Canada under British Rule 1760-1900

century between the provinces of the Dominion and the United States, whose diplomacy and legislation have had, and must always have, a considerab

n controversial questions affecting the colonies which arose between England and the ambitious federal republic. On the other hand, with the territorial expansion of the provinces under one Dominion, with their political development, which has assumed even national attributes, with the steady growth of an imperia

ay be easily deduced from the fact that Oswald, the English plenipotentiary, proposed to give up to the United States the south-western and most valuable part of the present province of Ontario, and to carry the north-eastern boundary up to the River St. John. The commissioners of the United States did not accept this suggestion. Their ultimate object-an object actually attained-was to make the St. Lawrence the common boundary between the two countries by following the centre of the river and the great lakes as far as the head of Lake Superior. The issue of negotiations so stupidly conducted by the British commissioner, was a treaty which gave an extremely vague definition of the boundary in the north-east bet

ONAL BOUNDARY. AS FINALL

F THE

, and creeks of Nova Scotia (then including New Brunswick), Magdalen Islands, and Labrador, so long as the same shall remain unsettled." In the one case, it will be seen, there was a recognised right, but in the other only a mere "liberty" or privilege extended to the fishermen of the United States. At the close of the war of 1812 the British government would not consent to renew the merely temporary liberties of 1783, and the United States authorities acknowledged the soundness of the principle that any privileges extended to the republic in British territorial waters could only rest on "conventional stipulation." The convention of 1818 forms the legal basis of the rights, which Canadians have always maintained in the case of disputes between themselves and the United

hamplain and Ontario to one vessel, on the Upper Lakes to two vessels, not exceeding in each case a hundred tons burden and armed with only one small cannon. Either nation had the right to bring the convention to a termination by a previous notice of six months. This agreement is sti

a matter which was then within the jurisdiction of the state courts. The matter gave rise to much correspondence between the two governments, but happily for the peace of the two countries the American courts acquitted Macleod, as the evidence was clear that he had had nothing to do with the actual seizing of the Caroline; and the authorities at Washington soon afterwards acknowledged their responsibility in such affairs by passing an act directing that subjects of foreign powers, if taken into custody for acts done or committed under the authority of their own government, "

n International Law (

signated as the north-west angle of Nova Scotia. The whole question was the subject of several commissions, and of one arbitration, from 1783 until 1842, when it was finally settled. Its history appears to be that of a series of blunders on the part of England from the beginning to the end. The first blunder occurred in 1796 when the commissioners appointed to inquire into the question, declared that the Schoodic was the River St. Croix mentioned in the treaty. Instead, however, of following the main, or western, bra

undisputed highlands that divide the rivers which empty themselves into the River St. Lawrence from those which fall into the Atlantic Ocean, to find the point in the 'watershed' of these highlands nearest to the north line, and to trace a direct course from it to the monument already established. "If this principle had been adopted," says Sir Sandford Fleming, the eminent Canadian engineer, "a straight line would have been drawn from the monument at the head of the Chiputnaticook to a point which could have been established with

E NORTH-EASTERN BOUNDARY

of matters in dispute between the two nations. The result was the Ashburton Treaty, which, in fixing the north-eastern boundary between British North America and the United States, started due north from the monument incorrectly placed at the head of the Chiputnaticook instead of the source of the true St. Croix, and consequently at the very outset gave up a strip of land extending over some two degrees of latitude, and embracing some 3000 square miles of British territory. By consenting to carry the line due north from the misplaced monument Lord Ashburton ignored the other natural landmark set forth in the treaty: "the line of headlands which divide the waters flowing into the Atlantic from those which flow into the St. Lawrence." A most erratic boundary was established along the St. John, which flows neither into the St. Lawrence nor the Atlantic, but into the Bay of Fundy, far east of the St. Croix. In later years the historian Sparks found in Paris a map on which Franklin himself had marked in December, 1782, with a heavy red line, what was then considered the true natural boundary betwe

om 42° to 54° 40' north latitude, or a territory four times the area of Great Britain and Ireland, or of the present province of Ontario. The claims of the two nations to this vast region rested on very contradictory statements with respect to priority of discovery, and that occupation and settlement which should, within reasonable limits, follow discovery; and as the whole question was one of great perplexity, it should have been settled, as suggested by England, on principles of compromise. But the people of the United States, conscious at last of the importance of the territory, began to bring their influence to bear on the politicians, until by 1845 the De

