Walks in Rome

r-The Tabularium-The Museo Capitolino-Gallery of Statues-Palace of the Conservators-Gallery o

the kings and the republic, as

nd precipitous, as are still the sides of the neighbouring citadels of Corneto and Cervetri. It was united to the Qui

lles et fora

Fast.

, and to have made a settlement here. His name was derived from sowing, and he was looked upon as the introducer of civilization and social order, both of which

ible de Saturne; avant qu'il y eut une Roma, ville de la force, i

al king of the Palatine, as exhibitin

erea disjecti

umque vides mon

r, hanc Saturnu

, illi fuerat

viii

d. But in the mean time, the Sabines, under Titius Tatus, besieged and took the hill, having a gate of its fortress (said to have been on the ascent above the spot where the arch of Severus now stands) opened to them by Tarpeia, who gazed with longing upon the golden bracelets of the warriors, and, obtaining a promise to receive that which they wore upon their arms, was crushed by their shields as they entered. Some authorit

founded here a Temple of Fides Publica, in which the flamens were always to sacrifice with a fillet on their right hands,

olscians in war. In digging its foundations, the head of a man was found, still bloody, an omen which was interpreted by an Etruscan augur to portend that Ro

ith more probability, incline to the north-eastern eminence, the present site of Ara-C?li, because, among many other reasons, the temple faced the south, and also the Forum, which it could not have done upon the south-eastern summit; and also because the citadel is always represented

n width.[21] The interior was divided into three cells; the figure of Jupiter occupied that in the centre, Minerva was on his right, and Juno on his left. The figure of Jupiter was the work of an artist of the Volscian city of Fregell?,[22] and was formed o

sta vix totus

extra fictile

Fast.

re had ceased to exist in the time of Pliny.[23] When Martial

erno nunc primu

summi filia

l, xi.

fastened every year, to mark the lapse of time.[24] I

g, an image of the god Terminus was also placed in the centre of the nave, which was open to the heavens. A venerable legend affirmed, that when, in the time of the kings, it was requisite to clear a space on the Capitoline to erect on it a temple to the great father of the gods, and the shrines of the lesser divinities were to be removed for the purpose, Ter

espasian, murdered him at the foot of the Capitol, near the Mamertine Prisons.[27] Domitian, the younger son of Vespasian, was, at that time, in the temple with his uncle, and escaped in the dress of a priest; in commemoration of which, he erected a chapel to Jupiter Conservator, close to the temple, with an altar upon which his adventure was sculptured. The temple was rebuilt by Vespasian, who took so great an interest in the work, that he carried away some of the rubbish on his own shoulders; but his temple was the exact likeness of its predecessor, only higher, as the aruspices said that the gods would not allow it to be altered.[28] In this building Titus and Vespasian celebrated their

lt in Rome in a civil war.[30] Near this, also, were the twin Temples of Mars and Venus Erycina, vowed after the battle of Thrasymene, and consecrated, B.C. 215, by the consuls Q. Fabius Maximus and T. Otacilius Crassus. Near the top of the Clivus was the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, built by Augustus, in consequen

or Cicero's recall.[31] Here Nardini places the ancient Temple of Jupiter Feretrius, in which Romulus dedicated the first spolia opima. Here, on the site of the house of Manlius, was built the Temple of Juno Moneta, B.C. 345, in accordance with a

etio celebratior

is quid veli

Fast.

, which was formed out of the armour taken from the Samnites, B.C. 293, and which is st

it is most probable that the whole of the hill on this side of the Intermontiu

stos Tarpei?

lo, et Capitoli

cens horrebat

tis volitans a

los in limine a

?n. vi

ia ponet Cap

tro templorum

tal. i

inter tec

ia pendentes

i. Cons.

ill remains; a portico, built by Scipio Nasica,[34] and an arch which Nero built here to his own honour, the erection of which upon

