The Early History of the Scottish Union Question / Bi-Centenary Edition

ventful in the history of both kingdoms, passed; and at th

had consulted in London, were "so much inclined to a union of both kingdoms, that they did look upon it as one of the best means for procuring the happiness of

the affairs of England were in a critical and unsettled condition. Among those who took this view was Sir John Dalrymple, who afterwards, as first Earl of Stair, was to play a prominent part in the final settlement of the question

en that it was not made an excuse for delay. If the Union was insisted on, then an attempt must be made to obtain from the Estates an offer of terms such as the English Parliament was likely to accept at once, without entering upon a treaty. He

the Estates lost no time in taking up the question of Union; and an Act was passed appointing commissioners "to meet with such persons as shall be nominate commissioners by the Parliament of England, and to treat concerning the Union of the two kingdoms." This Act became law on the 23rd of April, and on the following day a letter to the king was approved, in which the Estates informed his Majesty that

ose, I should be glad that commissioners might also be nominated here, to treat with them, and so see if such terms could be agreed on, as might be for the benefit of both nations, so as to be presented to you in some future session."[104] Nothing more, however, was heard of the Union at that time. It was evident that the affairs of both kingdoms were in such a state that it was hopeless to press forward so delicate a piece of business. In

f the ministers who had been ejected at the Restoration were now dead, but sixty veterans still survived, and they were restored to their livings. The Act which asserted the royal supremacy in ecclesiastical causes was repealed. The Westminster Confession of Faith was declared to be the national creed. The Law of Patronage

they were embodied in the Act of Union; and it is certain that if, while the terms of the great international contra

Jacobites tried to make use of them for the purpose of defeating the Union. They were, however, Whigs, and would never, under any circumstances, have acquiesced in the overthrow of the Presbyterian system. The great danger to the cause of the Union and the Hanoverian succession lay in the sentiments of the Episcopalians. Every Episcopal clergyman in Scotland, with scarcely an exception, was a Tory and a Jacobite. On the eve of the Revolution, when the bishops of England were opposing, with dignified firmness, the arbitrary pretensions of the king, the Scottish bishops had addressed him in terms of the most servile eulogy. They assured him that they regarded a steadfast allegiance to the throne as an essential part of their religion. They declared that the line of Stuart was the greatest glory of Scotland. They spoke of James himself as the darling of heaven, and described the amazement a

Presbytery, he made a number of amendments which had a double purpose; to remove expressions which might raise doubts in England with regard to the Union, and to conciliate the Episcopalians in Scotland. For instance, it was stated in the draft that the Reformation in Scotland had been the work of Presbyters "without Prelacy." This statement he deleted. In the draft, Presbytery was described as "the only government of Christ's Church in this kingdom." William was of opinion that a better expression would be "the government of the Church in thi

took the oaths were left in peaceable possession of their churches, without being called on to submit to the Presbyterian Church courts; and some even of those who refused to take the oaths, and who prayed publicly for the late king and his family, continued to enjoy their livings without molestation.[107] After a few years, when it was seen that the Jacobites were quite irreconcilable, an Act was passed which provided that no one could hold a benefice without taking the oath of allegiance, sig

he Presbyterians were not only inconsistent with monarchy, but even destructive of all human society.[108] This production did not attract much notice; but a great effect was produced by a more elaborate piece of work, to which Mackenzie devoted the last months of his life. This was a vindication of the system of government pursued in Scotland during the reign of Charles the Second.[109] It was, in a measure, a vindication of his own life, for few of the rulers of Scotland had taken a more important part in the questionable transactions of that reign. When his public career was ended by the Revolution, he had retired to Oxford, where Whigs and Tories alike were amused and instructed by his conversation, in which he did not fail to present the worst features of Presbytery.[110] The Vindication, the

n the same subject, was to raise a feeling of contempt for the state of learning in Scotland, and to cause Englishmen to believe that, under the Presbyterian system, literature and science were doomed. Other pamphlets were published giving an account of the proceedings in the General Assemb