deepest, as the canal of the treaty. Instead of at once taking the ground that the whole body of water was really in question, the English government claimed another channel, Rosario Strait, inferior in some respects, but the one most generally, and indeed only, used at the time by their vessels. The importance of this difference of opinion lay chiefly in the fact, that the Haro gave San Juan and other small islands, valuable for defensive purposes, to the United States, while the Rosario left them to England. Then, after much correspondence, the British government, as a compromise, offered the middle channel, or Douglas, which would still retain San Juan. If they had always adhered to the Douglas-which appears to answer the conditions of the treaty, since it lies practically in the middle of the great channel-their position would have been much stronger than it was when they came back to the Rosario. The British representativ

tained the contention of the provinces-a contention practically supported by American authorities in the case of the Delaware, Chesapeake, and other bays on the coast of the United States-that the three miles' limit should be measured from a line drawn from headlands of all bays, harbours and creeks. In the case of the Bay of Fundy, however, the imperial government allowed a departure from this general principle, when it was urged by the Washington government that one of its headlands was in the territory of the U

of opinion in some quarters in those days. When we review the history of those times, and consider the difficult position in which Canada was placed, it is remarkable how honourably her government discharged its duties of a neutral between the belligerents. In the case of the raid of some confederate refugees in Canada on the St. Alban's bank in Vermont, the Canadian authorities brought the culprits to trial and even paid a large sum of money in acknowledgment of an alleged responsibility when some of the stolen notes were returned to the robbers on their release on technical grounds by a Montreal magistrate. It is well, too, to remember how large a number of Canadians fought in the union armies-

large concessions, but were reluctantly brought to the conclusion that the committee of ways and means in congress "no longer desired trade between the two countries to be carried on upon the principle

by the commission, but were practically laid aside for ten years by an arrangement providing for the free admission of salt-water fish to the United States, on the condition of allowing the fishing vessels of that country free access to the Canadian fisheries. The free navigation of the St. Lawrence was conceded to the United States in return for the free use of Lake Michigan and of certain rivers in Alaska. The question of giving to the vessels of the Canadian provinces the privilege of trading on the coast of the United States-a privilege persistently demanded for years by Nova Scotia-was not considered; and while the canals of Canada were opened up to the United States on the most liberal terms, the Washington government contented itself with a barren promise in the treaty to use its influence with the authorities of the states to open up their artificial waterways to Canadians. The Fenian claims were abruptly laid aside, although, if the principle of "due diligence," which was laid down in the new rules for the settlement of the Alabama difficulty had been applied to this question, the government of the United States would have been mulcted in heavy damages. In this case it would be difficult to find a more typical instance of responsibility assumed by a state through the permission of open and notorious acts, and by way of complicity after the acts; however, as in many other negotiations with the United States, Canada felt she must make sacrifices for the empire, whose government wished all

885 adhered to the letter of the convention of 1818, and allowed no fishing vessels to fish within the three miles limit, to transship cargoes of fish in her ports, or to enter them for any purpose except for shelter, wood, water, and repairs. For the infractions of the treaty several vessels were seized, and more than one of them condemned. A clamour was raised in the United States on the ground that the Canadians were wanting in that spirit of friendly intercourse whic

ermen were to be at liberty to go into any waters where the bay was more than ten miles wide at the mouth, but certain bays, including the Bay of Chaleurs, were expressly excepted in the interests of Canada from the operation of this provision. The United States did not attempt to acquire the right to fish on the inshore fishing-grounds of Canada-that is, within three miles of the coasts-but these fisheries were to be left for the exclusive use of the Canadian fishermen. More satisfactory arrangements were made for vessels obliged to resort to the Canadian ports in distress; and a provision was made for allowing American fishing-vessels to obtain supplies and other privileges in t

and imprisoned. Great Britain at once resisted the claim of the United States to the sole sovereignty of that part of Bering Sea lying beyond the westerly boundary of Alaska-a stretch of sea extending in its widest part some 600 or 700 miles beyond the mainland of Alaska, and clearly under the law of nations a part of the great sea and open to all nations. Lord Salisbury's government, from the beginning to the end of the controversy, sustained the rights of Canada as a portion of the British empire. After very protracted and troublesome negotiations it was agreed to refer the international question in dispute to a court of arbitration, in which Sir John Thompson, prime minister of Canada, was one