Ara-C?li, and a few ruins. Yet the cry of the people at the coronation of Petrarch, "Long life to the Capitol and the poet!" shows that the scene itself was then still more present to their minds than the principal actor upon it. But, when the popes returned from Avignon, the very memory of the Capitol seemed effaced, and the spot was only known as the Goat's Hill,-Monte Caprino. Pope Boniface IX. (1389

scape for the Franciscan Generals of Ara-C?li to the Palazzo Venezia, as that in the Borgo is for the escape of the popes to S. Angelo. In this street

ght of steps, removed hither from the Temple of the Sun, on the Quirinal, but marking the site of the famous staircase to t

e which originally existed on this site, that Rienzi the tribune fled in his last moments, and close to the spot where the left-hand lion stands, that he fell, covered with wounds, his wife witnessing his death from a window of the burning palace above. A small space between

ay from the gaze of the multitude into celestial spheres. Beyond these, on either side, are two trophies of imperial times discovered in the ruin on the Esquiline, misnamed the Trophies of Marius. Next come statues of Constantine the Great and his son Constantine II., from their baths on the Quirinal. Th

f the city from it by his hair.[39] During the rejoicings consequent upon the elevation of Rienzi to the tribuneship in 1347, one of its nostrils was made to flow with water and the other with wine. From its vicinity to the Lateran, so intimately connected with the history of Constantine, it was supposed during the middle ages to represent that Christian emperor, and this fortunate error alone preserved it from the destruction which befell so many other ancient imperial statues. Michael Angelo, when he designed the buildings of the Capitoline Piazza, wished to remove th

It is the most majestic representation of the kingly character that ever the world has seen. A sight of the old heathen emperor is enough to create an evanescent sentiment of loyalty even in a democratic bosom, so august does he look, so fit to rule, so worthy of man's profoundest homage and obedience, so inev

frain from caressing the lions of basalt. You cannot stand on the Aventine or the Palatine without grave t

nt, la dorure, au lieu d'aller s'effa?ant toujours davantage, était en voie de progrès. 'Voyez, disait-il, la statue de bronze commence à se dorer, et quand elle le sera entièrement, le monde finira.'-C'est toujours, sous une forme absurde, la vieille idée romaine, que les

is buildings on either side. The fountain at the foot of the double staircase was erected by Sixtus V., and is adorned with statues of river gods found in the C

ne Amazone, ce qui se con?oit, car elle était guerrière avant tout. C'est sous la forme

contains some papal statues, and that of Charles of Anjo

the opening of the carnival. During the closing years of the temporal power of the popes, it has been difficult to obtain admission to the tower, but the ascent is well repaid by the vi

montagnes qui l'encadrent si admirablement. Elles sont encore plus belles et l'?il prend encore plus de plaisir à les contempler quand on songe à ce qu'elles ont vu d'efforts et de courage dans les premiers t

ent placées là sur des hauteurs disposées en demi-cercle pour l'envelopper

sont les Herniques et les ?ques; au nord, les Sabins; à l'ouest, d

s Latins, qui, n'ayant pas des montagnes pour leur servir

miers combats qu'eurent à soutenir et que soutinrent si vai

ption still preserved to have been that of the public Record Office, where the Tabul?, engraved plates bearing important decrees of the Senate, were preserved, having been placed there by Q. Lutatius Catulus in B.C. 79. A gallery in

he grave rose a city of monuments in ruins, columns, triumphal arches, temples, and palaces, broken, ruinous, but sti

Tabularium to the Forum. This is believed by many to have been the pat

ad of the steps-is the Museo Capitolino (open daily from 9 to 4

hi), and lively dialogues, merciless to the follies of the government and the times, used to appear with early morning, placarded on their respective pedestals, as passing between the two. Thus, when Clement XI. mulcted Rome of numerous sums to send to his native Urbino, Marforio asked, "What is Pasquino do

inscriptions and sarcophagi with bas-reliefs. The first room on the left has

fut fondeur en bronze, serait-il l'auteur du cheval de bronze du Capitole, qui, en effe

a colossal statue of the Emper

rial date (found in the sixteenth century under SS. Cosmo and Damian), inscribed with ground plans o

