Joan of Arc

HABILI

d to Joan of Arc. Charles VII. at length felt it necessary, more for his own interest than for any ca

s, might at least have attempted her release, yet during all the time-o

een gained back to its allegiance, that his coronation at Rheims should not be imputed to the actions and to the aid of one whom the French clergy and the French judges had condemned and executed as a heretic and apostate. Hence the vast judicial inquiry set on foot b

had destroyed her 'against reason'-so ran the formula-'and very cruelly,' and th

e name of Joan of Arc's mother and of her two brothers. The petition ran thus: 'The brothers, mother, and relations of Joan, anxious that her memory and their own should be cleansed from this unmerited di

taking in the matter, and he gave his sanction to the rehabilitation of

mned as guilty of the crime of heresy and other crimes against the Faith, on the false testimony of the late William [John, it should be] d'Estivet of the Episcopal Court of Beauvais, and of Peter of happy memory, at that time Bishop of Beauvais, and of the late John Lema?tre, belonging to the Inquisition. The nullity of their proceedings and the innocence of J

Jouvenel des Ursins, Archbishop of Rheims, William Chartrier, Bishop of Paris, and Richard de Longueil, Bishop

in her sixty-seventh year, was there. She was supported by her two sons, John and Peter, and was accompanied by many of her relations from Vaucouleurs, and friends from Orleans. The poor soul appears to have been much

affairs at home. The Procureur, whose name was Prévosteau, was the advocate for the Arc family. The debates lasted all through the winter, and into the early part of the year 1

began to pass before the eyes of the spectators a succession of people who had known Joan of Arc, and who had taken part in the same actions as those

rt career with something like precision. The sittings of the commissioners took place at Paris, Orleans, Rouen, and also at Domremy. It may be said without exaggeration that the whole of France and a

h of January and on the 11th of February, 1456. At Orleans, during the months of Feb

At Rouen, the same commission heard nineteen others. Finally, at Lyons, the deposition of Joan of Arc's esquire, d'Au

n, which was taken down in French. All those written in Latin have been translated i

in her fiftieth year. All three were the wives of labourers. Henriette was married to Gerard, Mengette to John Joyart, and Isabellette to Gerardin d'Epinal. To the child of the last Joan had stood god-mother. Next came from the same village three older women, all three being god-mothers to Joan. I

last one seems to have been called to give evidence; he was in his seventieth year. Gerardin d'Epinal, husband of one of the god-mothers, also gave his evidence; it was his son Nicolas for whom Joan of Arc

Le Cuin, Guillemeth, Waterin, Colin, Masnier, and Jacquard, were between the ages of forty-four and fifty. All

d where wa

Were they of good chara

re her go

piously b

f between her seventh year up

the churches and places of

upy herself, and w

he confe

e haunted well, and did she go to places wit

er home, and how did sh

de in her native country at th

chateau on account of a military raid, and

Bailly.' Bailly was a man of sixty; he had been employed by the English in 1430, and by Cauchon-he was a

e him more diligent in his office. After the bell-ringer came three priests-all belonging to the neighbourhood of Domremy. The first-namely, the 'discrète personne Messire Henri Arnolin'-belonged to Gondrecourt-le-Chateau, near to Commercy, and

urer at Burey-le-Petit, whom, it will be remembered, Joan first took into her confidence regarding her voices and her mission. Laxart was then in his sixtieth year. At the close of his evidence he states that all he had said regarding his niece he had also told Charles VII.-probably at the time of the coronation, for Laxart was then at Rheims. Laxart was followed by the couple

e followed by two curates and a sergeant. 'Discrète personne Messire Jean le Fumeux,' of Vaucouleurs, canon of the Church of Sainte Marie in that village, also curate of the parish church of d'Ugny, aged only thirty-eight, was, as he admitted, a me

The last of these thirty-four witnesses was the sergeant, Guillot Jacquier, aged thirty-six: why he was called as a witness does not appear. As a child he had heard Joan of Arc spoken of as

her childhood had been collected to give their evidence. We now come to those witnesses who were examined regarding the life of Joan of Arc after her interview with the King at Chinon and about the stirring events which immediately followed that interview. The first of these is the 'nobile et savant homme Messire Simon Charles,' Master of the Requests (Ma?tre des requêtes) in the year 1429. He had been president of the State exchequer in 1456, and was aged sixty. Simon's evidence is of interest and importance both as regards Joan of Arc's arrival at Chinon, and a

examination at Poitiers: he was aged fifty. Barbier had been at Loches when the people threw themselves before Joan of Arc's horse, and embraced the heroine's feet and hands. Barbier reproved her for allowing them to d

mong these Poitiers witnesses was Francis Garivel, aged forty. Garivel, when a lad of fifteen, had seen Joan at Poitiers, and he remembered that on her being asked

tiers, was submitted to Charles VII., and the MSS. exist in the National Library in Paris. It has be

s life, and consists principally of the testimony given by her companions in her d

rc's 'beau Duc,' as she loved to call John, Duke of Alen?on. He is thus styl

d of the French host. His grandfather was the companion-in-arms of the great Du Guesclin. His father, on the field of Agincourt, after having wounded

also fought and bled for his country. His first campaign was made when he was but eighteen. Alen?on first saw Joan of Arc in 1429. A strong mutual regard sprang up between the prince and the Maid of Domre

rity, her courage, and the sublime simplicity of her character. It was the Duke of Alen?on who was especially struck with the skill shown by the h

rtained to warfare she acted with as much knowledge and capacity as

ke of Orleans, and, as Fabre says of him, he 'glorified the appellation of Bastard.' Indeed, the Bastard's name deserves to be handed down in his country's annals with as much glory as that of his great English rival

vidence was not set forth in the language in which it was delivered, and that it has come down to us w