ingley Jr., J.A. Kasson, and T. Jefferson Coolidge. The eminent jurist, Baron Herschell, who had been lord chancellor in the last Gladstone ministry, was chosen chairman of this commission, which met in the historic city of Quebec on several occasions from the 23rd August until the 10th October, 1898, and subsequently at Washington from November until the 20th February, 1899, when it adjourned. Mr. Dingley died in January and was replaced by Mr. Payne, and Lord Herschell also unhappily succumbed

eferring to the commercial policy of the Laurier government, reciprocity was no longer the all-important question to be discussed, though the commissioners were desirous of making fiscal arrangements with respect to lumber, coal, and some other Canadian products for which there is an increasing demand in the markets of the United States. The long and earnest discussions of the

it of the mountains situated parallel to the coast of the continent, to one hundred and forty-one west longitude and thence to the frozen ocean. That part of the line between fifty-six north latitude and one hundred and forty-one west longitude is where the main dispute arises. Great Britain on behalf of Canada contends that, by following the summits of the mountains between these two points, the true boundary would cross Lynn Canal, about half way between the headlands and tide-water at the head of the canal, and leave both Skagway and Dyea-towns built up chiefly by United States citizens-within British territory. The contention

th latitude, and between the one hundred and thirty-first and the one hundred and thirty-third degree of west longitude, the said line shall ascend to the north along the channel called Portland Channel as far as the point of the continent where it strikes the fifty-sixth degree of north latitude. From this last-mentioned point the line of demarcation shall follow the summit of the mountains sit

BRITISH COLUMBIA AND

BOUNDAR

ates, and the third a high international authority to act as an umpire. The commissioners of the United States positively refused to agree to this proposition and suggested the appointment of six jurists, three to be appointed by Great Britain, and the others by the United States. The Canadian representatives were unable to agree to the amendment suggested by their American colleagues, on the ground that it did not "provide a tribunal which would necessarily, and in the possible event of differences of opinion, finally dispose of the question," They also refused to agree to other propositions of the United States as "a marked and important departure from the rules of the Venezuelan boundary reference." The commissioners of the United States were not only unwilling to agree to the selection of an impartial European umpire, but were desirous of the appoi

as will be to the advantage of all the interests at stake. In other words, the conditions of the relations between Great Britain and Canada are such as to insure unity of policy so long as each government considers the interests of Great Britain and the dependency as identical, and keeps in view the obligations, welfare, and unity of the empire at large. Full consultation in all negotiations affecting Canada, representation in every arbitration and commission that may be the result of such negotiations, are the principles which, of late years, have been admitted by Great Britain in acknowledgement of the development of Canada and of her present position in the empire; and any departure from so sound a doctrine would be a serious injury to the

END

OF THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE DOMINION O

. AUST

e.

anada The Commonw

tuted. How

nces. Of

rnment. Seat

he Queen Within f

s. New South Wal

from

een's representative, a Queen's representative, a governor-general, appointed

overnment, alterable by parliament from time to time, the parliament of Canada, but not diminished during tenure of subj

"executive sworn in as privy councillors, councillors" hold office while they have the confidence of the popular house o

eral from time to in name or number, but left to time establishes. Until other the discretionary action of provision is made by parliament, parliament. Such he

tary and Command

rces Nav

en. In the Queen'

ent Par

en. The

e. Se

ns. House of r

at least ev

e

es and Such as decla

nate and house of

re defined and, until

ament of held by th

xceed those parliame

g of such the date of

ons' house of t

t of Grea

A. AU

f twenty-four Sen

the senators for e

isions (1) chosen f

, and (3) people of

of Nova one elector

ck, and shall retir

and. Other but sh

represented re-el

, but the qualificatio

ors shall senators mu

eed of the full age

pt in the In Queens

on of vote in divis

hen the maximum

ghty-two.

by the cro

vable fo

ies. They

qualifica

l age of t

appointed President

nor-general

coun

rm a quorum One-thi

f Canada senators

des. parliament

ise pr

o whole Non-attendanc

senator's seat. m

a senato

e of commons Ev

every fi

parliament

overnor-

he same. must be British subject

under the representatives is that limitations of a statute passed prescribed by the law of each by the Dominion parliament in state for the electors of

entatives to be made after each census, o

ons The same. elected by

ommons Quorum of hou

, of whom the -

one. whole nu

erwise pr

lia

ion. Member va

t, without

o mont

ss

. Parliament to b

r than t

appointment

wri

other a session of thirty days, and provision is made by parliament. mileage expenses, 10 cents a mile goi

d in contractors and certain persons the constitution. holding office on

les, and orders necessary for provision on the subject. the

Bills Money

ney and tax

e in the

senta

can reject, but not amend, t

to the house of representatives, requesting the omission or amendment of any provi