piscopal ministers, and had managed, during the confusion of the times, to secure a majority in the Estates, which did not represent the wishes of the country. It was obvious that if this could be proved to the satisfaction of the Whigs of England, they would, in any treaty of Union, consider seriously whether the religious Establishment of Scotland should not be brought into conformity with that of England. If a majority of the people desired Pr

word of command to his female janizaries, which was Strip the Curate (for they think this a most disgraceful appellation, and therefore they apply it to all Episcopal ministers). The order was no sooner given, than these Amazons prepared to put it in execution, for throwing away their plaids (i.e. loose upper garments) each of them drew from her girdle a great sharp-pointed dagger, prepared, it seems, for a thorough reformation. The good minister lying panting and prostrate on the ground, had first his night-gown torn and cut off him, his close coat, waistcoat, and britches ript open with their knives, nay, their modesty could not so far prevail against their zeal, as to spare his shirt and drawers, but all were cut in pieces and sacrificed to a broken Covenant. The forementioned Captain gave the finishing stroke himself with a great Reforming Club, the blow was designed for the minister's head or breast, but he naturally throwing up his hands to save those vital parts, occasioned it to fall upon

n the most unfavourable light. Not one of them, it was said, had ever been heard to condemn these outrages from the pulpit. On the contrary, sermons had been preached in which the mob had been applauded for their

and it is difficult to say whether the attack or the defence is more discreditable. Both are probably, on the whole, equally mendacious.[116] But the most telling part of the work consisted of selections from grotesque sermons and prayers. "Sirs," one minister is reported to have said in his first sermon, "I am coming home to be your shepherd, and you must be my sheep, and the Bible will be my tar-bottle, for I will mark you with it; (and laying his hand on the clerk or precentor's head) he saith, 'Andrew, you shall be my dog.' 'The sorrow a bit of your dog will I be,' said Andrew. 'O Andrew, I speak mystically,' said the preacher. 'Yea, but you speak mischievously,' said Andrew." Another minister, preaching on the first chapter of the Book of Job, is represente

lows: "Good Lord, what have ye been doing all this time? What good have ye done to your poor Kirk in Scotland?... O, how often have we put our shoulders to Christ's cause, when his own back w

sive of these, a comedy written without the wit, but with all the licentiousness of Wycherley, was not printed for many years; but it may now be r

utrages committed on the ejected clergy caused a widespread feeling of sympathy with them among all classes of Englishmen; and the effect which they produced was not only evident during the discussions on the Union, but afterwards led Parliament to pa

advance on the path of secular progress. But the commercial policy of England remained unaltered. The least hint that the Navigation Act ought to be repealed raised an outcry among the merchan

oinage, and taxation, united to England by nothing except the Crown; and the powers which the Scottish Parliament gave to the Company brought this fact prominently into view, for the Company was to have the right of arming ships of war, building cities, making harbours and fortresses, waging war, and concluding alliances. But these very powers, which impressed on Scotsmen the fact that their country was independent, could not fail to rouse the alarm of Englishmen, and particularly of English traders

condition at this time was not so prosperous as to make her liberal in dealing with other nations. War had brought increased taxation; and our enormous national debt, then beginning to accumulate, was a source of constant alarm. In the country districts farmers were suffering from a long period of agricultural depression, and rents were seldom paid in full. In the towns work was scarce, and the price of bread was rising. The carrying trade languished in spite of the

e difficulty which had arisen. That no such difficulty could have arisen if there had not been two Parliaments was perfectly clear. The statute under which the Scottish colonists sailed to Darien had received the royal assent, in the Parliament Hou

esses another correspondent on the same subject. "I am confident," he says, giving his view of Scottish opinion at this time, "if such a thing came to be treated in terms any ways tolerable, it would find a ready concurrence of the far greater part of people of all ranks of this nation."[120] In January 1

rliament, said that the Union reminded him of the story about a countryman who was asked to marry a poor wife, and gave as a reason for refusin

upon the consideration of Parliament, as the only means by which a constant succession of quarrels between the two countries could be avoided.[124] The Lords at once took his advic

he opportunity of picking a quarrel, and appointed a Committee to report whether there were any precedents for specially recommending Bills. The Committee reported that there were several precedent