Here and elsewhere we will only notice those espec

yr playing

pid bendi

d woman i

nts tournés vers le ciel, comme si, dans la jubilation de l'ivresse, elle savourait le vin qu'elle vient de boire. Comment ne pas voir dans cette

t Hercules stran

cophagus-the Rap

yr playing

t inscriptions from the

Head of

-the birth and chi

Statue,

s relief of Claudia drawing the boat with

ust of C

lius, as a boy-a v

elletri. The same as that in th

2. T

tomb of Cecilia Metella, standing on a puteal adorned

ion to which the mosaic art had attained, describes a wonderful mosaic of Sosus of Pergamos, in which one dove is seen drinking and casting her shadow on the water, while others are pluming themselves on the edge of the vase. As a pendant to this

aque, petit bas-relief destiné à offrir un résumé visible de cette guerre aux jeunes Romains, et à

tte ville, inconnues à Homère et célébrées surtout par Stésichore avant de l'être par Virgile, tient

is a pretty statuette of

contains the famous Venus of the Capitol-a Greek

un cabinet réservé,-faisaient de cette belle statue un sujet de scandale pour l'austérité des premiers chrétiens. C'était sans doute afin de la soustraire à leurs mutilations qu'on l'avait enfouie avec soin, ce qui l'

Cupid and Psyche-two lovely children embracing (most

of the gall

tiful seated statue of Agrippina (grand-daughter of

ne, assise avec une si noble simplicité et dont le v

rmanicus. Elle semble mise aux fers par le destin, mais sans pouvoir encore renonce

relations, forming perhaps the most interesting portrait gallery in the world. E

r, nat. B.C. 1

, Imp. B.C.

nd son-in-law, son of Octa

rius, Imp.

, son of Livia and Cla

Tiberius and Vip

and Octavia, wife of the elder Drusu

of Drusus and Ant

granddaughter of Augustus, wife of Germanicu

of Germanicus and Agrippina. Murder

, younger son of Drusus and A

e of Claudius. Put to de

bouffis, à l'air assez commun, mais qui po

hter of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder, great-grand

re, et qui était pour elle un moyen. Agrippine a les yeux levés vers

Agrippina the younger by her first hus

, second wife of Nero

band, A

olles recherches et les soins curieux de toilette étaient célèbres, et dont Diderot a dit avec vé

A.D. 69. Murde

A.D. 69. Died b

p. A.D. 69. Murdered

ian, Imp.

-81. Supposed to have b

, daughte

6, son of Vespasian. Murdere

trois Flaviens: mais c'est une beauté formidab

ongin

(?), Imp

n, Imp. A

na, wife

na, sister

hter of Marciana,

p. A.D. 118-138, ad

wife of Hadrian, d

, first adopted

. A.D. 138-161, second

wife of Antoninus Pius a

on of Servianus by Paulina, sister of Had

Aurelius, i

cus Aurelius, daughter of Anton

toninus, son of

, son-in-law of

Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the younger. Put t

n of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina.

ommodus. Put to death b

r of Commodus, reigned three months.

93, successor of Pertinax. Murde

illa (?), wife o

cennius

-rival candidates (

. 193) for th

btain, and were

, Imp. A.D. 193-211, succ

, wife of Sep

11-217, son of Sept. Sever

a, by whose order he was murd

17, murderer and successo

on of Macrinus. Murd

of Julia Soemis, daughter of Julia M?sa

e of Heliogabalus, great-gran

timius Severus, aunt of Caracalla, a

Julia Mammea, second daughter of J

lia M?sa, and mother of Alexande

Imp. 235-238; elected

red with his fathe

mp. 238; a descendant of T

of Gordianus Africanus and Fabia Orestella, great

ienus,

8, reigned together f

mur

randson, through his mother, of

, son of, and co-emperor

51. Forcibly elected by t

n of Decius and Herennia Etruscill

in-law of Decius, Imp. 251,

Gallus, Imp. 2

, son of Trebonian

s, Imp. 261-

na, wife o

nd Salonina. Put to death by Post

nus, Imp. 283, son of th

Imp. 284-305; el

tropius and Claudia, niece of the Emperor Claudiu

son of Julius Constantius and nephew of

her of the Emperor Magnent

generally closed, indicating reserve and dignity, f

rd look of his latest years? Are there any modern portraits more familiar than the severe wedge-like head of Augustus, with his sharp cut lips and nose,-or the dull phiz of Hadrian, with his hair combed do

f their portraits, the incidental illustrations of the places where they lived and moved and died, and the buildings and monuments they erecte

; après lui il y en eut deux autres, les deux Antonins. Trois sur soixante-dix, t

Endymion sleeping, and of Perseus delivering Andromeda, which bel

(?), the conqueror of Syracuse, B.C. 212. Round the room are ranged 93 busts o

ius Domitius Corbulo, gene

he orator. 49.