the house of representatives will not agree, the governor-general may dissolve the two houses simultaneously; and if, after the new election they continue to disagree, the governor-general may c

rs of the Legisla

he Dominion. Pa

onwe

xpressly retain all the powers residuum of power rests with the vested in them by their central government in relation respective constitutions at the to all matters not coming within establishment of the the cl

inces. T

red constitutions except as under the authority of the rega

are appointed The con

ral-in-council, cont

by constitut

ears only for est

communicated common

e two admission

ment. of the sta

until al

ance w

tution

In oth

rs of th

r own con

pres

incial When a la

disallowed inconsi

l-in-council commonwea

eir receipt. to t

tency, b

of the subjects exclusively maintenance and protection of within the powers of the state rights and privileges of parliaments, under the clause religi

ment can A state s

or taxes on taxes or

ept such as

ting the

state, b

of all c

ll be for

ealth,

laws may

arliamen

onwe

or the provisional administration and government of any territory surrendered by any state to the commonw

. AUST

iary. The

The parlia

lth can e

upreme co

Court of

federal

nwealth;

ppointe

-general

ring good

th respect not to be

lary during an addr

e. parliament,

d to any j

minished

ance in

y statutory The high

minion in cases

nstitution, or

ates, or i

alth is

are allowed, by or between two or more states, virtue of the exercise of the when high court gives leave to royal prerogative, from appeal. Otherwise, the royal provincial courts as well as prerogative to grant appeals is from the supr

. AUST

or and Judges in the

provinces and removab

bate in New constitu

tia and parliaments

rd Island)

rnor-genera

movabl

me on the

ouses of

aries and

by the par

na

n a province, including the constitution, maintenance, and organisation of provincial courts, both

the states. of the criminal law r

ates. of all laws relating to property

nance. Trade

rade and The parliame

thin exclusive h

n parliament. impose un

and to gra

s when it

nt. As

ties or

osed, t

rse thro

alth, wh

carriag

on, is t

ment The parliament

unconstitutional m

erfering wit

or commer

erent pa

h, or givin

rts of on

of a

taxation Direct ta

sdiction of both b

d provincial and by ea

one for limits-b

er solely exercised

l purposes. m

lth governments have unlimited and states. borrowing p

sidies are Of the

e provinces commonw

of their customs a

slatures. than one-f

by the co

ts expend

hall, in

in conditi

ion, be p

states,

the pa

on debt

ates. This

to ten year

granted t

terms as t

may deem

stralia ma

restricti

goods im

s of the c

but the For the a

d provincial laws rela

d by the governor

e a similar may ap

ion. co

amount of The parliam

bilities of the m

the time of take over

e conditions consen

in the indemnify t

he amount of in

to a deb

rom its sh

revenu

onwe

al for the Queen's pleasure, and her Majesty in As the old state constitutions council may within two years continue in force until amended aft

presented to him for the Queen's assent and suggest amendment

. crown is required before initiat

to the Amend

ion. Cons

rliament on Any pr

uses of the the cons

to the passed by a

ach house o

ted in eac

s qualified

of the

ives. If in

s a major

voting ap

aw, and if

the e

also ap

law, it

o the gover

royal

END

RAPHICA

accurate and available books and

Ferland (Quebec, 1861); Histoire du Canada, by F.X. Garneau (4th ed., Montreal, 1882); F. Parkman's series of admirable histories of the French régime (Boston, 1865-1884), The Story of Canada (Nations' Series, London, New York and

valuable compilation of annals is A History of Nova Scotia or Acadie, by Beamish Murdoch (Halifax, 1867). Builders of Nova Scotia, by J.G. Bourinot (Toront

voyages of Northmen, the Cabots, Carrier, and Champlain, and of the Histories of the Seven Years' War. The same remarks apply to Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of

m Kingsford's History of Canada (Toronto, 1887-1898) has a fairly accurate account of events from 1760 until 1840, in vols. V-X; A History of Lower C

counts of the U.E. Lo

n the United States are

Tyler's Literary His

1897). Canadian acco

alists of America (To

s History of Upper C

of J.G. Bourinot in th

Canadian Magazine for

nadian descendants of

ol. VIII, has the best

st impartial American

's History of the Unite

0), vols

his party, who brought about the Rebellion in Lower Canada. Kingsford

) contain the ablest expositions of the principles of responsible government by its greatest advocate in British North America. See also Campbell's History of Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown, 1875). New Brunswick has not a single good history. The Life and Times of Sir Leonard Tilley, by James Hannay (St. John,