had been driven to emigrate. The treasury was exhausted. On the balance of trade there was an annual loss. The Bank of Scotland, established in 1695, found that the whole business of the country could be conducted on a capital of thirty thousand pounds; and so limited was the trade, that neither Glasgow, Dunde

was deeply tainted with that Jacobite feeling which afterwards gave so much trouble. It appears, from a letter written by Melville to Carstares, that attempts had been made to tamper even with persons who were known and avowed Whigs. The Duke of Hamilton, "upon his lady's birthday," was entertaining a party of his friends, among whom were Queensberry, Argyll, and Leven. After dinner he began to speak in a very confidential manner to Le

nt, however, were still sound Whigs; and it was resolved to summon it once more. The Government did not rely solely on the help of their own supporters, but made a carefully-planned assault on the votes of the Opposition members. The officers of State themselves undertook the business. Each agreed to canvass a certain number of members. Someti

s, 4th Duke

al assent to a subsidy in aid of any branch of Scottish trade which was consistent with the treaty obligations of the Crown; but if the Parliament wished to vote money for the African and Indian Company,

pulpit was "that great, laudable, and glorious design and undertaking of the nation, for the advancement of foreign trade, which if it be altogether crushed, Scotland is never like to enjoy such a fair opportunity

ied followed Hamilton, and others declined to vote. But the Government had a ma

sy of their neighbour might put in their way, the greater was the need for energy and self-help on their own part. Instead of sinking into apathy and indolence, or allowing their hatred of England to drive them into violence, they became more active than ever in forming plans for bringing solid material prosperity to their country. The air was full of projects; and soon these projects took a definite shape. All Scotland was to became one great trading company. The subscribers to the African Company were to be

to pursue a course which ultimately forced England into uniting with Scotland. This party had its origin in the assertion of the right of Scotland to free trade at home and abroad; and the keynote of its policy was that Scotland should refuse to

etcher of

possible. The English commissioners maintained that the privileges of the Scottish Company interfered with the interests of the East India Company: "Two companies existing together in the same kingdom, and carrying on the same traffic, are destructive to trade." To this the Scottish commissioners replied by a claim for compensation, if the Scottish Company, whose losses in the Darien expedition had been so disastrous, was abolished. "If,"

in respect to the Union, were ground of such difficulties as no Body could surmount, and lay as a Secret Mine, with which that Party who designed to keep the nation divided, were sure to bl

iament of Queen Anne proved, Scotland was now so exasperated against England that nearly five years of turmoil and danger were to pass away before the statesmen of the two countries, brought face to face with something more than the possibil

E

n

cellany, Satire aga

s of, during the

branch of the Ban

first Ea

s d', Marshal

, rabblin

n, accessi

gon

Justice of

Lord of the

opposes Cr

return of Scotsmen to

ire in Richard Cromwe

of,

presentation of

of, marriage to Elizabe

Franc

declines t

the Congre

The, a C

dissolved during th

emains neutral at

e de l', Secreta

t built

n Conspi

rts the Unio

ion Commi

n of laws of Englan

the Union Commiss

s Hamilton to adj

for the U

t for the p

bert, deplores t

and during the C

oleranc

Lord Brog

reign

e Trew Religi

Scotla

ckbur

trade with

nt, representation

n Doron,

y, Bish

to be moleste

h Sadler

ion at,

ty o

tland must pas

rt, Monsi

Rev. Hu

one, ci

of, doubtful at

Lord of the Co

ill), President of the S

John de, Warden

, Lord Ke

, Lord,

Robert,

at Parliament o

n, Geor

am, Duke

nt of Cromwell's sold

nd during the Comm

of, in Richard Cromwe

, is neutral at th

ais

h (case of the

Treaty of

onian

rom Scotland must

Thomas, c

rincipal, 17

Monastery of,

, in Cromwell's Ho

neutral at the

ile,

marriage of Elizab

ing troops to Sco

th to send an arm

Scottish p

for the rel

signs the Cov

to Union at

ult, Duke

ir Reyna

eatise on, by Rev.