(?). 52.

Agrippa. 54

stus. 55. Cl

. 60. Thuc

n. 61. ?

ras. 62, 64

Great(?). 63. Epic

anes. 68, 69

enes. 71. A

2, 73. Julian

ritus of Alde

ripides. 7

Homer. 82. ?

Eume

rying to persuade her cat to dance to a lyre-the cat, meanwhile, snapping, on its hind

ontains, dow

Porto d'Anzio, on an altar with fi

Aristeas and Papias (their names ar

nd on the Aventine. It sta

e l'enfance et de la vigueur caractéristique du héros. L'imitation de la Grèce se montre même dans la matière que l'artiste a choisie; c'est un basalt verdatre, de couleur somb

antico), on an altar, r

busts round the room t

cus Au

A Sa

, as Mars,

e Forum-Boarium (the columns on either si

du grand cirque; mais la statue du Capitole, dont le geste est maniéré, quel que soit son mérite, n'est pas assez parfaite qu'on puisse y reconna?tre une ?uvre de Myron. Peut-être Pompée n'avait placé dans son temple qu'une copie de l'un des deux Hercules de Myron et la donnait pour l'origin

He

té du théatre, je dirais volontiers de la pantomime.... Son regard est tourné vers le ciel, sa bouche lance des imprécations; on voit qu'elle pourra faire entendre ces hurlements, ces aboiements de la

bust of Ant

lla. It stands on an altar dedicated to Serapis. Against the right wall is a magnificent sarcophagus, whose reliefs (much studied by Flax

oy with

goose (found ne

ltum, conferring imperial powers upon Vespasian, being the very tab

"the Antinous of the Capitol," and the "Faun of Praxiteles." Besides these, we should notic

and statue of the wounded Gaul, gen

re me the g

n his hand-h

death, but c

d head sinks g

side the last dr

ash, fall heav

of a thunder-

ims around h

an shout which haile

but he heede

heart, and tha

f the life he l

rude hut by

young barbari

Dacian mother-

o make a Ro

with his blood

ise, ye Goths, an

Childe

in this room the descri

of antique sculpture, and still shining in the undiminished majesty and beauty of their ideal life, although the marble that embodies them is yellow with time, and perhaps corroded by the damp earth in which they lay buried for centuries. Here

eir linen to the sun), passing over a shapeless confusion of modern edifices, piled rudely up with ancient brick and stone, and over the domes of Christian churches, built on the old pavements of heathen temples, and supported by the very pillars that once upheld them. At a distance beyond-yet but a little way, considering h

ore flesh, and less of heroic muscle, than the old sculptors were wont to assign to their types of masculine beauty. The character of the face corresponds with the figure; it is most agreeable in outline and feature, but rounded and somewhat voluptuously developed, especially about the throat and chin; the nose is almost straight, but very slightly curves inward, thereby acquiring an indescribable charm of geniality and humour. The mouth, with its full yet delicate lips, seems so really to smile outright

savoir lequel de ses chefs-d'?uvre l'artiste préférait, elle lui fit annoncer que le feu avait p

d by the Palace of the Conservators, which contains the Pr

stus supported the cinerary urn of Agrippina, wife of Germanicus, with a very perfect inscription. In the opposite loggia are a statue of Rome Triumphant, and a group of a lion attacking a horse, found in

with a few foreigners considered as naturalised by a long residence in Rome. Those in the second room, representi

column of Caius Duilius. On the upper flight of the staircase is a ba

cheval baisse la tête et flaire le marécage, qui est indiqué par des roseaux. Le guerrier penché en avant, presse sa monture. On a vivement, en présence de cette c

in the life of Marcus Aurelius, Imp., belonging to the arch dedicated to him

palais des Conservateurs, Rome, en tunique courte d'Amazone et le globe à la main,