on, by Louis Turcotte (Quebec, 1871); Memoirs of the Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, by Joseph Pope, his private secretary (London and Ottaw

vernment in the Colonies, by Alpheus Todd (London, 1894); Documents illustrative of the Canadian Constitution, by W. Houston (Toronto, 1891). Parliamentary Government in Canada, by J.G. Bourinot (Amer. Hist. Association, Washington, 1892, and

e North-west Territ

Infancy, Growth and Pre

1882); History of the

reat Company, by Beckl

cences of the North-we

6). A remarkable Hist

Bryce (London, New York

-A. Begg's Histor

al Strength and Weakness ("Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada," vol. XI, also in separate form, Montreal, 1893), by the same, contains an elaborate list of Canadia

, and edited by Geo. Johnson, F.S.S.; The Great Dominion (London, 1895), by Dr. G.R. Parkin, C.M.G., LL.D., the eloquent advocate of imperial federation for many years, merits careful reading. Canada and the United States, in Papers of the Amer. Hi

(New York, 1888); Epochs of American History, edited by Prof. Hart, of Harvard University (London and Boston, 1893); Remarks on the French Memorials concerning the Limits of Acadia (London, 1756) by T. Jefferys, who gives maps showing clearly French and English claims with respect to Nova Scotia or Acadia "according to its ancient limits" (Treaty of Utrecht). These and other maps are given in that invaluable compilation, Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America. See also Mitchell's map of British and French po

N

ime minister of Cana

governor-general

en, La

ege, N.S.,

8, 9; ceded to Great Britain by Treaty of Utrecht

John; on the U.

dary, 310-31

am (Lord Stirling);

s funds to Conservative ele

unds mission at La

er and politician

mentous events of, 63-67; its effects upo

rnor; dismisses Mercier

first built in

urnalist, and first minister of

(Port Roya

ebec Convention of 1864, 204; first

re in Cana

Canad

Lord Selkirk's domai

282, 283; comparisons between Canadian and Au

, or Newf

s, governor-gener

ment, 168, 169; joint leader with Lafontaine in Ref

e by; estab

s in C

ory of loyal Canadian

rebellion o

ailway; scandal c

a dispute

ical notes,

per Canada, 146, 149, 151; unjust treatm

N.W.T.; rebels against Can

t parliament house of

Canadian s

an statesman, 230, 23

va Scotia, Unionist,

t speaker of assembl

e; prime minister

, Canadian genera

296-300; in Oregon, 300-302; in British Columbia

f Ontario

ys, Sis

nzie; prime minis

anega), Mohawk Chief,

ain,

an de, Jesu

in Can

d after conquest, 43; loya

ue suggests federal u

ince of; its early his

eratio

67; passed to unite provinces,

of, during war of 1812-15

sists in bringing about Confederation, 197; joins the Taché-Macdonald government with other reformers, 198; leaves the coalit

eads Canadian rebels at

ytown (Ottawa), 158; engi

yages of, to No

-General; defaulte

nt of Governor Haldimand,

r; delegate to Quebec

r of Nova Scotia, 173; oppos

ttle in, 81-86; political divisions of (in 1792), 91; effects of war of 1812-15 upon, 110-123; rebellion in, 134-156; social and economic condition of, in 1838, 156-164; union of, in 1840, 166; responsible government in, 167-173; social and economic conditions of, in 1866, 185-192; Confederation of, 215, 216; federal constitution of, 273-284, 315-

at "Diamond Jubilee" (

e Act. See Tempe

States, relations betw

stablished in F

lway; history of 232

; respecting Upper

of Cana

eton, n

es regiment set

rench Canadians, ib.; his part in framing of the Quebec Act, 45; saves Canada during Ame

ohn; first governor

troduces British North

Parlia

nadians 295; international com

le; French

ring North-west rebellion of 1885, 252; re

; delegate to Quebec C

Confederation, 201; great publi

, discovers the

ichard; Canadian

bé; Canadian

overnor-general o

uebec, 9; career of, in Can

ate to Quebec Convention of 1

gate to Quebec Conv

resists popular clamo

after rebellio

bourg-R

priest; historian

; Canadian reb

, in Lower Canadian

of; won by French

founded at Quebec, 31;

to education, 192; first prime minis

adian rebel, 134;

lled from assembly

tle at; won by Britis

ada, 29; established un

141; powerful factor in political con

ention of 1864, 204; first speaker of co

on in Frenc

French mi

presses rebellion in Lower Canada, 134

m; lieutenant-governor

gate to Quebec Conv

erence at Ott

onal, affecting Canada

, 304-306; Washington

commission (Quebec an

9-

of Australia.

