d;aQ.completedhistoria=d;aQ.completedhistoria1=d;aQ.completedlgbt=bZ;aQ.completedlgbt1=b_;aQ.completedmodern=b$;aQ.completedmodern1=ca;aQ.completedreborn=d;aQ.completedreborn1=d;aQ.completedromance=cb;aQ.completedromance1=cc;aQ.completedrussialove=d;aQ.completedrussialove1=d;aQ.completedsf=cd;aQ.completedsf1=ce;aQ.completedsuspense=d;aQ.completedsuspense1=d;aQ.completedwerewolf=cf;aQ.completedwerewolf1=cg;aQ.completedwu=d;aQ.completedwu1=d;aQ.completedyoung=ch;aQ.completedyoung1=ci;aQ.conditions_of_service=cj;aQ.contact_us=ck;aQ.contents=cl;aQ.continue_reading=cm;aQ.cookiespopup=cn;aQ.copy_tip=co;aQ.copy_title=cp;aQ.copyright_entryload=cq;aQ.copyright_entryload2=y;aQ.cost=z;aQ.cost1=z;aQ.create=cr;aQ.create_account=A;aQ.create_account1=A;aQ.create_account2=cs;aQ.create_value=ct;aQ.daily=cu;aQ.daily_ranking=v;aQ.del_his_succ=cv;aQ.detail_drama_title=cw;aQ.down_tip=cx;aQ.download_APP=cy;aQ.download_book=cz;aQ.download_privilege_tip=cA;aQ.download_tip=cB;aQ.edit_profile=cC;aQ.email=cD;aQ.email_resend=cE;aQ.email_send_success=cF;aQ.female=cG;aQ.for_authors=cH;aQ.forgot_password=cI;aQ.freeOnApp=cJ;aQ.free_coins=cK;aQ.free_h2=cL;aQ.free_title=cM;aQ.free_title_2=cN;aQ.gender=cO;aQ.genre=cP;aQ.genre1=cQ;aQ.genreH1title=cR;aQ.get_APP=cS;aQ.have_login=cT;aQ.help=B;aQ.history=y;aQ.home=_;aQ.hot=cU;aQ.hotArticleTitle=cV;aQ.hot_seo_desc=cW;aQ.hot_seo_keyword=cX;aQ.hot_seo_title=cY;aQ.hot_tag=cZ;aQ.hot_tag_list=c_;aQ["hotsearch-downloadbutton"]=c$;aQ["hotsearch-page-description"]=da;aQ["hotsearch-popular-title"]=C;aQ.hotsearchcall=db;aQ.interested=dc;aQ.interview=D;aQ.join_now=dd;aQ.join_us=de;aQ.language=df;aQ.language_settings=dg;aQ.latestArticleTitle=dh;aQ.latest_release1=di;aQ.latest_update=dj;aQ.legal=dk;aQ.link=dl;aQ.locked_chapter=dm;aQ.log_into=dn;aQ.log_out=do0;aQ.login_in=dp;aQ.login_now=E;aQ.loosing_text=dq;aQ.male=dr;aQ.menu=ds;aQ.monthly=dt;aQ.more=du;aQ.more_articles=dv;aQ.more_privileged_chapters=F;aQ.more_privileged_chapters1=F;aQ.more_tag=dw;aQ.most_read=dx;aQ.most_sold=dy;aQ.most_tipped=dz;aQ.my_center=dA;aQ.new=dB;aQ.new_notable=dC;aQ.next=dD;aQ.nickname=dE;aQ.noMore=dF;aQ.no_book=dG;aQ.no_bookDetail=dH;aQ.no_free_coins=dI;aQ.no_history=dJ;aQ.no_more_result=dK;aQ.no_record_of_purchase_history=dL;aQ.no_record_of_top_up=dM;aQ.no_results_search=dN;aQ.onLoading=dO;aQ.ongoing=dP;aQ.open=dQ;aQ.openTip=dR;aQ.or=dS;aQ.otherWorks=dT;aQ.otherWorksV2=dU;aQ.other_readers=dV;aQ.password=dW;aQ.play=dX;aQ.present_no_money=dY;aQ.press=dZ;aQ.press_h1_1=d_;aQ.press_h1_2=d$;aQ.press_h1_3=ea;aQ.press_h1_4=eb;aQ.press_h1_5=ec;aQ.press_news=ed;aQ.press_title_1=i;aQ.press_title_2=u;aQ.press_title_3=D;aQ.press_title_4=B;aQ.press_title_5=ee;aQ.pressidtitle=ef;aQ.previous=eg;aQ.price=eh;aQ.privacy_policy=ei;aQ.proceed=ej;aQ.protagonist=ek;aQ.pulling_text=el;aQ.qa_haveanswer=em;aQ.qa_keyword=en;aQ.qa_tlq_title=eo;aQ.qa_tmb=ep;aQ.qa_trq_title=eq;aQ.qa_tvt_title=er;aQ.qa_ymwtk_title=es;aQ.qag_description=et;aQ.qag_keyword=eu;aQ.qag_title=ev;aQ.rather_not_say=ew;aQ.read_more=ex;aQ.read_now=G;aQ.read_now1=G;aQ.reading=ey;aQ.reg_succeed=ez;aQ.related_searches=eA;aQ.released_on=eB;aQ.reset_password=eC;aQ.reset_tips=eD;aQ.resource=eE;aQ.right_email=eF;aQ.sales=eG;aQ.save=eH;aQ.search=eI;aQ.search_history=eJ;aQ.search_result=eK;aQ.search_result_hot=eL;aQ.search_result_hot_2=eM;aQ.search_result_hot_3=eN;aQ.send_reset_link=eO;aQ.send_tip=eP;aQ.shareto=eQ;aQ.shortstorytitle=eR;aQ.sign=eS;aQ.sign_in_with_facebook=eT;aQ.sign_in_with_google=eU;aQ.sneak_preview=eV;aQ.status=eW;aQ.tags=eX;aQ.tagsName=eY;aQ.title_facebook=W;aQ.title_twitter=X;aQ.to_app_see_more=eZ;aQ.today=e_;aQ.today_at=e$;aQ.top_up=fa;aQ.top_up1=fb;aQ.top_up_record=fc;aQ.top_up_via_App=fd;aQ.top_up_via_website=fe;aQ.trending=C;aQ.unlock_chapters_in_bulk=ff;aQ.unlock_this_chapter=j;aQ.unlock_toast=fg;aQ.unlocked_chapters=j;aQ["unlocked_chapters-2"]=j;aQ.upload_profile_photo=fh;aQ.user_login_1=E;aQ.verification_succeed=fi;aQ.via_app_store=fj;aQ.via_google_paly=fk;aQ.views=fl;aQ.wallet=fm;aQ.weekly=fn;aQ.word_count=fo;aQ.you_might_like=fp;aQ.zzfl1=fq;aQ.zzfl10=fr;aQ.zzfl11=fs;aQ.zzfl2=ft;aQ.zzfl3=fu;aQ.zzfl4=fv;aQ.zzfl5=fw;aQ.zzfl6=fx;aQ.zzfl7=fy;aQ.zzfl8=fz;aQ.zzfl9=fA;aQ.zzfl_910_1=fB;aQ.zzfl_910_2=fC;return {layout:"default",data:[{languageKey:"en",rankBookList:[{bookId:68446322,rankNumber:"254k",title:"Billionaire's Secret Bride: Sweet Wife, You're Mine",img:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F68446\u002Fcoverorgin.jpg?v=dc24ed2bd271a21e2a40c7bb26b07e48",subTitleIcon:"\u003Cicon href='https:\u002F\u002Fupimg.cdreader.com\u002FresourceEn\u002Fhot24.png'\u002F\u003E254k",introduce:"Sophie became limp after an accident while saving an old grandma. Her parents, who resented her, laughed and said, "No one will marry a limping girl. Marry an old man and bring us the dowry money!" She thought her life was useless now.\nUntil, the grandma's handsome grandson appeared with a shocking marriage proposal: \"Marry me and I'll help you with your leg surgery!\"\nShe was stunned. \"But I'm just a poor girl with a limp leg.why would you marry me?\"\nHis lips curled up into a smirk. \"At least, I'll have a silly girl as my wife.\"\nBlinded by desperation and hope, Sophie agreed. Only later did she discover her new husband's true identity.\nDominic William, London's most elusive billionaire, notorious for his icy heart and disdain for women.\nAs Sophie navigates Dominic's world, she uncovers the secrets behind his frozen facade. But will their unconventional love overcome the darkness of his past and her own insecurities? Or will his secrets tear them apart?",updateInfo:"Author: Rain_R",star:"4.0",cName:m,href:"ndaction:readbyte(https:\u002F\u002Fapi.cdreader.com\u002Fapi.aspx?actionid=8001&id=68446322&restype=5&dstat=9999065.)",imgType:a,showType:a,isRecommend:a,rightModel:a,maskImg:d,author:"Rain_R",authorId:$,wordCount:a,bookType:a,isSearch:a,websiteData:{cid:H,readNum:"262.6k",chapterNum:148,firstChapterId:4289159,tagList:[{tagName:"Flash marriage",tagId:380322},{tagName:I,tagId:J},{tagName:"Age gap",tagId:483357}]}},{bookId:60498322,rankNumber:"317k",title:"Shunned By An Alpha, Cherished By A Lycan ",img:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F60498\u002Fcoverorgin.jpg?v=62dcb7be9563dc3a710aa1e248de0ea9",subTitleIcon:"\u003Cicon href='https:\u002F\u002Fupimg.cdreader.com\u002FresourceEn\u002Fhot24.png'\u002F\u003E317k",introduce:"Rejected by her mate, who had been her long-time crush, Jasmine felt utterly humiliated. Seeking solace, she headed to a party to drown her sorrows. But things took a turn for the worse when her friends issued a cruel dare: kiss a stranger or beg her mate for forgiveness. With no other choice, Jasmine approached a stranger and kissed him, thinking that would be the end of it. However, the stranger unexpectedly wrapped his arms around her waist and whispered in her ear, \"You're mine!\" He growled, his words sending shivers down her spine. And then, he offered her a solution that would change everything...",updateInfo:"Author: Baby Kemo",star:"4.8",cName:aa,href:"ndaction:readbyte(https:\u002F\u002Fapi.cdreader.com\u002Fapi.aspx?actionid=8001&id=60498322&restype=5&dstat=9999057.)",imgType:a,showType:a,isRecommend:a,rightModel:a,maskImg:d,author:"Baby Kemo",authorId:"120059214",wordCount:a,bookType:a,isSearch:a,websiteData:{cid:ab,readNum:"2.6M",chapterNum:232,firstChapterId:3760621,tagList:[{tagName:h,tagId:n},{tagName:"Revenge",tagId:355322},{tagName:"Alpha",tagId:483334}]}},{bookId:88510322,rankNumber:"195k",title:"A Wife's Bitter Reckoning",img:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F88510\u002Fcoverorgin.jpg?v=7dd35ae32e267d9bda47a200bc473e45",subTitleIcon:"\u003Cicon href='https:\u002F\u002Fupimg.cdreader.com\u002FresourceEn\u002Fhot24.png'\u002F\u003E195k",introduce:"My husband, Bennett, and I were New York's golden couple. But our perfect marriage was a lie, childless because of a rare genetic condition he claimed would kill any woman who carried his baby. When his dying father demanded an heir, Bennett proposed a solution: a surrogate.\n\nThe woman he chose, Aria, was a younger, more vibrant version of me. Suddenly, Bennett was always busy, supporting her through \"difficult IVF cycles.\" He missed my birthday. He forgot our anniversary.\n\nI tried to believe him, until I overheard him at a party. He confessed to his friends that his love for me was a \"deep connection,\" but with Aria, it was \"fire\" and \"exhilarating.\"\n\nHe was planning a secret wedding with her in Lake Como, at the same villa he'd promised me for our anniversary.\n\nHe was giving her a wedding, a family, a life—all the things he denied me, using a lie about a deadly genetic condition as his excuse. The betrayal was so complete it felt like a physical shock.\n\nWhen he came home that night, lying about a business trip, I smiled and played the part of the loving wife.\n\nHe didn't know I'd heard everything.\n\nHe didn't know that while he was planning his new life, I was already planning my escape.\n\nAnd he certainly didn't know I had just made a call to a service that specialized in one thing: making people disappear.",updateInfo:"Author: Gavin",star:"4.3",cName:ac,href:"ndaction:readbyte(https:\u002F\u002Fapi.cdreader.com\u002Fapi.aspx?actionid=8001&id=88510322&restype=5&dstat=9999073.)",imgType:a,showType:a,isRecommend:a,rightModel:a,maskImg:d,author:"Gavin",authorId:ad,wordCount:a,bookType:a,isSearch:a,websiteData:{cid:ae,readNum:"230.4k",chapterNum:K,firstChapterId:6093653,tagList:[{tagName:h,tagId:n},{tagName:"Betrayal",tagId:340322},{tagName:"Pregnancy",tagId:359322},{tagName:L,tagId:M},{tagName:I,tagId:J}]}},{bookId:69834322,rankNumber:"1M",title:"The Jilted Heiress' Return To The High Life",img:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F69834\u002Fcoverorgin.jpg?v=fcc364f58e98a2ca005385db2508a9f0",subTitleIcon:"\u003Cicon href='https:\u002F\u002Fupimg.cdreader.com\u002FresourceEn\u002Fhot24.png'\u002F\u003E1M",introduce:"Corinne devoted three years of her life to her boyfriend, only for it to all go to waste. He saw her as nothing more than a country bumpkin and left her at the altar to be with his true love.