tion of, in Richard Cro

l of, opposes

r of Uni

the Commonwe

Edward,

ur of U

am, Prio

f Faith, of

er, 151,

n, Lords of

Earl o

, rise of, in

Sir Tho

r, Castle

rne, Lo

is neutral at th

ctorious at Dunbar a

he Long Par

ord Prote

is first Par

of the Sco

College of Physicia

e of Lor

under, 135

d demolished after t

esentatives of Scotland

on horses coming

at Parliament o

ss Union at, during the C

John (first Ear

72, 173,

ley,

, Lord, c

ge to Mary of S

nd Mary, King and Q

ing Arms of

ng of Sco

e Ground,

niel, 120

is neutral at th

Abbey dest

rl of Leic

tation of, in Richard Cr

ttle of, 9

of Dun

of, during the

ing o

nk at

ne, Earl

f, at Parliament

ion Act direct

a Company

rned by the E

of, 3

y Cromw

claimed a

Universit

pal of Univer

10, 11, 1

d VI.

, Prin

, author of the

Lord Chance

agrees to send tro

rran proposed

udle

rincess of S

James (Lord B

on to Scotland in the

of Scots

h hatre

ed by Mary and

cotland well r

otsmen passin

future grea

tion in

uring the Com

g with Scotland

question misun

ritings of Scottish Epi

d in the reign of Will

Earl

hn, Diary

other, T

ile Ac

doubtful at the

Saltoun, 99,

battle of

ence

with Scotland, 2

th Glasg

II., dea

ringa

., cited,

, Lor

, Patrick

Union during the Comm

uilt a

, 109, 1

sity o

rl of, a Lord of th

ising under in t

George, of

rden of the Ea

Duke

ry of, 20

der Pl

, at the Parliament

Earl of, s

x, Lor

of, 177, 178,

mas (first Earl o

Commissio

on Pap

Miscell

VII.

Scottish po

Prince of Wales and

on of James VI.

naturalises Scot

ettancourt to

h of

of Nava

George

Men

ary of Scot

ntled

nto barr

tful at the Re

utral at the R

neutral at the

de, at the Parliame

Castle of, r

fort buil

ntation of, in Richard C

ade with Gl

tland to assist Lor

. of Sco

nd, asked to join t

d troops into

ath of his mo

otland, 5

ved in En

ion of England a

t in Scotland to di

on to the English

th the English P

ht to issue letter

Union Commi

likon Do

the Heritable Jur

the Presbyteria

d, addressed by Sco

, Lord

to Peter Marty

rchibald, of Wa

e, at the Parliamen

k, rabblin

ev. James,

es to Scotland

ert,

rchbish

t continuing the Union afte

iews as to th

with Twee

Church of Scotland no

r Alexander S

bert, his Me

n, Bish

burned,

and French tro

e of

at,

ess o

, Lor

f, a Lord of the

ion of, in Richard Crom

remains neutral at

the Scottish Council dur

's House of

n, during reign of

of wood

ssion at, i

702,

t, MSS.