Quebec Convention of 1864, 199; fathers of, 199-206, consummated, 206-215; birth of Dominion of Canada, 216;

e Notre-Dame e

ovinces of Upper and Lower Canada, 9

ian Dominion, 273-281

wealth, 282-284,

olonel, found

measures to restr

d Miguel; voyages of

-de-bois

established in

Canada, 96; quarrels of, with leading

Canadian

eated by half-breeds in Nort

l Otter engages Indians at, in

ege, Nova Scot

-general of Canada; quarr

st minister of Canada u

uis; Canadian

avigator; voyages

iam; Canadian sc

gate to Quebec Con

oix River); first set

nistry of, 216; first parliament of, 217; completed from Atlantic to Pac

ord; see Carl

s; governor of Br

amer Caroline on U.S. fro

neral; member of MacN

r., Canadia

vices of, during war o

government forces at, in Ca

rt in Riel's North-west

ernor-general of Ca

1837, 136; his humanity and justice, 137; returns from Canada

race, cons

in 1838, 162, 163; after union of 1840, 192; present con

, 172, 173; established responsible government, 173;

176; quarrels with Joseph Howe and Libera

Canada; meaning of, 141;

in 1870-71, 230, 231, Cana

ch Canadian h

minister of Canada, 265

iddleton checked at, in engag

legate to Quebec Co

anada and the United State

uccessful strategy of, at

Dominion, passed,

rench Canadi

land; its early effects

adians Se

ritish government to do justice to, 44, 45, provisions of Quebec Act affecting, 45, 48; political struggles and rebellion in, 124-138

in great valleys of

ricted by Union Act of 1840,

navigator; voyage

at, in North-west re

Buade); French governor of Cana

scheme for readjusting

d her old

to Quebec Convention of 1864

ch Canadian h

Treaties; denunci

ey; takes possessio

colonial secret

promotes federal union

vernor-general of

tunes of, as a reformer

s in repressing North-we

gate to Quebec Conv

delegate to Quebec Co

colonial s

; governor-general

e, author of Sam

x, fou

y of, at Stoney Creek i

Jo

ew Brunswick, establishes responsible governmen

ate to Quebec Convention of 1

ada, 148; his unjust treatment of reformers, 149-151; hi

elegate to Quebec Co

Canadian statesman, m

of Canad

ndian village of, visit

dvocate of imperial federation, 195; opposes confederation from 1864-1868, 212, 219; his reasons for receding from his hostile position,

stminster Palace Conference of 1866-67,

eges, 231-324; its claims purchased by the Canadia

efeat of, by Bro

Company of; establ

rmed in United States

; makes charges against

massacre of, by

homas (of Massachusett

n and her ol

founder of

on to Can

teen Colonies acknowledg

ent of, 41,42; Canadian

under French rule, 35; under B

ilway; history o

ians; feroci

r "Winter Studies and

in 1838

llege at

t; political controv

tates confiscated by the British go

ate to the Quebec Co

eer of, 175; eminence of, 185; earl

discovers the

in Canada

nce of; political co

t of; established

, 193; gives name to P.E. Island, 53; letter to, fro

inister of New Brunswick

ity, Nova Scot

.; Canadian h

st parliament of Canad

captures Qu

very of, 5; ori

stry, 170, 173; its suc

n affai

polyte; Canadian statesma

e, French gover

ational boundary at,

briel; Jesui

Canada, 143; in Prince

esman, delegate to Quebec Conventio

s of; governor-gen

ent of, against French C

é Robert Cavelier); at

18, 19; assas

formation of, 265;

ilfrid; prime minister

n, 266 267; represents

, 36, 270; his action on

ar, 372; his maste

Catholic Bishop of Canada

versity,

, a disloya

m Nova Scotia, 23; encourages New England emig

l; punished, 241; his

ieutenant-governor of Queb

defeats Murray

formed in Nova Scotia,

ntion in Otta

s in Can

overnor-general

me, 35; before union of 1840, 164; after

va Scotia; origin

nor-general of Canada, 2

and Liter

named by

s royal government i

adian rebel of 1837, 148

ee United Em

of Upper Canada; usefulness

e of; won by Britis

es separation of Upper

bald; delegate to Quebe

roness (of Ea

e; at Ogdensburg in 1813

eld; first prime mini

eratio

n, 198, 199, 209; first prime minister of the Dominion, 216; resigns under unfortunate circumstances, 236; initiates the "National Policy" of Conservative party