\n\nAfter getting jilted, Corinne reclaimed her identity as the granddaughter of the town's richest man, inherited a billion-dollar fortune, and ultimately rose to the top. But her success attracted the envy of others, and people constantly tried to bring her down.\n\nAs she dealt with these troublemakers one by one, Mr. Hopkins, notorious for his ruthlessness, stood by and cheered her on. \"Way to go, honey!\"",updateInfo:"Author: Earvin Garner",star:af,cName:h,href:"ndaction:readbyte(https:\u002F\u002Fapi.cdreader.com\u002Fapi.aspx?actionid=8001&id=69834322&restype=5&dstat=9999026.)",imgType:a,showType:a,isRecommend:a,rightModel:a,maskImg:d,author:"Earvin Garner",authorId:ad,wordCount:a,bookType:a,isSearch:a,websiteData:{cid:ag,readNum:"9.1M",chapterNum:965,firstChapterId:4544916,tagList:[{tagName:I,tagId:J},{tagName:ah,tagId:ai},{tagName:k,tagId:N},{tagName:"Flash Marriage",tagId:483449}]}},{bookId:56699322,rankNumber:"308k",title:"Dear Ex-wife, Be Mine Again!",img:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F56699\u002Fcoverorgin.jpg?v=77af159c277b1231f0a6437742ea9c85",subTitleIcon:"\u003Cicon href='https:\u002F\u002Fupimg.cdreader.com\u002FresourceEn\u002Fhot24.png'\u002F\u003E308k",introduce:"After three years of loveless marriage, Kira was slapped with divorce papers. \nShe has shown him her unrequited love throughout her entire marriage with him, but he decided to turn blind eyes all because of his lover.\nDistraught and heartbroken, Kira choose to sign the divorce papers with bitter heart. But then and there, she promised herself that when she's back, he will come crawling to her, but she will make him pay for hurting her.\nJoin Kira as she transform to a wealthy heiress and soared as the CEO of a multi-billion-dollar empire, a remarkable healer and make her ex-husband pay!",updateInfo:"Author: R. Ink writer",star:"4.7",cName:k,href:"ndaction:readbyte(https:\u002F\u002Fapi.cdreader.com\u002Fapi.aspx?actionid=8001&id=56699322&restype=5&dstat=9999059.)",imgType:a,showType:a,isRecommend:a,rightModel:a,maskImg:d,author:"R. Ink writer",authorId:"153827144",wordCount:a,bookType:a,isSearch:a,websiteData:{cid:aj,readNum:"716.3k",chapterNum:786,firstChapterId:3214978,tagList:[{tagName:"Family",tagId:308322},{tagName:h,tagId:n},{tagName:"First love",tagId:346322},{tagName:L,tagId:M},{tagName:"Multiple identities",tagId:445322},{tagName:ah,tagId:ai},{tagName:"Attractive",tagId:473322},{tagName:k,tagId:N},{tagName:m,tagId:483373}]}},{bookId:64082322,rankNumber:"278k",title:"I'm Divorcing with You, Mr Billionaire!",img:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F64082\u002Fcoverorgin.jpg?v=3b6497ddf8ecfa841031756b6c683c74",subTitleIcon:"\u003Cicon href='https:\u002F\u002Fupimg.cdreader.com\u002FresourceEn\u002Fhot24.png'\u002F\u003E278k",introduce:"I received a pornographic video.\n\"Do you like this?\"\nThe man speaking in the video is my husband, Mark, whom I haven't seen for several months. He is naked, his shirt and pants scattered on the ground, thrusting forcefully on a woman whose face I can't see, her plump and round breasts bouncing vigorously. I can clearly hear the slapping sounds in the video, mixed with lustful moans and grunts.\n\"Yes, yes, fuck me hard, baby,\" the woman screams ecstatically in response.\n\"You naughty girl!\" Mark stands up and flips her over, slapping her buttocks as he speaks. \"Stick your ass up!\"\nThe woman giggles, turns around, sways her buttocks, and kneels on the bed.\nI feel like someone has poured a bucket of ice water on my head. It's bad enough that my husband is having an affair, but what's worse is that the other woman is my own sister, Bella.\n************************************************************************************************************************\n\"I want to get a divorce, Mark,\" I repeated myself in case he didn't hear me the first time-even though I knew he'd heard me clearly.\nHe stared at me with a frown before answering coldly, \"It's not up to you! I'm very busy, don't waste my time with such boring topics, or try to attract my attention!\"\nThe last thing I was going to do was argue or bicker with him.\n\"I will have the lawyer send you the divorce agreement,\" was all I said, as calmly as I could muster.\nHe didn't even say another word after that and just went through the door he'd been standing in front of, slamming it harshly behind him. My eyes lingered on the knob of the door a bit absentmindedly before I pulled the wedding ring off my finger and placed it on the table.\nI grabbed my suitcase, which I'd already had my things packed in and headed out of the house.",updateInfo:"Author: The Wine Press",star:af,cName:m,href:"ndaction:readbyte(https:\u002F\u002Fapi.cdreader.com\u002Fapi.aspx?actionid=8001&id=64082322&restype=5&dstat=9999061.)",imgType:a,showType:a,isRecommend:a,rightModel:a,maskImg:d,author:"The Wine Press",authorId:$,wordCount:a,bookType:a,isSearch:a,websiteData:{cid:H,readNum:"1.3M",chapterNum:114,firstChapterId:3957278,tagList:[{tagName:h,tagId:n},{tagName:L,tagId:M},{tagName:"Love triangle",tagId:379322},{tagName:"Drama",tagId:483352},{tagName:k,tagId:N}]}}],chapterTwoId:o,authorList:[{bookId:16155322,imgUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F16155\u002Fcoverorgin.jpg?v=e2ae277bec29cee125e513cfd00d0cf6",bookName:"The Humourous Poetry of the English Language",introduce:"The Humourous Poetry of the English Language by James Parton",authorId:O,authorName:p,bookStat:b,cName:P,cid:ak,updateChapterId:326756,updateChapterName:"Chapter 38 No.38",updateTime:"2021-08-13T18:57:31",isVip:f,bookLength:"93K",readNum:Q,bookStar:R,readerNumStr:"23"}],bookId:q,bookListByBookIdList:[],shareData:{env:S,lang:r,bookId:q,bookSeo:al,bookDetail:an,path:ap},shareTypes:[W,X,"Pinterest","LinkedIn","Whatsapp"],chapterList:[{chapterId:aq,serialNumber:l,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:V,updateTime:ar,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:a,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:o,serialNumber:g,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:as,updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:l,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249303,serialNumber:Y,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 3 AMONG THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:g,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249304,serialNumber:at,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 4 AMONG THE HINDOOS.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:Y,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249305,serialNumber:au,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 5 RELIGIOUS CARICATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:at,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249306,serialNumber:av,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 6 SECULAR CARICATURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:au,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249307,serialNumber:aw,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 7 CARICATURES PRECEDING THE REFORMATION.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:av,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249308,serialNumber:T,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 8 COMIC ART AND THE REFORMATION.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aw,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249309,serialNumber:ax,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 9 IN THE PURITAN PERIOD.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:T,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249310,serialNumber:ay,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 10 LATER PURITAN CARICATURE.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:ax,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},{chapterId:249311,serialNumber:az,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 11 PRECEDING HOGARTH.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:ay,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249312,serialNumber:aA,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 12 HOGARTH AND HIS TIME.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:az,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249313,serialNumber:aB,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 13 ENGLISH CARICATURE IN THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aA,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249314,serialNumber:aC,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 14 DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aB,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249315,serialNumber:aD,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 15 CARICATURES OF WOMEN AND MATRIMONY.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aC,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249316,serialNumber:aE,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 16 AMONG THE CHINESE.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aD,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249317,serialNumber:aF,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 17 COMIC ART IN JAPAN.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aE,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249318,serialNumber:aG,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 18 FRENCH CARICATURE.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aF,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249319,serialNumber:aH,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 19 LATER FRENCH CARICATURE.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aG,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249320,serialNumber:aI,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 20 COMIC ART IN GERMANY.