gliosi, Francesco Aldobrandini, Carlo Barberini, brother of Urban VIII., and Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma. The 3rd room, painted by Daniele di Volterra, with subjects from the wars with the Cimbri, contains the famous Bronze Wolf of the Capitol, one of the most interesting relics in the city. The figure of the wolf is of unknown antiquity; those of Romulus and Remus are modern. It has been doubted whether this is t

huic ub

es pueros, et

lam tereti ce

s, et corpora f

?n. vi

thunder-stricke

se brazen-ima

onquest yet w

monument of

-mother of the

founder sucked f

e Roman Jove's

ack with lightni

l cubs, nor thy f

Childe

beautiful figure of a boy extracting a thor

u Satyre se faisant rendre ce service par un autre Satyre. On a voulu y voir un athlète blessé par une épine pendant sa course et qui n'en est pas moins arrivé au but; mais la figure est trop jeune et n'a rien d'athlétique. Le moyen age avait donné aussi son explication et inventé sa legende. On raccontait qu'un jeune berger, envoyé à

dead Christ with a monk praying, and Sta. Francesca Romana, by Roman

ble du prémier consul romain; la bouche serrée respire la détermination et l'énergie; les yeux, formés d'une matière jaunatre, se détachent en clair sur le bronze noirci par les siècles et vous jettent un regard fixe et farouche. Tout près est la louve de br

egard. Là, dans un coin sombre, j'ai passé bien des moments face à face ave

eese of the Capitol) and a female head-found in the gardens of Sallust, a bust of Medusa, by Bernini, and many others. The 6th, or Throne Room, hung with faded tapestry, has a frieze in fresco, by Annibale Caracci, representing the triumphs

st of drapery; the child on her lap sleeps in the loveliest attitude; she folds her hands a

pictures of Roman saints (Cecilia, Alexis,

ched by a separate staircase, entered from an alley at the back of the building), reached by two rooms inscribed with the names of the Roman Conservators from the middle of the sixt

Ro

Spirit (unfinis

hn Baptist

agdalene:

?an Sibyl:

agdalene:

in the Temple:

Family:

and Saints

of himself:

nd Saints: F.

rait: Ve

stine: Giova

s and Remu

Ro

le portrait

of the Shephe

Portraits

ebastian:

ra and Augus

bastian: Lu

lling a fortu

ait: Giova

of Michael Ang

arch: Gio

y of the Vir

ere it has been replaced by a mosaic copy. The composition is divided into two parts. Th

or his wife; and he, being very powerful, she feared to refuse him; she therefore desired him to return in three days, and promised that he should then carry her home. But she prayed earnestly to be delivered from this peril; and when Flaccus returned in t

ption of the Virgin:

carlet cope as bishop, reads the service; St. John, holding the palm, weeps bitterly. In front, and kneeling before the couch or bier, appear the three great Dominican saints as witnesses of the relig

and Angels:

f Europa: P

ce to the Palazzo Caffarelli, the residence of the Prussian minister. It has

and just opposite were the Palatine and the Aventine, with the ruins of the Palace of the C?sars on the one, and houses intermixed with gardens on the other. The mass of the Coliseum rose beyond the Forum, and beyond all, the wide plain of the C

s represented as the scene of the murder in Hawthorne's Marble Faun, or "Transformation." The door, the niche in the wall, and all other details mentioned in the novel, were realiti

tol, we must ascend the staircase beyond the Palace of the Conservator

ian rock,

orious Rome, qu

, and with the

atio

se Reg

e s

test goal of

y whence the

all am

de H

ldren, has little to remind one of the appearance of the hill as seen by Virgi

iam sedem, et

m, silvestribus

io pavidos te

tum silvam saxu

?n. vi

ides, hospes, qua

eneam collis e

us, iv.

auls, who, according to the well-known story, climbed the rock near the Porta Carmentale, and had nearly reached the summit unobserved-for the dogs neglected to bark-when the cries of the sacred geese of Juno aroused an officer named Manlius, who rushed to the defence, and hurled over the precipice the first assailant, who dragged down others in his fall, and thus the Capitol was saved. In remembrance of this incident, a goose was annually carried in triumph, and a dog annually crucified upon the Capitol, between the temple of

écrits ces mots: Rocca Tarpeia. Une pauvre femme arrive et vous mène dans un carré de choux. C'est de