irst speaker of assembly o

; first Roman Catholic B

37; character of, ib., 243; his administration of

lexander; North-

or committee of grievances, 148, its report, ib.; defeat of, at elections of 1836, 150, resorts to rebellion, 152; defeat of, at Montgomery's and flight from Canada, 153; on Na

ational dispute

dian rebels in 1837, 153; orders seizure of steamer Carol

ispute, 292, 296

e (Paul de Chomedey)

d by French, 20; provi

l question, 26

775, at end; of boundary established in 1783 between Canada and the United States, 75; of Hudson's Bay Co.'s territory, 222; of North-west

nds mission of Sainte-

i, 18; dea

ws in early

Attorney-

Canadian rebel, 148,

elegate to Quebec Co

ovisional lieutenant-governor of N.W.T., 227; Half-breed rebellion

egate to Quebec Convention of 1864, 203; his po

sity, Montrea

ed for serious misdemeano

d for treason i

d States General); bur

me minister of Quebe

on; originator of

a, 170; antagonism of, to responsible gov

of the Canadian Nor

ds Canadian forces on Riel's rev

in Canada afte

; Canadian s

governor-gener

o Quebec Convention of 1864

deracy, 10; humbled by the Marquis de

general of Canada at

ses battle on Plains of

General; invades Canad

bec

al fou

e; founder of

ts named by

Quebec Convention of 1804, 203;

anada; established, 1

t of, at St. Foye, ib.; governor-general of Cana

tial trade between Canada and

La; Papineau's drea

ve system; established by Cons

n Laws re

see Mackenzie

dian journalist and

Canadian rebel

eader in Lower Canadia

the Great La

cadians; expulsion of f

er Canadian legislature at, 93; seat o

pital ib.; state of, in 1838, 162; political struggle for self-government in, 173, 174; takes part in

school quest

versity; founded

ld name of Briti

Quebec Convention of 1864, 206;

a, see

eral; captures

yages to

question, 296-299; ma

of the Hudson's Bay Compan

ary dispute, 292

of, to Canada, 227, 230; first rebellion in, 227-230; govern

, 51; expatriation of the Acadian French, 22, 23, 50, 51; population of, in 1767, 51; Irish immigration, ib.; Scotch immigration, 52; early government of, 52, 53, included New Brunswick, C. Breton, and St. John's Island (Pr. Edward I), 53; early courts of justice, 55

Canadian, 1

Canadian journal

dian rebel, 231

ley, Fre

y, dispute res

first speaker of legis

in 17

ity of; f

of Canadian governme

egate to Quebec Con

rst speaker of assembly o

34; conduct of, on outbreak of rebellion, 134, 135; return of, from exile, 181; oppos

f; instructions respe

blished in Fr

rt; Canadian

name of St. John,

of Upper Canadian Refo

y, Nova Scoti

atham); gives Canada to

ger); introduces Act se

tutional Act o

aham; Wolfe's

, pusillanimity of Ge

Catholic); patriotism o

anada, 192

s Conspi

legate to Quebec Con

discovery i

under British managem

ada

th-west; rebels against Canadia

ron de; founder

his unjust treatment

with Great Britain,

retires from Sackett's Harbour 1813, 115; retrea

s execution of America

Island. See St

ales visits

nada with the Marquess of Lome

764; for governme

ats General Winchester

town in

w; agitation for, 340

unknown in Fre

s established under C

tion of, under Conf

ation to Nov

); British fleet defe

44, 45, its provisions,

larity of, in old

tes to, 199-206; passes resolutions

c fou

hts; battle of

1865, 191, in 1899, 2

an Pac

Chenier, ib.; murder of Weir and Chartrand, 135; collapse of the rebellion of 1837, 135, 136; loyal action of Bishop Lartigue, 135; arrival of Lord Durham as British high-commissioner and governor-general, 136; his career in Canada, 137-138; Sir John Colborne; governor-general, 139; second outbreak of

ant-governor, Sir Francis Bond Head, 149-152; outbreak and repression of, 152, 153; flight of Mackenzie and other rebel leaders, 153; Mackenzie's seizure of Navy Island, 154; affair of the Caroline, ib.; filibustering expeditions against Canada from United States in 1838, 154, 155; prompt execution of filibusters by Colonel Pri

ng and burning of parliament house at Montreal, 189, Lord Elgin's life in danger, ib.; his wise co

reaty of 1814, 190, 191; repeal of the same, 303; efforts to

Franciscans,

1882 and 1897; measur

ate

ions in Canada; establi

n French or Lower Canad

n Prince Edward Island,

Columb

, 173; struggle for, in New Brunswick, 173, 174; in Nova Scotia, 174-180; in Prince