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aH,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249321,serialNumber:K,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 21 COMIC ART IN SPAIN.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aI,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249322,serialNumber:aJ,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 22 ITALIAN CARICATURE.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:K,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249323,serialNumber:Q,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 23 ENGLISH CARICATURE OF THE PRESENT CENTURY.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aJ,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249324,serialNumber:aK,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 24 COMIC ART IN PUNCH. ",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:Q,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:249325,serialNumber:aL,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 25 EARLY AMERICAN CARICATURE.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aK,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f},{chapterId:aM,serialNumber:U,nextChapterId:a,nextChapterName:c,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:d,lastContent:d,readPersion:a,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:"0000 Chapter 26 LATER AMERICAN CARICATURE.",updateTime:e,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:aL,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:f}],lastChapterId:aM,shareBookId:q,metaOgCode:[{property:"og:locale",content:"es_ES"},{property:"og:type",content:"book"},{property:"og:title",content:am},{property:"og:description",content:"Caricature and Other Comic Art: This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections \u003Cbr \\\u002F\u003E such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, "},{property:"og:url",content:aN},{property:"og:site_name",content:"https:\u002F\u002Fm.manobook.com"},{property:"og:image",content:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F12518\u002Fcoverbigger.jpg?v=8b068275ab5ddd3f75803ed990ec61d3"},{property:"og:image:alt",content:s},{property:"og:book:author",content:p},{property:"og:book:release_date",content:"2017-12-06T23:19:11+00:00"}],appName:aO,showShare:b,headLink:[],LD:[{"@context":aP,"@type":"BreadcrumbList",itemListElement:[{"@type":Z,position:l,name:_,item:"https:\u002F\u002Fm.manobook.com\u002Fen"},{"@type":Z,position:g,name:P,item:"https:\u002F\u002Fm.manobook.com\u002Fen\u002FBooks\u002FMen\u002FLiterature"},{"@type":Z,position:Y,name:s,item:aN}]},{"@context":aP,"@type":"Book",name:s,image:"https:\u002F\u002Fcos-enres.cdreader.com\u002Fsite-322(new)\u002F0\u002F12518\u002Fcoverorgin.jpg?v=8b068275ab5ddd3f75803ed990ec61d3",bookFormat:"eBook",numberOfPages:U,author:[{"@type":"Person",name:p,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fm.manobook.com\u002Fen\u002Fauthor\u002FJames-Parton"}],aggregateRating:{"@type":"AggregateRating",ratingValue:R,ratingCount:l}}],bookSeo:al,downloadBookId:q,icoLang:r,lang:r,env:S,tagsList:ao,bookDetail:an,showBookDetailLoading:b,lastReadChapterID:a,dataNull:b,chapterOne:{chapterId:aq,serialNumber:l,nextChapterId:o,nextChapterName:as,nextIsVip:b,prevChapterId:a,prevChapterName:c,prevIsVip:b,hasBuy:b,nextHasBuy:b,prevHasBuy:b,content:c,firstContent:"\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EMuch as the ancients differed from ourselves in other particulars, they certainly laughed at one another just as we do, for precisely the same reasons, and employed every art, device, and implement of ridicule which is known to us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",lastContent:"\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EObserve this rude and childish attempt at a drawing. Go into any boys' school to-day, and turn over the slates and copy-books, or visit an inclosure where men are obliged to pass idle days, and you will be likely to find pictures conceived in this taste, and executed with this degree of artistic skill. But the drawing dates back nearly eighteen centuries. It was done on one of the hot, languid days of August, A.D. 79, by a Roman soldier with a piece of red chalk on a wall of his barracks in the city of Pompeii.[1] On the 23d of August, in the year 79, occurred the eruption of Vesuvius, which buried not Italian cities only, but Antiquity itself, and, by burying, preserved it for the instruction of after-times. In disinterred Pompeii, the Past stands revealed to us, and we remark with a kind of infantile surprise the great number of particulars in which the people of that day were even such as we are. There was found the familiar apothecary's shop, with a box of pills on the counter, and a roll of material that was about to be made up when the apothecary heard the warning thunder and fled. The baker's shop remained, with a loaf of bread stamped with the maker's name. A sculptor's studio was strewed with blocks of marble, unfinished statues, mallets, compasses, chisels, and saws. A thousand objects attest that when the fatal eruption burst upon these cities, life and its activities were going forward in all essential particulars as they are at this moment in any rich and luxurious town of Southern Europe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EIn the building supposed to have been the quarters of the Roman garrison, many of the walls were covered with such attempts at caricature as the specimen just given, to some of which were appended opprobrious epithets and phrases. The name of the personage above portrayed was Nonius Maximus, who was probably a martinet centurion, odious to his company, for the name was found in various parts of the inclosure, usually accompanied by disparaging words. Many of the soldiers had simply chalked their own names; others had added the number of their cohort or legion, precisely as in the late war soldiers left records of their stay on the walls of fort and hospital. A large number of these wall-chalkings in red, white, and black (most of them in red) were clearly legible fifty years after exposure. I give another specimen, a genuine political caricature, copied from an outside wall of a private house in Pompeii.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EChalk Caricature on a Wall in Pompeii.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe allusion is to an occurrence in local history of the liveliest possible interest to the people. A few years before the fatal eruption there was a fierce town-and-country row in the amphitheatre, in which the Pompeians defeated and put to flight the provincial Nucerians. Nero condemned the pugnacious men of Pompeii to the terrible penalty of closing their amphitheatre for ten years. In the picture an armed man descends into the arena bearing the palm of victory, while on the other side a prisoner is dragged away bound. The inscription alone gives us the key to the street artist's meaning, Campani victoria una cum Nucerinis peristis-\"Men of Campania, you perished in the victory not less than the Nucerians;\" as though the patriotic son of Campania had written, \"We beat 'em, but very little we got by it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EIf the idlers of the streets chalked caricature on the walls, we can not be surprised to discover that Pompeian artists delighted in the comic and burlesque. Comic scenes from the plays of Terence and Plautus, with the names of the characters written over them, have been found, as well as a large number of burlesque scenes, in which dwarfs, deformed people, Pigmies, beasts, and birds are engaged in the ordinary labors of men. The gay and luxurious people of the buried cities seem to have delighted in nothing so much as in representations of Pigmies, for there was scarcely a house in Pompeii yet uncovered which did not exhibit some trace of the ancient belief in the existence of these little people. Homer, Aristotle, and Pliny all discourse of the Pigmies as actually existing, and the artists, availing themselves of this belief, which they shared, employed it in a hundred ways to caricature the doings of men of larger growth. Pliny describes them as inhabiting the salubrious mountainous regions of India, their stature about twenty-seven inches, and engaged in eternal war with their enemies, the geese. \"They say,\" Pliny continues, \"that, mounted upon rams and goats, and armed with bows and arrows, they descend in a body during spring-time to the edge of the waters, where they eat the eggs and the young of those birds, not returning to the mountains for three months. Otherwise they could not resist the ever-increasing multitude of the geese. The Pigmies live in cabins made of mud, the shells of goose eggs, and feathers of the same bird.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EBattle between Pigmies and Geese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EHomer, in the third book of the \"Iliad,\" alludes to the wars of the Cranes and Pigmies:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\"So when inclement winters vex the plain\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EWith piercing frosts, or thick-descending rain,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003ETo warmer seas the Cranes embodied fly,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EWith noise and order through the midway sky;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003ETo Pigmy nations wounds and death they bring,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EAnd all the war descends upon the wing.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EA Pigmy Scene-from Pompeii.