, Viscou

l of, at the Trea

sh, Sir

e, of Rosehaugh, 128

f Norw

d, Sir

gton, advocates the Union of

trick, Ea

t, Earl

Princess

neutral at the

etter to, from J

ent), assembles the Scott

to suppress the Reforma

lter in L

deat

gland, effects of

ots, betrothed to

o Fran

e on the relations of

tle of Queen o

using thi

Francis

to Scotl

ecutio

gland (wife of Wi

rofessor,

f, a Lord of the

destroyed by t

t the Parliament

e, first Earl o

ohn, first E

ion of, in Richard Crom

eneral,

Alexander

f, a Lord of the

Sir John

of, at the Treat

arl of, on Commis

Earl of, neutral at

neutral at the

Bishop of

Sir Joh

glish), 127-129, 1

Act (Scot

stle,

John, Lord A

ant of the North

ham

duty on horses

ade with G

Scoti

a Lord of the C

George Macke

gland, Address o

of, in 1

605,

606,

h question, 77, 7

e to the Unio

tland in, during the

rliament di

cotland in Barebone

to serve for Sc

first Parl

embers in

mwell's Par

nd forbidden except un

n brought into

le's fea

cy of English P

Navigatio

William I

feeling

Scottish Tradi

acked in Par

n Lords and Com

, resolves to betroth

their marriag

m, to be sent

authority of

the Union of

. Andrews,

of, in 1

ter the Union o

meet in Ap

erth in Ju

mission on U

to interfere with inde

August

articles o

l supremacy over all

t execution of

during the Co

fter the Rest

ation Act for

dinburgh i

lliam III. to

mmission on U

ating to the Ch

any Trading to Africa and

ober 1700, 1

ment of Quee

t Westminster

ge, Law

ohn Knox

ion of, in Richard Crom

Sir Chris

Battle o

, Council at

a,

Archibald,

d, Duke

Eloquence, di

an Inquisi

Sir Arch

es, second Duke

son MS

ion, 40,

a Lord of the C

first Ea

r George Mack

ned by the

utral at the R

h Earl of, a Lord of

n, seventh

John, Duk

rd, Samu

r Ralph, 1

ev. Joh

s, Parliam

e Parliament of

ord of the Co

btful at the R

Church of

terian Eloque

sion of, by Ed

n Parliament at Westm

taigne, War

f, secured at

and Solway Mos

ween Scotland a

the sixteenth

olicy toward

icy of Cecil

the relations of England

army ent

ce and Scotlan

eturns

between England

eaves, 54,

writers, 57, 77, 11

ed in 1603,

ng the Commonw

iscopacy in, after

avigation Act o

Stuarts as to

red to William

ecommended by

the Church of

improve the

ate of, in 1

Burgh Soc

ing to Africa and the

Sir Jo

k of Disci

e, Lo

ander (Lord

, Lor

Sir Edw

Archbis

rles Kirkpa

ury, Lo

ty Me

ss, battl

otector, in

, neutral at the

rta

n, first E

Elliot

Sir Alexa

astle surre

ation of, in Richard Cro

of, a Lord of the

f Swinton,

first Earl of

n, Sir Nic

of Cam

etling

wick,

inbur

586,

n 1607, 71

Treaty of 1

in 1670,

n in 17

port on the revenu

incess Ma

h army crosse

rl and first Marqui

cond Mar

rick Fraser

he Crowns,

proposed by Edwar

merse

f Lethington,

VI., 68

ommonwealth,

the Restorati

d in 16

olution, 1

702,

ton, Trea

ry (younger),

ir John

Secretary, 1

, coloni

William

gham,

r Archibald J

Parliament at

ners at, in 160

t to, from S

oners at, in 1

fession of Fait

y, Hen

ient spiri

hall,

his account of the Stuart

he Estates

of government i

the Union

licy in Scotl

to Darien

he Union i

eath,

, Admi

, battle

ard, Ambassador

rley,

TNO

est Justiciariis de Banco, quod Brevia Regis, coram eis porrecta vel retornata, de data dierum et locorum, infra idem Regnum Scoti?, mentionem facientia, de c?tero admittant;

Cupar and Melrose, the Earls of Buchan and March, Sir John de Mowbray

. Joh. de Meneteth" appears as one of the Co

osse, Act. Parl. Scot. i. 119; Sir Francis Palgrave's Documents and Records illustratin

es of its seaports" (History of Scotland, vi. 42). See also, on the Scottish policy of Henry VIII., the instructions given to the army in Scotland in April 1544 (vol. v. p. 473, and the Hamilton Papers,

nshed, i

i utriusque gentis vocabulo

dera,

between the two nations, an aversion for the French took its rise, at this time, among the Scots; the eff

observe and keip the Fredomes, Liberteis, and Privelegeis of this Realme, and Lawis of the samyn, sicklike and in the samyn

vy et honnore les nobles progeniteurs et antecesseurs de la ditte Dame Reyne d'Escosse nostre Souveraine" (Keith, App. 20). On the occasion of the marriage, Henry of France issued letters of naturalisation conferring al

n Mr. Froude's History of Engl

orraine; the Duke of Montmorency; Jacques d'Albon, Marshal of France; Mor

de of the river Tweed, within the borders of Sco

31st of May (1559), and duplicates thereof were delivered and exchanged in the Parish Ch

rotestants so increased, that it was a vain hope to believe that they could be put from their religion, se