Canada in

y United States troops at

ajor; Canadia

l; his effort to c

al, constr

country, ib; elected to and expelled from the Canadian Commons, 241; reappears in North-west, and lead

an Fran?ois de la Rocq

ada

ce; public career of,

Fran?ois de l

Canadian agent

nadian rebellion of 1837,

urch in Canada, 2

f, to obtain reciprocity

eils Sir John Macdonal

edra

int, bound

iety of C

of name of, 224. See N

na

Administr

ament in 1836, 132; also Act reuniting the Canadas in 1840, 166; lays basis o

yalist, Methodist, and ed

ge Bay); named St. Laur

defeats United States t

rst speaker of assemb

ternational dispute

French Canadi

ver (Poskoiac),

e in Can

rd. See Colb

heroic exploit

ch Canada, 14, 32; abolish

s to colonise North-we

een France and Great B

; adviser of Sir James Craig, 96

gate to Quebec Conv

ervices of, during

a Scotia, founded

r of Nova Scotia, 118; occupi

deep interest of,

enant-governor of Upper Cana

ling at election

in Can

t of legislative council of Lower Canada in 179

cona); intervenes in North

e Canadian provinces; in 1838, 156-1

; Canadians take

quadrado"; old name o

t of Canadian rebe

els repulsed by British

Canadian rebels at, 134

w Brunswick;

m Nova Scotia, 54; public lands of, granted by lottery, ib.; political struggles in, for self-government, 180, 1

er and Gulf of; o

; takes possessio

e forges f

dian village of, visit

governor-genera

delegate to Quebec Co

of, during war of 1812-15, 121; his in

ed in repressing North-w

ent Canadian lawyer an

ns in Ca

f French Canada. S

lished by Louis XIV in

, established

, 166; carries out scheme of uniting the Canadas in 1840, 16

hairman of Quebec Convention

, pioneer in Up

Inten

McGreevy of grave misde

minist

on; "Scott Act" pass

bitio

ter of Canada, 257; sudden deat

lett. See Sy

vention of 1864, 205; public career of, ib.

n Canada, in e

ished in Fren

onstitutiona

a Scotian Liberal, 99; his contro

Canada in

Paris (1763), 38; of Versailles, 292; of Ghent, 293; of 1818, 294; Ashburton (1842), 299; Oregon (1846), 301;

ndian tribes of

st lieutenant-governor

eratio

44; high commissioner of Canada in London, 258; re-enters political life, ib.; action of, on Manitoba school question, 264; prime minister of Canada, 265; defeat of, at general elections of 1896, ib; dif

sor, on U.E.

an, 175; advocate of responsible governmen

Canadas in

the peace of 1783, 80; compensation to, by British government, 81; settle in British America, ib; privations of, in Nova Scotia, 80; founders of New Brunswick, 83; of Upper Canada, 84; eminen

es in Cana

Toronto, beg

ent of, 93; Newark, first capital of, ib.; York (Toronto), second capital of, 94; rebellion in, see Rebellion

ollege, Toront

es at Q

land; histor

a (Pierre Gauthier de

North-west of

ni di; voyages of,

ge, Upper Cana

services of, in

ilibusters into Canad

General Brock during, 114; campaign of 1812 in Upper Canada, 114, 115; of 1813, 115, 116; of 1814, 117; maritime provinces during, 117, 118, c

orge; eminent

Treaty of 1

r of, in Lower Canadian

commenced, 159

; Loyalist governor

ndon; Canadian delegates arrange fi

eral; first minister

eratio

egate to Quebec Con

ournalist and statesman,

Canada as Prince

ath of, in North-west

("hero of Kars"); lieu

a, 21

government in New Brunswick, 174, 185;

of heights, 25, 26; wins battle on Plains of

ade capital of U

Nova Scotian state

ery in, 209; administration of,

E, SPAIN, AND ENGLAND, IN

OF ENGLISH POSSESSIONS IN

E DOMINION OF CANADA ILL

AND PROVISION