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EOne of our engravings shows that not India only, but Egypt also, was regarded as the haunt of the Pigmy race; for the Upper Nile was then, as now, the home of the hippopotamus, the crocodile, and the lotus. Here we see a bald-headed Pigmy hero riding triumphantly on a mighty crocodile, regardless of the open-mouthed, bellowing hippopotamus behind him. In other pictures, however, the scaly monster, so far from playing this submissive part, is seen plunging in fierce pursuit of a Pigmy, who flies headlong before the foe. Frescoes, vases, mosaics, statuettes, paintings, and signet-rings found in the ancient cities all attest the popularity of the little men. The odd pair of vases on the following page, one in the shape of a boar's head and the other in that of a ram's, are both adorned with a representation of the fierce combats between the Pigmies and the geese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThere has been an extraordinary display of erudition in the attempt to account for the endless repetition of Pigmy subjects in the houses of the Pompeians; but the learned and acute M. Champfleury \"humbly hazards a conjecture,\" as he modestly expresses it, which commends itself at once to general acceptance. He thinks these Pigmy pictures were designed to amuse the children. No conjecture could be less erudite or more probable. We know, however, as a matter of record, that the walls of taverns and wine-shops were usually adorned with Pigmy pictures, such subjects being associated in every mind with pleasure and gayety. It is not difficult to imagine that a picture of a pugilistic encounter between Pigmies, like the one given at the head of this chapter, or a fanciful representation of a combat of Pigmy gladiators, of which many have been discovered, would be both welcome and suitable as tavern pictures in the Italian cities of the classic period.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EVases with Pigmy Designs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe Pompeians, in common with all the people of antiquity, had a child-like enjoyment in witnessing representations of animals engaged in the labors or the sports of human beings. A very large number of specimens have been uncovered, some of them gorgeous with the hues given them by masters of coloring eighteen hundred years ago. In the following cut is a specimen of these-a representation of a grasshopper driving a chariot, copied in 1802 from a Pompeian work for an English traveler.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EA Grasshopper driving a Chariot.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EFrom an Antique Amethyst.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003ENothing can exceed either the brilliancy or the delicacy of the coloring of this picture in the original, the splendid plumage of the bird and the bright gold of the chariot shaft and wheel being relieved and heightened by a gray background and the greenish brown of the course. The colorists of Pompeii have obviously influenced the taste of Christendom. There are few houses of pretension decorated within the last quarter of a century, either in Europe or America, which do not exhibit combinations and contrasts of color of which the hint was found in exhumed Pompeii. One or two other small specimens of this kind of art, selected from a large number accessible, may interest the reader.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EFlight of ?neas from Troy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe spirited air of the team of cocks, and the nonchalant professional attitude of the charioteer, will not escape notice. Perhaps the most interesting example of this propensity to personify animals which the exhumed cities have furnished us is a burlesque of a popular picture of ?neas escaping from Troy, carrying his father, Anchises, on his back, and leading by the hand his son, Ascanius, the old man carrying the casket of household gods. No scene could have been more familiar to the people of Italy than one which exhibited the hero whom they regarded as the founder of their empire in so engaging a light, and to which the genius of Virgil had given a deathless charm:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\"Thus ord'ring all that prudence could provide\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EI clothe my shoulders with a lion's hide\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EAnd yellow spoils; then on my bending back\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe welcome load of my dear father take;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EWhile on my better hand Ascanius hung,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EAnd with unequal paces tripped along.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EArtists found a subject in these lines, and of one picture suggested by them two copies have been found carved upon stone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003ECaricature of the Flight of ?neas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThis device of employing animals' heads upon human bodies is still used by the caricaturist, so few are the resources of his branch of art; and we can not deny that it retains a portion of its power to excite laughter. If we may judge from what has been discovered of the burlesque art of the ancient nations, we may conclude that this idea, poor as it seems to us, was the one which the artists of antiquity most frequently employed. It was also common with them to burlesque familiar paintings, as in the instance given. It is not unlikely that the cloyed and dainty taste of the Pompeian connoisseur perceived something ridiculous in the too-familiar exploit of Father ?neas as represented in serious art, just as we smile at the theatrical attitudes and costumes in the picture of \"Washington crossing the Delaware.\" Fancy that work burlesqued by putting an eagle's head upon the Father of his Country, filling the boat with magpie soldiers, covering the river with icebergs, and making the oars still more ludicrously inadequate to the work in hand than they are in the painting. Thus a caricaturist of Pompeii, Rome, Greece, Egypt, or Assyria would have endeavored to cast ridicule upon such a picture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EFrom a Red Jasper.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EFew events of the last century were more influential upon the progress of knowledge than the chance discovery of the buried cities, since it nourished a curiosity respecting the past which could not be confined to those excavations, and which has since been disclosing antiquity in every quarter of the globe. We call it a chance discovery, although the part which accident plays in such matters is more interesting than important. The digging of a well in 1708 let daylight into the amphitheatre of Herculaneum, and caused some languid exploration, which had small results. Forty years later, a peasant at work in a vineyard five miles from the same spot struck with his hoe something hard, which was too firmly fixed in the ground to be moved. It proved to be a small statue of metal, upright, and riveted to a stone pedestal, which was itself immovably fastened to some solid mass still deeper in the earth. Where the hoe had struck the statue the metal showed the tempting hue of gold, and the peasant, after carefully smoothing over the surface, hurried away with a fragment of it to a goldsmith, intending (so runs the local gossip) to work this opening as his private gold mine. But as the metal was pronounced brass, he honestly reported the discovery to a magistrate, who set on foot an excavation. The statue was found to be a Minerva, fixed to the centre of a small roof-like dome, and when the dome was broken through it was seen to be the roof of a temple, of which the Minerva had been the topmost ornament. And thus was discovered, about the middle of the last century, the ancient city of Pompeii, buried by a storm of light ashes from Vesuvius sixteen hundred and seventy years before.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003ERoman Masks, Comic and Tragic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EIt was not the accident, but the timeliness of the accident, which made it important; for there never could have been an excavation fifteen feet deep over the site of Pompeii without revealing indications of the buried city. But the time was then ripe for an exploration. It had become possible to excite a general curiosity in a Past exhumed; and such a curiosity is a late result of culture: it does not exist in a dull or in an ignorant mind. And this curiosity, nourished and inflamed as it was by the brilliant and marvelous things brought to light in Pompeii and Herculaneum, has sought new gratification wherever a heap of ruins betrayed an ancient civilization. It looks now as if many of the old cities of the world are in layers or strata-a new London upon an old London, and perhaps a London under that-a city three or four deep, each the record of an era. Two Romes we familiarly know, one of which is built in part upon the other; and at Cairo we can see the process going on by which some ancient cities were buried without volcanic aid. The dirt of the unswept streets, never removed, has raised the grade of Cairo from age to age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EA Roman Comic Actor masked for the Part of Silenus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe excavations at Rome, so rich in results, were not needed to prove that to the Romans of old caricature was a familiar thing. The mere magnitude of their theatres, and their habit of performing plays in the open air, compelled caricature, the basis of which is exaggeration. Actors, both comic and tragic, wore masks of very elaborate construction, made of resonant metal, and so shaped as to serve, in some degree, the office of a speaking-trumpet. In the engravings on this page are represented a pair of masks such as were worn by Roman actors throughout the empire, of which many specimens have been found.