, the Etruscan ideal of Jupiter, was always represented with a goat.[43] On this side of the hill, the viaduct from the Palat

interesting of Christian churches. The name of the famous Church of Ara-C?li is generally attributed to an altar erected by Augustus t

id cum Si

as called "Sta, Maria in Auroc?lio." It originally belonged to the Benedictine Order, but was transferred to the Franciscans by Innocent IV. in 1252, since which time

donius for the possession of the Capitol. It was down the ancient steps on this site that Annius, the envoy of the Latins, fell (B.C. 340), and was nearly killed, after his audacious proposition in the temple of Jupiter, t

are celebrated as dentists, perform their hideous, but useful and

o Roman artists, and is often introduced as a background to groups of monks and peasants. The interior of the church is vast, solemn, and highly picturesque. It was here, as Gibbon himself tells us, that on

e Madonna, which gleams with its hundreds of silver votive hearts, legs, and arms, some listening to the preaching, some crowding round the chapel of the Presepio. Old women, haggard and wrinkled, come tottering along with their scaldini of coals, drop down on their knees to pray, and, as you pass, interpolate in their prayers a parenthesis of begging. The church is not architecturally handsome, but it is eminently picturesque, with its r

his defeat rose ringing in his ears, as the procession ascended the steps-had expiated with death the crime of being the enemy of Rome. On the steps of Ara-C?li, nineteen centuries ago, the first great C?sar climbed on his knees after his first triumph. At their base, Rienzi, the last of the Roman tribunes, fell-and if the tradition of the Church is to be trusted, it was on the site of the

of very different forms and sizes, and have probably been collected from various pagan edifices. The inscription "A Cubiculo Augustorum" upon the third column on the left of the nave, shows that it was brought from the Palace of the C?sars.

father of Pope Honorius IV.) and his son Pandolfo,-an ancient and richly sculptured sarcophagus, to which a gothic canopy was added by Agostino and Agnolo da Siena from designs of G

h was painted by Raphael at his order, and presented by him to this church, where it remained over the high altar, till 1565, when his great niece Anna became a nun at the convent of the Contesse at Foligno, and was allowed to carry it away with her. In the east transept is another fi

uld return to the Catholic faith. Near this, upon the transept wall, is the tomb of Felice de Fredis, ob. 1529, upon which it is recorded that he was the finder of the Laocoon. The Chapel of the Annunciation, opening from the west isle, has a t

e concourse did not abate. On the day of the funeral Francesca knelt on one side of the coffin, and, in sight of all the crowd, she was wrapped in ecstasy. They saw her body lifted from the ground, and a seraphic expression in her uplifted face. They heard her murmur several times with an indescribable emphasis the word 'Quando? Quando?' When all was over, she still remained immoveable; it seemed as if her soul had risen on the

coes by Nicola da Pesaro;-but no one should omit visiting the first chapel on the right of the west door, dedicated to S. Bernardino of Siena, and painted by Bernardino Pinturicchio, who has put forth his

pel of the Presepio, where the famous image of the Santissimo

els playing on instruments, as in the early pictures of Raphael. In the background is a scenic representation of a pastoral landscape, on which all the skill of the scene-painter is expended. Shepherds guard their flocks far away, reposing under palm-trees or standing on green slopes which glow in the sunshine. The distances and perspective are admirable. In the middle ground is a crystal fountain of glass, near which sheep, preternaturally white, and made of real wool and cotton wool, are feeding, tended by figures of

is a piteous description of the agony of the Saviour and the sufferings of the Madonna, the greatest stress being, however, always laid upon the latter. All these little speeches have been written for them by their priest or some religious friend, committed to memory, and practised with appropriate gestures over and over again at home. Their little piping voices are sometimes guilty of such comic breaks and changes, that the crowd about them rustles into a murmurous laughter. Sometimes, a

t would work a miracle. Now it is never left alone. In explanation of this, it is said that an audacious woman formed the design of appropriating to herself the holy image and its benefits. She had another doll prepared of the same size and appearance as the "Santissimo," and having feigned sickness, and obtained permission to have it left with her, she dressed the false image in its clothes, and sent it back to Ara-C?li. The fraud was not discovered till night, when the Fran