will be remembered, Regent of Scotland from the death of James the Fifth, in 1542, u

hrogmorton, "have a queen, and we our prince the Earl of Arran, marriageable both, and chief upholders of God's religion. This may

e great Circumspection is to be used, to avoid the deceits and trumperies of the French. And then may the Realm of Scotland consider, being once made free, what means may be devised through God's goodness to accord the two Realms, to endure for time to come at th

ighty Matter of Scotland, August

le at all tymes, how they made ws ever to serve theyr turne, drew ws in maist dangerous weys for theyr commodite, and, nevertheless, wad not styck, ofttymes, against the natowr of the ligue, to contrak peace, leaving ws in weyr. We see that their support, off late zeres, wes

awne perril; nor sa foolische, that we will not study by all gude means to entertayne t

'Had I wist'; ane uncomely sentence

realme, rewlit by hir hyenes and hir ministeres borne men of the sam;

"from the original in his own hand" (

that though Elizabeth may have used these

h the power of the Scottishmen, with Artailzie Munition, and all others

, from which quotations have just been given, proposes that Scotland should help to maintain order in Ireland. "The realme of Ireland," he says, "being of natour a gode and fertill countrey, by reason of the continewalld unq

. The expedition seems to have cost about ￡230,000 (Cal

Keith

, xv. 593;

hall; the Erle of Morton and Angus; the Erle of Arrell; the Erle of Casiles; the Erle of Eglenton; the Erle of Mountroes; the Lord Erskin; the Lord Dromond; the Lord Hume; the Lorde Rose; the Lorde Krighton; the Lord Liveston; the Lord Somervall. Dowptfull to whether parte they will incline. The lordes of the Quene's partye:-The Erle of Bodwell; the Lorde Seton; the Lorde Fleminge; the Lord Semple; the Bishopp of St. Andros; the Priour of Collingham; the Abbot of Holly Roode Howse; with all the bisshoppes and spiritualtye of the realme. The Shires as they be dewided on the one parte and thother:-The Marshe, Tividale, Annerdale, Lowden, Sterlingeshire, Galawaye, Caricke, Guile, Cunningham, Cliddesdale; all these an

moment that England and Scotland be united; and I trust only those may not hinder

Parl. Scot

ared to Her Counsell, concerninge the Requ

England, to which she was already heir-presumptive. But in Scotland the marriage of the queen to a Catholic could not be viewed with indifference; and the General Assembly of the Church proceeded to declare that the laws against papacy applied to the royal family as well as to the subjects: "

ice of the commoun enemy, be quhais Vnioun na les suretie may be expectit to baith thair esteattis then

Arctioris Amititi?, 5th Ju

implicated, and for which she afterwards suffered. It had been resolved by Leicester, Burghley, and Walsingham, and probably by the queen herself, that this should be the last plot of the Scottish queen and the Roman Catholic faction; that the time had come when sufferance was criminal and weak; that the life of the unfortunate, but still act

of Border Pape

, "the Letter contained the very true reasons that in end moved his Majesty to forbear violence and

he Privy Council o

potswo

he Privy Council o

otland, 1617; Abbotsfo

dera, x

nd, dedicated in private to His Majesty, 1603; Certain Articles or Consideratio

ds the Union of the Laws

he Privy Council o

Scot. iv. 263,

Parl. Scot

sending to Cecil an account of the proceedings of the Estates regarding the Union, expresses the hope tha

dera, x

gnorum Angli? et Scoti?, 20th

ate Papers, Domesti

all proceedings in England are secundum legem et consuetudinem Angli?, it could not be altered secundum legem et consuetudinem Britanni?, untill there was an Union of the lawes of both Kingdomes; which could not be done but by Authority of Parliament in either Kingdome" (Coke's Institutes, part iv. cap. 75). On one point connected with the legal system of Scotland, James displayed greater foresight than even the Whigs of 1707. "The greatest hinderance," he says in the Basilikon Doron, "to the execution of our lawes in t

he Register of the Privy Council of Scotland,

ander Straton

Privy Council of Sc

Ibid.

ournals, 13th

nourable House of Commons, Quinto Jacobi, concerning the A

y of hostility, and the dependents thereof, b

the lower House, and hes moir just causis to be discontented with so easie obliterating

of Privy Cou

of Scotland and England.