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EIf the reader has ever visited the Coliseum at Rome, or even one of the large hippodromes of Paris or New York, and can imagine the attempts of an actor to exhibit comic or tragic effects of countenance or of vocal utterance across spaces so extensive, he will readily understand the necessity of such masks as these. The art of acting could only have been developed in small theatres. In the open air or in the uncovered amphitheatre all must have been vociferation and caricature. Observe the figure of old Silenus, on preceding page, one of the chief mirth-makers of antiquity, who lives for us in the Old Man of the pantomime. He is masked for the theatre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe legend of Silenus is itself an evidence of the tendency of the ancients to fall into caricature. To the Romans he was at once the tutor, the comrade, and the butt of jolly Bacchus. He discoursed wisdom and made fun. He was usually represented as an old man, bald, flat-nosed, half drunk, riding upon a broad-backed ass, or reeling along by the aid of a staff, uttering shrewd maxims and doing ludicrous acts. People wonder that the pantomime called \"Humpty Dumpty\" should be played a thousand nights in New York; but the substance of all that boisterous nonsense, that exhibition of rollicking freedom from restraints of law, usage, and gravitation, has amused mankind for unknown thousands of years; for it is merely what remains to us of the legendary Bacchus and his jovial crew. We observe, too, that the great comic books, such as \"Gil Blas,\" \"Don Quixote,\" \"Pickwick,\" and others, are most effective when the hero is most like Bacchus, roaming over the earth with merry blades, delightfully free from the duties and conditions which make bondmen of us all. Mr. Dickens may never have thought of it-and he may-but there is much of the charm of the ancient Bacchic legends in the narrative of the four Pickwickians and Samuel Weller setting off on the top of a coach, and meeting all kinds of gay and semi-lawless adventures in country towns and rambling inns. Even the ancient distribution of characters is hinted at. With a few changes, easily imagined, the irrepressible Sam might represent Bacchus, and his master bring to mind the sage and comic Silenus. Nothing is older than our modes of fun. Even in seeking the origin of Punch, investigators lose themselves groping in the dim light of the most remote antiquity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EHow readily the Roman satirists ran into caricature all their readers know, except those who take the amusing exaggerations of Juvenal and Horace as statements of fact. During the heat of our antislavery contest, Dryden's translation of the passage in Juvenal which pictures the luxurious Roman lady ordering her slave to be put to death was used by the late Mr. W. H. Fry, in the New York Tribune, with thrilling effect:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\"Go drag that slave to death! You reason, Why\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EShould the poor innocent be doomed to die?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EWhat proofs? For, when man's life is in debate,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe judge can ne'er too long deliberate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003ECall'st thou that slave a man? the wife replies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EProved or unproved the crime, the villain dies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EI have the sovereign power to save or kill,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EAnd give no other reason but my will.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThis is evidently caricature. Not only is the whole of Juvenal's sixth satire a series of the broadest exaggerations, but with regard to this particular passage we have evidence of its burlesque character in Horace (Satire III., Book I.), where, wishing to give an example of impossible folly, he says, \"If a man should crucify a slave for eating some of the fish which he had been ordered to take away, people in their senses would call him a madman.\" Juvenal exhibits the Roman matron of his period undergoing the dressing of her hair, giving the scene the same unmistakable character of caricature:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\"She hurries all her handmaids to the task;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EHer head alone will twenty dressers ask.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EPsecas, the chief, with breast and shoulders bare,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003ETrembling, considers every sacred hair:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EIf any straggler from his rank be found,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EA pinch must for the mortal sin compound.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\"With curls on curls they build her head, before,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EAnd mount it with a formidable tower.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EA giantess she seems; but look behind,\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EAnd then she dwindles to the Pigmy kind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EDuck-legged, short-waisted, such a dwarf she is\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThat she must rise on tiptoe for a kiss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EMeanwhile her husband's whole estate is spent;\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EHe may go bare, while she receives his rent.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe spirit of caricature speaks in these lines. There are passages of Horace, too, in reading which the picture forms itself before the mind; and the poet supplies the very words which caricaturists usually employ to make their meaning more obvious. In the third satire of the second book a caricature is exhibited to the mind's eye without the intervention of pencil. We see the miser Opimius, \"poor amid his hoards of gold,\" who has starved himself into a lethargy; his heir is scouring his coffers in triumph; but the doctor devises a mode of rousing his patient. He orders a table to be brought into the room, upon which he causes the hidden bags of money to be poured out, and several persons to draw near as if to count it. Opimius revives at this maddening spectacle, and the doctor urges him to strengthen himself by generous food, and so balk his rapacious heir. \"Do you hesitate?\" cries the doctor. \"Come, now, take this preparation of rice.\" \"How much did it cost?\" asks the miser. \"Only a trifle.\" \"But how much?\" \"Eightpence.\" Opimius, appalled at the price, whimpers, \"Alas! what does it matter whether I die of a disease, or by plunder and extortion?\" Many similar examples will arrest the eye of one who turns over the pages of this master of satire.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThe great festival of the Roman year, the Saturnalia, which occurred in the latter half of December, we may almost say was consecrated to caricature, so fond were the Romans of every kind of ludicrous exaggeration. This festival, the merry Christmas of the Roman world, gave to the Christian festival many of its enlivening observances. During the Saturnalia the law courts and schools were closed; there was a general interchange of presents, and universal feasting; there were fantastic games, processions of masked figures in extravagant costumes, and religious sacrifices. For three days the slaves were not merely exempt from labor, but they enjoyed freedom of speech, even to the abusing of their masters. In one of his satires, Horace gives us an idea of the manner in which slaves burlesqued their lords at this jocund time. He reports some of the remarks of his own slave, Davus, upon himself and his poetry. Davus, it is evident, had discovered the histrionic element in literature, and pressed it home upon his master. \"You praise the simplicity of the ancient Romans; but if any god were to reduce you to their condition, you, the same man that wrote those fine things, would beg to be let off. At Rome you long for the country; and when you are in the country, you praise the distant city to the skies. When you are not invited out to supper, you extol your homely repast at home, and hug yourself that you are not obliged to drink with any body abroad. As if you ever went out upon compulsion! But let M?cenas send you an invitation for early lamp-light, then what do we hear? Will no one bring the oil quicker? Does any body hear me? You bellow and storm with fury. You bought me for five hundred drachmas, but what if it turns out that you are the greater fool of the two?\" And thus the astute and witty Davus continues to ply his master with taunts and jeers and wise saws, till Horace, in fury, cries out, \"Where can I find a stone?\" Davus innocently asks, \"What need is there here of such a thing as a stone?\" \"Where can I get some javelins?\" roars Horace. Upon which Davus quietly remarks, \"This man is either mad or making verses.\" Horace ends the colloquy by saying, \"If you do not this instant take yourself off, I'll make a field-hand of you on my Sabine estate!\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003ERoman Wall Caricature of a Christian.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThat Roman satirists employed the pencil and the brush as well as the stylus, and employed them freely and constantly, we should have surmised if the fact had not been discovered. Most of the caricatures of passing events speedily perish in all countries, because the materials usually employed in them are perishable. To preserve so slight a thing as a chalk sketch on a wall for eighteen centuries, accident must lend a hand, as it has in the instance now given.