following inscription r

ad plenam infantuli figurationem et formam, devotus et anxius artifex, professione laicus, precibus et orationibus impetravit, ut sacrum simulacrum divinitus carneo colore perfunctum reperiretur. Cumque navi Italiam veheretur, facto naufragio apud Tusci? oras, simulacri capsa Liburnum appulit. Ex quo, recognita, expectabatur, enim a Fratribus, et jam fama illius a Hierosolymis

s a fine picture of the Ho

which leads to the west door of Ara-

he neck-all offered at once for the sum of one baiocco. Here also are framed pictures of the saints, of the Nativity, and in a word of all sorts of religious subjects appertaining to the season. Little wax dolls, clad in cotton-wool to represent the Saviour, and sheep made of the same materials, are also sold by the basket-full. Children and Contadini are busy buying them, and there is a deafening roar all up and down the steps, of 'Mezzo baiocco, bello colorito, mezzo baiocco, la Santissima C

ttle boys and girls were still preaching zealously in the church, and people of all classes were crowding thither. Processions advanced with the thundering cheerful music of the fire-corps. Il Bambino, a painted image of wood, covered with jewels, and with a yellow crown on its head,

icturesque and interesting. S. Giovanni Capistr

. Close to the foot of this staircase is a church, very obscure-looking, with some rude frescoes on the exterior. Yet ever

urch of S. Pietro in Carcere, hung round w

had come up in a dark mist through the floor. Hanging on the walls, among the clustered votive offerings, are objects, at once strangely in keeping and strangely at variance with the place-rusty daggers, knives, pistols, clubs, divers instruments of violence and murder, brought here, fresh from use, and hung up to propitiate offended Heaven; as if the blood upon them would drain off in consecrate

RUFINUS. M.. COCCEIUS. NERVA. COS. EX. S. C., recording the names of two consuls of A.D. 22, who are supposed to have repaired the pri

vorum atavos,

ndam sub regibu

contentam c

iii

on of the Catiline conspirators to the people in the Forum, by the single word Vixerunt, "they have ceased to live." Close to the exit of these stairs the Emperor Vitellius was murdered. On the wall by which you descend to the lower dungeon is a mark, kissed by the faithful, as the spot against which St. Peter's head rested. The lower prison, called Robur, is constructed of huge blocks of tufa, fastened together by cramps of iron and approaching horizontally to a common centre in the roof. It has been attributed from early times to Servius Tullius; but Ampère[47] argues against the idea that the lower prison was of later origin than the upper, and suggests that it is Pelasgic, and older than any other building in Rome. It is described by Livy, and by

attributed to the prayers of St. Peter, that he might have wherewith to baptize his gaolers, Processus and Martinianus; but, unfortunately for this ecclesiastical tradition, the fountain is described by Plutarch as having existed at the

believes that St. Peter and St Paul addre

f St.

se to have these things always in remembrance. For we have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known to you the power and coming of ou

f St.

Therefore I endure all things, for the elect's sake, that they also may obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus.... I charge thee by God and by the Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead ... preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all

when they are visited at night by the religious confraternities,

cere, is that of S. Giuseppe del Fal

pour y achever son supplice avec le lacet même qu'il portait autour du cou. Ce ne f?t qu'après cette immolation que le cortége reprit sa marche et acheva de monter jusqu'au Capitole! Ce captif dont on ne daigne nous parler, c'était Simon Bar-Gioras; c'était un des trois derniers défenseurs de Jérusalem; c'était un de ceux qui la défendirent jusqu'au bout, mais hélas! qui la défendirent comme des démons ma?tres d'une ame de laquelle ils ne veulent pas se laisser chasser, et non point comme des champions héro?ques d'une cause sacrée et perdue. Aussi cette grandeur que la seule infortune su

the sac

umph came, and

ion, and the

, and cars lad

sacred stair th

arkness broke, a

to heaven. 'Twa

rches, turnin

victor, springin

kneeling as in

Capitol. But

t withdraw, a

And who, yet

ldly round, n

g, well pleased

the last? They

pared to grace t

parted, where t

the vanquished-

tal board, an

great, the mig

e wont to fa

or a kingdom

from their throne

y! Well might th

ves, and kneel

ed from a dre

rs'