6 James I. A.D. 1608, State Trials, ii. 559; The argument of Sir Francis Bacon, in the case of the Post-nati

e of temporal death and present danger, move us to renounce and forsake that blessed societie, quhilk we the members have with our head and onelie Mediator Christ Jesus, whom we confesse and avow to be the Messias promised, the onelie head of his Kirk, our just Laugiver, our onelie hie Priest, Advocate and Mediator. In quhilk honoures and offices, gif Man or Angel presu

ht not to be attributit to angell or to mane, of what estait soeuir he be, saiffing to Chryst, the Heid and onelie Monarche in this Kirk;" "As the ministeris and vtheris of the ecclesiasticall estait, ar subiect to the magistrat ciuillie, swa aucht the persone of the magistrat be subiect to the Kirk spirituallie,

arl. Scot.

and Journal

ate Papers, Domesti

dar, 1653-

dar, 1653-

uncil, Whitehall

f Council, 2

urnals, iii. 289, 318, 357; T

arl. Scot.

and Journal

ue of Excise and Customs in Scotland, 1656,

udicatories and other Places of Publi

and Journal

f Owen, p. 128; Wh

Council of State, 2

and Journal

, Domestic, 1659-1660, p. 35;

ournals, iii. 249,

onstantly in politics. "It is not to be forgotten," Law says, "that, from the year 1652 to the year 1660, there was great good done by the preaching of the gospell in the West of Scotland, more than was observed to have been for twenty or thirty yeirs before; a great many being brought in to Christ Jesus by a saving work of conversion, which was occasioned through ministers preaching

istory of the Union was reprinted in 1712 and 1786, and again in 1787 "with an introducti

, Carlyle's Cromw

and and Scotland, addressed to King Cha

his own Life,

nd increasing of Shipping and

the Affairs of

Car. II.

Car. II.

, 1661, cap. 44

or settling Freedom and Intercourse o

for the private use of the Government, at the request of the Duke of Portland, in 1799, when the Union with Ireland was being discussed, contains most of the papers which passed between the Commissioners on Trade in 1668. The Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1667-1668, published in 1893, throws some light on these transactions. It appears that the coal merchants of Newcastle and the North of England had a grievance in the inequality of the expo

retended to make towards it," never to allow a union. Their reason, he said, was that it could not take place without admitting Scotsmen to both Houses of Parliament, who must depend for a

21; Mackenzie's

n English gentleman." Printed in the year 1670 (Harleian Miscellany, vi. 135). "Scotland characterized: In a letter written to a young gentleman, to dissuade

lle Papers (Bannatyne

Journals, 21

ning Patronages,

cottish Bishops to Jam

tish Whig party, had held a private conference and agreed that the Jacobite clergy should be unmolested. The English bishops represented the case of the Scottish Episcopal cle

s the Prince of Orange, by two p

during the reign of King Charles II., by Sir Georg

's Diary, 7t

ractised against the Professors of the College of

sembly, London, 1691; An Account of the late Establishment of Pr

er of Presbytery, examined

in several Letters, London, 1690; The Case of the Present Afflicted Cle

cted Clergy, Second Col

byterian Eloquence, 1693; Some remarks upon a late pamphlet entitled "Answer to the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence," London, 1694. A

Done from the original manuscript, written in the y

Trading to Africa and th

eld, 7th October 1699, M

d December 1699, Marc

first Viscou

ry 1700, Vernon

on Letters

ournals, 12th

Journals, 5t

p. 151; Chalmers'

res State Pa

stares of 9th September, and other letters among the

Court, 25th April 1700; Add. MSS., British Museum, 24, 064, f

is Majesty's High Commissioner, and the Honourable Estates of Parliam

riber'

viously required. All other original errors and inconsistencies have been retained, except a

ge

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ast Chat

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ndrew de, at

Adam de, at

e 1

rchibald, of War

rchibald, of Wa

e 1

h, Sir J

sh, Sir

e 1

o meet in

meet in Ap

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Perth in

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ta The Debat