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThis picture was found in 1857 upon the wall of a narrow Roman street, which was closed up and shut out from the light of day about A.D. 100, to facilitate an extension of the imperial palace. The wall when uncovered was found scratched all over with rude caricature drawings in the style of the specimen given. This one immediately arrested attention, and the part of the wall on which it was drawn was carefully removed to the Collegio Romano, in the museum of which it may now be inspected. The Greek words scrawled upon the picture may be translated thus: \"Alexamenos is worshiping his god.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EThese words sufficiently indicate that the picture was aimed at some member, to us unknown, of the despised sect of the Christians. It is the only allusion to Christianity which has yet been found upon the walls of the Italian cities; but it is extremely probable that the street artists found in the strange usages of the Christians a very frequent subject.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EWe know well what the educated class of the Romans thought of the Christians, when they thought of them at all. They regarded them as a sect of extremely absurd Jews, insanely obstinate, and wholly contemptible. If the professors and students of Harvard and Yale should read in the papers that a new sect had arisen among the Mormons, more eccentric and ridiculous even than the Mormons themselves, the intelligence would excite in their minds about the same feeling that the courtly scholars of the Roman Empire manifest when they speak of the early Christians. Nothing astonished them so much as their \"obstinacy.\" \"A man,\" says the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, \"ought to be ready to die when the time comes; but this readiness should be the result of a calm judgment, and not be an exhibition of mere obstinacy, as with the Christians.\" The younger Pliny, too, in his character of magistrate, was extremely perplexed with this same obstinacy. He tells us that when people were brought before him charged with being Christians, he asked them the question, Are you a Christian? If they said they were, he repeated it twice, threatening them with punishment; and if they persisted, he ordered them to be punished. If they denied the charge, he put them to the proof by requiring them to repeat after him an invocation to the gods, and to offer wine and incense to the emperor's statue. Some of the accused, he says, reviled Christ; and this he regarded as a sure proof of innocence, for people told him there was no forcing real Christians to do an act of that nature. Some of the accused owned that they had been Christians once, three years ago or more, and some twenty years ago, but had returned to the worship of the gods. These, however, declared that, after all, there was no great offense in being Christians. They had merely met on a regular day before dawn, addressed a form of prayer to Christ as to a divinity, and bound themselves by a solemn oath not to commit fraud, theft, or other immoral act, nor break their word, nor betray a trust; after which they used to separate, then re-assemble, and eat together a harmless meal.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class='p_sj'\u003EAll this seemed innocent enough; but Pliny was not satisfied. \"I judged it necessary,\" he writes to the emperor, \"to try to get at the real truth by putting to the torture two female slaves who were said to officiate at their religious rites; but all I could discover was evidence of an absurd and extravagant superstition.\" So he refers the whole matter to the emperor, telling him that the \"contagion\" is not confined to the cities, but has spread into the villages and into the country. Still, he thought it could be checked: nay, it had been checked; for the temples, which had been almost abandoned, were beginning to be frequented again, and there was also \"a general demand for victims for sacrifice, which till lately had found few purchasers.\" The wise Trajan approved the course of his representative. He tells him, however, not to go out of his way to look for Christians; but if any were brought before him, why, of course he must inflict the penalty unless they proved their innocence by invoking the gods. The remains of Roman literature have nothing so interesting for us as these two letters of Pliny and Trajan of the year 103. We may rest assured that the walls of every Roman town bore testimony to the contempt and aversion in which the Christians were held, particularly by those who dealt in \"victims\" and served the altars-a very numerous and important class throughout the ancient world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",readPersion:.038461538461538464,isNeedLogin:b,canBuy:b,chapterName:V,updateTime:ar,isVip:b,coin:a,lastChapterIndex:a,nextChapterIndex:a,currentChapterIndex:a,length:a,lockType:a,money:a,giftMoney:a,need:a,isMoneyEnough:b,isReadByApp:b},nextChapterId:o,isRender:b,series:c}],fetch:{"data-v-a1aaec02:0":{langTxt:aQ,classify:[{cid:ag,cName:h,sex:g,icon:c,desc:c,virtualBookNum:3380},{cid:ab,cName:aa,sex:g,icon:c,desc:c,virtualBookNum:9140},{cid:ae,cName:ac,sex:g,icon:c,desc:c,virtualBookNum:8692},{cid:aj,cName:k,sex:g,icon:c,desc:c,virtualBookNum:20666},{cid:H,cName:m,sex:g,icon:c,desc:c,virtualBookNum:9058}]}},error:c,state:{lang:r,env:S,appName:aO,utmBookId:87013322,langTxt:aQ,configUrl:{UnLoginChapterCount:"15",FreeReadPercent:"30",AppDownUrl:fD,IOSDownUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fapps.apple.com\u002Fapp\u002Fapple-store\u002Fid1291247971?pt=118830109&ct=officialsite&mt=8",AndDownUrl:fD,CreateUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fauthor.moboreader.com\u002F",RechargeUrl:"..\u002Fpay\u002Findex.html",TwShareUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fshare",FbShareUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fsharer\u002Fsharer.php",youtubeUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fchannel\u002FUCRZmguXSufAtB6vbr1zhaSg",FBUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FMoboreader-111318811475286",amazonUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FMobo-Reader\u002Fe\u002FB07G59TGP7",moboUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.moboreader.net\u002Fapp\u002F",manoUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.manobook.net\u002F",LeraUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lera.mobi\u002F",KiffireUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kifflire.com\u002F",termsUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.cdreader.com\u002Fen\u002Ftermsofservice.html?client_proid=1000&mt=9",prvacyUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.cdreader.com\u002Fen\u002FappPrivacyPolicy.html?client_proid=1000&mt=9",contactUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstaticpage-en.cdreader.com\u002FEN\u002Fcontact.html?client_proid=1000&mt=9",copyRightUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fauthor.moboreader.com\u002Fpc\u002Fcomplaints.html",bookDetailUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.moboreader.com\u002FbookDetail.html",readBookUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.moboreader.com\u002FreadBook.html",BestSellingBookId:O},userInfo:{},read_source_page_id:100250,read_source_page_name:"官网书城首页",projectLock:b,showShortStoryMenu:f,i18n:{routeParams:{}}},serverRendered:f,routePath:ap,config:{_app:{basePath:"\u002F",assetsPath:"\u002F_cd\u002F",cdnURL:c}},__i18n:{langs:{en:{Author:aR,Bonus_001:aS,Completion_Bonus_001:aT,Excellence_BONUS_01:aU,Excellence_Bonus_001:aV,FAQ_0111:aW,FullEditor:t,H5_EditorRecom:aX,H5_GuessLike:aY,H5_HotBestBook:aZ,H5_HotCoolBook:a_,HotNewBook:a$,Monthly_bonus_001:ba,Monthly_bonus_002:bb,MostSold:bc,NanPin:bd,NvPin:be,PinDao:bf,Prepayment_001:bg,Prepayment_002:bh,Prepayment_003:bi,Signing_Bonus_001:bj,TOP:bk,TOP_UP_NOW:bl,Toprated:bm,UNLOCK_CHAPTERS_IN_BULK:bn,Updated:bo,about:bp,all:bq,all_the_following_chapters:br,authorWelfare:bs,author_fogetsuccess_one:bt,author_fogetsuccess_two:bu,auto_unlock:bv,balance:bw,be_author:bx,bonus_0116:by,bonus_0117:bz,bonus_0118:bA,bookList:i,book_review:u,booklist:i,booklist_recommend:bB,buy_success:bC,cancel:bD,chap_day:bE,chapter:bF,chapterEnd:bG,chapter_num:bH,charts:v,checkEmailTip:bI,check_email:bJ,check_email_tip:bK,clear_all:w,clear_allHistory:bL,clear_all_his:w,clicks:bM,coin:bN,coins:x,coins1:x,coins_freecoin:bO,comment:bP,completed:t,completedadventure:bQ,completedadventure1:bR,completedantigo:d,completedantigo1:d,completedbillionaire:bS,completedbillionaire1:bT,completedbookh1:bU,completedbottom:bV,completedbottom1:bW,completedfantasy:bX,completedfantasy1:bY,completedgame:d,completedgame1:d,completedhistoria:d,completedhistoria1:d,completedlgbt:bZ,completedlgbt1:b_,completedmodern:b$,completedmodern1:ca,completedreborn:d,completedreborn1:d,completedromance:cb,completedromance1:cc,completedrussialove:d,completedrussialove1:d,completedsf:cd,completedsf1:ce,completedsuspense:d,completedsuspense1:d,completedwerewolf:cf,completedwerewolf1:cg,completedwu:d,completedwu1:d,completedyoung:ch,completedyoung1:ci,conditions_of_service:cj,contact_us:ck,contents:cl,continue_reading:cm,cookiespopup:cn,copy_tip:co,copy_title:cp,copyright_entryload:cq,copyright_entryload2:y,cost:z,cost1:z,create:cr,create_account:A,create_account1:A,create_account2:cs,create_value:ct,daily:cu,daily_ranking:v,del_his_succ:cv,detail_drama_title:cw,down_tip:cx,download_APP:cy,download_book:cz,download_privilege_tip:cA,download_tip:cB,edit_profile:cC,email:cD,email_resend:cE,email_send_success:cF,female:cG,for_authors:cH,forgot_password:cI,freeOnApp:cJ,free_coins:cK,free_h2:cL,free_title:cM,free_title_2:cN,gender:cO,genre:cP,genre1:cQ,genreH1title:cR,get_APP:cS,have_login:cT,help:B,history:y,home:_,hot:cU,hotArticleTitle:cV,hot_seo_desc:cW,hot_seo_keyword:cX,hot_seo_title:cY,hot_tag:cZ,hot_tag_list:c_,"hotsearch-downloadbutton":c$,"hotsearch-page-description":da,"hotsearch-popular-title":C,hotsearchcall:db,interested:dc,interview:D,join_now:dd,join_us:de,language:df,language_settings:dg,latestArticleTitle:dh,latest_release1:di,latest_update:dj,legal:dk,link:dl,locked_chapter:dm,log_into:dn,log_out:do0,login_in:dp,login_now:E,loosing_text:dq,male:dr,menu:ds,monthly:dt,more:du,more_articles:dv,more_privileged_chapters:F,more_privileged_chapters1:F,more_tag:dw,most_read:dx,most_sold:dy,most_tipped:dz,my_center:dA,new:dB,new_notable:dC,next:dD,nickname:dE,noMore:dF,no_book:dG,no_bookDetail:dH,no_free_coins:dI,no_history:dJ,no_more_result:dK,no_record_of_purchase_history:dL,no_record_of_top_up:dM,no_results_search:dN,onLoading:dO,ongoing:dP,open:dQ,openTip:dR,or:dS,otherWorks:dT,otherWorksV2:dU,other_readers:dV,password:dW,play:dX,present_no_money:dY,press:dZ,press_h1_1:d_,press_h1_2:d$,press_h1_3:ea,press_h1_4:eb,press_h1_5:ec,press_news:ed,press_title_1:i,press_title_2:u,press_title_3:D,press_title_4:B,press_title_5:ee,pressidtitle:ef,previous:eg,price:eh,privacy_policy:ei,proceed:ej,protagonist:ek,pulling_text:el,qa_haveanswer:em,qa_keyword:en,qa_tlq_title:eo,qa_tmb:ep,qa_trq_title:eq,qa_tvt_title:er,qa_ymwtk_title:es,qag_description:et,qag_keyword:eu,qag_title:ev,rather_not_say:ew,read_more:ex,read_now:G,read_now1:G,reading:ey,reg_succeed:ez,related_searches:eA,released_on:eB,reset_password:eC,reset_tips:eD,resource:eE,right_email:eF,sales:eG,save:eH,search:eI,search_history:eJ,search_result:eK,search_result_hot:eL,search_result_hot_2:eM,search_result_hot_3:eN,send_reset_link:eO,send_tip:eP,shareto:eQ,shortstorytitle:eR,sign:eS,sign_in_with_facebook:eT,sign_in_with_google:eU,sneak_preview:eV,status:eW,tags:eX,tagsName:eY,title_facebook:W,title_twitter:X,to_app_see_more:eZ,today:e_,today_at:e$,top_up:fa,top_up1:fb,top_up_record:fc,top_up_via_App:fd,top_up_via_website:fe,trending:C,unlock_chapters_in_bulk:ff,unlock_this_chapter:j,unlock_toast:fg,unlocked_chapters:j,"unlocked_chapters-2":j,upload_profile_photo:fh,user_login_1:E,verification_succeed:fi,via_app_store:fj,via_google_paly:fk,views:fl,wallet:fm,weekly:fn,word_count:fo,you_might_like:fp,zzfl1:fq,zzfl10:fr,zzfl11:fs,zzfl2:ft,zzfl3:fu,zzfl4:fv,zzfl5:fw,zzfl6:fx,zzfl7:fy,zzfl8:fz,zzfl9:fA,zzfl_910_1:fB,zzfl_910_2:fC}}}}}(0,false,null,"","2017-12-06T00:02:00",true,2,"Modern","Booklist","Unlock This Chapter","Romance",1,"Billionaires",326322,249302,"James Parton","12518322","sp","Caricature and Other Comic Art","Completed","Book Review","Ranking","Clear All","Coins","Reading History","Cost","Create Account","Help","Trending","Interview","Log In","Sneak Preview","Read Now",20008,"CEO",419322,21,"Divorce",371322,483372,"0","Literature",23,"5.0","pro",8,26,"0000 Chapter 1 AMONG THE ROMANS.","Facebook","Twitter",3,"ListItem","Home","155413128","Werewolf",20010,"Short stories","38361828",20013,"4.5",20005,"Scheming",467322,20007,90011,{},"Read Caricature and Other Comic Art Novel Book Online Free | James Parton Novels | Top Classic Novels",{},Array(0),"\u002Fen\u002FbookDetail\u002F12518322\u002FLiterature\u002FCaricature-and-Other-Comic-Art",249301,"2017-12-06T00:03:00","0000 Chapter 2 AMONG THE GREEKS.",4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,22,24,25,249326,"https:\u002F\u002Fm.manobook.com\u002Fen\u002FbookDetail\u002F12518322\u002FLiterature\u002FCaricature-and-Other-Comic-Art","ManoBook","https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org",{},"Author: ","\u003Cspan\u003E1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E You can only get Signing Bonus and Completion Bonus once for each work, and the contracted work must be marked as complete within {0} months.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003En\u003Cspan\u003E2.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E When your contracted work reaches {1} words, you can claim Monthly Bonus starting from the following month of signing. But you need to publish at least 1000 words per day. You can claim Monthly Bonus at most 3 times for each work after its reading income reaches the required threshold.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003En\u003Cspan\u003E3.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E For each contracted work, you enjoy a maximum of 3 days of absence every month. If you are absent for more than 3 days on a calendar month, you will not be able to obtain the Monthly Bonus.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003En\u003Cspan\u003E4.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E If you have several books that are simultaneously subject to the said bonus, you can obtain several bonuses as long as their qualities are maintained at a high level.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003En\u003Cspan\u003E5.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E During the {2} months from the signing of the contract, if your book generates an accumulated reading income crossing the determined thresholds, you can get the Excellence Bonus, the amount of which will be determined accordingly. For each of your published books, you can only get one Excellence Bonus.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003En\u003Cspan\u003E6.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E When a book is marked as complete, Monthly Bonus and Completion Bonus will be released within {3} months. If the conditions of certain bonuses are not met within the set time, you will not be able to obtain these bonuses.","a) Your book reaches at least {0} words.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003Eb) Your reading income reaches US${1}.","Excellence Bonus","From the time of signing the contract, your accumulated reading income for {0} months must exceed US${1}.","Q+ Are there any requirements regarding the length of the book or the number of chapters?{br}A+ It is highly recommended that you update 10 chapters and 10,000 words before you apply for the contract. In this way, our editors can better understand and promote your story.{{br}}Q+ How can I get the Monthly Bonus?{br}A+ a) Once you have obtained the Signing Bonus, starting from the next month, you must publish 50,000 words each month;\nb) You have to upload 1,000 words daily(UTC+8) to generate a punch-in record;\nc) You can get three days off during the updating month\nd) Your reading income must reach the determined thresholds.{{br}}Q+ How many times can I claim the Monthly Bonus?{br}A+ For the quality concern, you can claim the Monthly Bonus at most 3 times for each exclusive story signed during this event.{{br}}Q+ My story is already completed and I want to upload all words at once instead of updating it daily. Can I get the Monthly Bonus?{br}A+ Please contact our editor and we will provide a suitable solution for you!{{br}}Q+ Do exclusive stories share royalties?{br}A+ Yes, of course!{{br}}Q+ How do I check the number of views of my books?{br}A+ In order to see the number of views for each of your books, simply log in and click on \"My Stories\".","Moboreader Best","You might like","Top selling titles","Best sellers","New Releases","a) Your book reaches at least 30,000 words.nb) Publish at least 50,000 words in one calendar month.nc) A maximum of 3 days of absence per calendar month.nd) Your accumulative reading income reaches US${0}\u002F{1}\u002F{2}.","a) Your book reaches at least 30,000 words.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003Eb) Publish at least 50,000 words in one calendar month.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003Ec) A maximum of 3 days of absence per calendar month.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003Ed) Your accumulative reading income reaches US${0}.","Bestsellers","Men","Women","Channel","Reading income of an old book accrued in {0} months after contract signing exceeds US${1}.","\u003Cspan\u003E1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E This is an advance payment that we make to authors with whom we have already established cooperation. If the accumulative income of one of your former contracted work in {0} months has lived up to our expectations, you can receive the incentive advance payment when you sign a new contract with us.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003En\u003Cspan\u003E2.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E After signing the new contract, you must publish a work of at least 50,000 words, whose content must be approved by our editor in order to receive the incentive advance payment.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003En\u003Cspan\u003E3.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E When the said book generates income greater than the amount of the advance payment you receive, you will be able to obtain the other bonuses of this book.","Incentive advance payment","a) Your book reaches at least {0} words.\u003Cbr\u002F\u003Eb) The accumulated number of views on MoboReader during {1} month must exceed {2}.","TOP","TOP UP NOW","Top-Rated","UNLOCK CHAPTERS IN BULK","Updated","About","All","All the following chapters","Writer Benefits","The link's been sent! Please check your email (","). Follow the step by step guide and reset your password.","Auto-unlock Next Chapter","Balance:","Be a Writer","Signing Bonus","Monthly Bonus","Completion Bonus","Booklist Recommendations","Purchased successfully. ","Cancel"," Chap.\u002FDay","Chapter","Chapter End","Chapters","A verification message has been sent. Please check your email and follow the link to finish creating your account.","Check Your Email","If you didn't find the link, please check your junk mailbox or other folders.","Are you sure to clear all your history? It's unavailable to recover deleted history.","Clicks","coin","Coins:{{userInfo.money}} | Free Coins: {userInfo.giftMoney}}"," Comment(s)","Adventure Stories","More Completed Adventure Stories","Billionaire Stories","More Completed Billionaire Stories","Completed Novels Ranking","All Wonderful Completed Novels","View All Completed Novels","Fantasy World","More Completed Fantasy Stories","Top LGBT+","More Completed LGBT+ Novels","Modern Love","More Completed Modern Novels","Hot Romance","More Completed Romance Novels","Top Science Fiction","More Completed Sci-fi Novels","Popular Werewolf","More Completed Werewolf Books","Forever Young","More Completed Young Love Stories","Conditions of Service","Contact Us","Contents","Continue Reading","Dear Reader, we use cookies and other similar technologies to keep our website running smoothly, and improve your reading experience. When you start using the website, you accept our \u003Cspan\u003ECookies\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E and \u003Cspan\u003EPrivacy Policy\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.","Copied","Copy","Copyright Complaints","Create","Create account","Let's Explore the Power of Stories","Daily","All history has been cleared.","Hot Short Drama","Want more chapters? You can have a sneak preview of the latest chapters on our App.","Download App","Download Book","Want more chapters after you finish the regular update? Download the App and you can have a sneak preview now!","Download App to Read More","Edit Profile","Email","Resend","Sent Successfully","Female","For Authors","Forgot password?","Free on App","Free Coins","Free novels for a limited time","Free","Free novels","Gender","Rank","Genre","{genre} Books for {gender}","Get the APP","Already have an account?","hot","Popular Articles","Find {0} on MoboReader, {1} related books to read.","{0},{1},novel,book,ebook,story,free,download,PDF","{0} PDF read online free","Popular Tags","Popular Tags List","Download the Book on the App","Discover books related to {0} on MoboReader. Read more free books online about {1}.","Read it on MoboReader now!","Here are some links for you","Join Now","Join Us","Language","English","Latest Articles","Latest Release: ","Latest Update","Law","Referrals","locked chapter","Log into Moboreader","Sign out","LOG IN","Release now","Male","Menu","Monthly","More","More Articles","More Tags","Most Read","Most Sold","Most Tipped","Account Center","Update","New & Notable","Next","Nickname","No data","No results for your search. Reduce or try different filters.","Sorry! No results were found.","No Free Coins","There's nothing here. Go\u003Cspan\u003E homepage \u003C\u002Fspan\u003Eand begin your trip of reading.","No more search results","No record of purchase history","No record of top-up","No results for your search.","Loading...","Ongoing","Open","Claim Your Bonus at the APP","or","Other Works by the Author","Other books by {author}","You'll also like","Password","Play","You don't have enough coins. Please buy coins first.","Press","Good looking novels","Book reviews","Interviews","FAQs","News reports","news","News","Readers also love","Previous","Price:","Privacy Policy","Proceed","Protagonist","Pull to load the previous chapter","have 1 answer","{questions}, question, answer, book, {appname}, {questiongroup}","The Latest Questions","The Mentioned Book(s)","The Related Questions","Top Viewed Tags","You May Want to Know","Find all the information you need regarding {questiongroup} in one place. Here are answers to common questions about {questiongroup}.","{questiongroup}, frequently asked questions, faqs, answers, {appname}","Most Frequently Asked Questions About {questiongroup} - {appname}","rather not say","Read More","Reading","Registration succeeded","Related searches","Released on: ","Reset Password","Please enter your email address below. We will send you an email with a link to reset your password.","Resources","Please enter a valid email address.","Sales","Save","Search","Search History","results found for your search - ","\"{0}\" found on MoboReader with {1} results...","\"{0}\" found on {2} with {1} results...","Most Searched Novels","Send Reset Link","A link has been sent to your e-mail {email} address. Please check and follow the link to continue the signup.","Share to","Short Stories","By Signing In","Sign in with Facebook","Sign in with Google","SNEAK PREVIEW","Status","Tags","{tag} Novels","View More Comments on App","Today ","Today at ","TOP UP","Top up","Top-up Record","Top up via App","Top up via website","Unlock Chapters in Bulk","Unlocked","Upload Profile Photo","Verification succeeded. Log in now!","APP STORE","GOOGLE PLAY","View","Wallet","Weekly","Word Count: ","You might like: ","Benefits for exclusive works","Create Your Story Now!","BONUS","SIGNING BONUS；Update 30,000 words to the signed story.","MONTHLY BONUS；Update 50,000 more words to the signed story per month, with a maximum of 3 days absent.","POPULAR STORIES","COMPLETION BONUS；When Completed；Bonus；Words；Words or More","*All the bonuses above apply to exclusive stories only, and only the stories signed within the event period can enjoy the bonuses.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E*The outstanding stories will be promoted around the world. We will also create an official group to connect the writers and their readers.","We have established a close relationship with thousands of writers in the past year.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EThank you for your unwavering trust. It would be an honor to have more of you join us!","Q+Are there any requirements regarding the length of the book or the number of chapters?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EA+It is highly recommended that you update 10 chapters and 10,000 words before you apply for the contract. In this way, our editors can better understand and promote your story.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EQ+How to get the Monthly Bonus?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EA+a.Upload 50,000 additional words within one calendar month on top of the signing bonus;\u003Cbr\u002F\u003Eb.Uploading 1,000 words generates a punch-in record (the platform has an automatic scheduled upload function; please ask your editor for more information regarding this);\u003Cbr\u002F\u003Ec.The writer gets three days off during the updating month.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EQ+How many times can I claim the Monthly Bonus?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EA+For the quality concern, you can claim the Monthly Bonus for at most 3 times for each exclusive story signed during this event. For those long stories, we also provide you with customized bonus. Please contact our editor for more details!\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EQ+I have completed my story. Can I get the Monthly Bonus if I update it at once?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EA+Please contact our editor. We will provide a suitable solution for you!\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EQ+Do exclusive stories share royalties?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EA+Yes, of course!\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EQ+I have updated the first 30,000 words in the first half of the month. Now I would like to update more. Should I still update 50,000 more words to get the monthly bonus?\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EA+No. It will depend on the remaining days in the month. You can consult our editor for details.","FAQ","EXCELLENCE BONUS","From signing the contract to applying for completion, this book gets royalty OVER 300 USD (including 300USD), the writer can get this bonus, and this bonus will be released with the complete bonus together","https:\u002F\u002Fplay.google.com\u002Fstore\u002Fapps\u002Fdetails?id=com.changdu.ereader&referrer=utm_source%3Dofficialsite%26utm_medium%3Dofficialsite%26utm_term%3Dofficialsite%26utm_content%3Dofficialsite%26utm_campaign%3Dofficialsite"));</script/><script src="/_cd/631f98d.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/b39de5b.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/b412f1a.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/f1ebdbf.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/ca72b94.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/bbb57e0.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/7bb131a.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/fdc7467.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/06d8669.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/aa69934.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/72b0788.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/dae05df.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/1de61a1.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/53e987b.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/c8d711f.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/dd14aa2.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/21a337e.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/370f20f.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/62235b8.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/8e2ee59.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/35c866d.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/f4f4c9d.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/e1c7dde.js" defer></script><script src="/_cd/cbf94d3.js" defer></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/sensorsdata.min.1.26.11.js" data-body="true"></script><noscript data-body="true" data-hid="google-tag-manager-noscript"><iframe title="googletagmanager" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KF7XJMF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
</body>
<script>document.onmousedown=function(){if(2==event.button)return!1},document.oncontextmenu=function(){return!1},document.body.ondragstart=function(){return!1},document.addEventListener("keydown",(function(e){(123===e.keyCode||e.ctrlKey&&e.shiftKey&&73===e.keyCode||e.ctrlKey&&e.shiftKey&&85===e.keyCode||e.ctrlKey&&(67===e.keyCode||85===e.keyCode))&&e.preventDefault()}))</script>
</html>
/0/12518/coverbig.jpg?v=8b068275ab5ddd3f75803ed990ec61d3&imageMogr2/format/webp)