Dunois, Bastard of Orleans as he is always called, bore the following titles, as recited by the chronicler: 'l'illustrieuse prince Jean Comte de Dunois et de Longueville, lieutenant-général de notre seigneur le roi.' H

any military events which never were to take place. But I declare that, when she spoke seriously about the war, of her deeds, and of her vocation, she said her work was limited

defended Orleans during its long siege. De Gaucourt was eighty-five years old. This

aged fifteen when appointed to attend on Joan of Arc: at t

rs monastery. We do not find his age given at this time. The clear graphic testimony of this good man is a pleasure to read. His love and admiration for the heroine

u to leave us until you have seen her." So I went with them to Chinon, and also to Tours. At that time I was reader in a convent in that town. When she came to Tours, Joan lived in the house of John Dupuy, a burgher of that place. It was there that I first met her. "Jo

the Mass before her. Since that I have always followed Joan, and

d, 'and took the Sacrament often. When near any community of begging friars she asked me to remind her of the days on which the beggar children received the Eucharist, so that s

ions ran short Joan would never take that which had been gained by pillage. To the wounded she was ever pitiful-to the English as well as to those of her own country, and she always tried to get them to make their confession, if badly, and even if only slightly, wounded. The fear of God was ever before her, nor would she for anything in the wor

t Rouen could have sentenced Joan to death. How could they put to death that poor child, who was such a good and such a simp

tion of the Maid of Orleans, or imagine that in order to obtain an archbishopric his beloved Jo

o die, she hoped our lord the King would found chantries in which the Almighty might be entre

mpaigns. His evidence is of importance, as it proves clearly the grounds on which the trial of rehabilitation was held-namely, to clear the King of having been c

sorceress, a heretic, and in league with the devil, and therefore that the King had received his

a century since the death of Joan of Arc, instituted these proceedings-not at all in order to do honour to the heroine's memory, but in order that his position as Ki

ire set of testimonies. It was given, not at Rouen, but a

t, unlike those of the other witnesses, the

vidence is followed by that of John Luillier, a citizen of Orleans. He bore evidence to the immense popularity of the Maid during and after the siege of

of arms, this is my answer: All my fellow citizens, as well as I myself, believe that had the Maid not come there by the will of God to our rescue, we should very soon, both town and people, have been in the

cques l'Esbalny, Cosmé de Commy, John de Champcoux, Peter Hue, Peter Jonqualt, John Aubert, William Rouillart, Gentien Cabu, Peter Vaillant, John Beaucharnys, John Coulon. All these men wer

d seventy. She says: 'The general opinion was and is still at Orleans that Joan was a good Catholic-simple, humble, and of a holy life.' Such, too, is the opinion

te Boucher had married William Houet. When her deposition was taken in 1456 she was thirty-six years old, and consequently only nine when Joan lo

, "Hope in God, for He will deliver the to

the Church of Saint Aignan at Orleans-Robert de Farciaux, Peter Compaing, Peter de la Censurey, Raoul Godert, Hervé Bonart, and André Bordez. Peter Milet and his wif

of Arc's appearance at Court, as also did an old Court physician named Reginald Thierry; it is he who

oan of Arc all through her campaign, and, like Alen?on, had a very high opinion of her military talents. At the close of his evidence, he says: 'In the manner of the conduct and order

re. Lema?tre hailed from Domremy. Being in the year 1456 at Rouen, he then and there gave his evidence

Tournelle,' the widow of Réné de Bouligny. It was at her hou

the embarrassment shown by such folk in their replies to the questions they had to answer, and their wish if it were possible to turn the

deposition as to the part he had played in the heroine's trial at Rouen, five-and-twenty years before. His evidence is full of the feeblest argument, and

d Besan?on. This circumspect person was now in his seventieth year. He laid most of the blame of Joan of Arc's death upon the En

Joan of Arc to death, his deposition in 1456 is quite a study in the art of trying to convince people that black is white. He had shown some kind of feeling of humanity at the time of the martyrdom of the Maid, and had left that scene of horror early. To the memory of his old friend and colleague, C

ns. The Bishop had taken an active part in the trial and condemnation. Like his brother bishop, Le Fèvre enjoyed a very convenient memory, and had quite forgotten many things of importance which occurred during the trial in 1430. Nor did he even take p

d soldiers, and that her very name was a source of terror to the foe. Although this sounds an exaggerated statement, it is not so, as is proved by an edict having been issued by the English Government in the May of 1430, in which English officers and soldiers who refused to enter France for fear of 'the enchantme

ufficient honesty and courage to have been one of those few who refused to take any part in the iniquitous proceedings connected with Joan of Arc's trial, and who suffered i

tor in medicine. Tiphanie had been compelled much against his inclination to take part in the

st have practised his vocation at a very early age. Delachambre had also joined in the trial o

r to make it by telling her that, when she had made it, she should be delivered from her prison. Under this promise she at length decided to do so, and

obliged to act in the trial of the Maid, but he did not dare disobey the orders of those who formed the Council of Henry VI. All that he deposed has been made use of in the account of the heroine's life; so now we need do no more than refer to it. The other Recorder who helped Manchon to draw up the minutes of the trial was also examined; this was William Colles, called Boisguillaume. He was in his sixty-sixt

e, which was accordingly done. Martin Ladvenu followed Massieu. Ladvenu was a Dominican friar: he was one of the few priests who showed some humanity to the victim. It was to him that Joan of Arc confessed on the morning of her death, and it was also to him that the executioner came on the night of the martyrdom, and said that no execution had ever affected him as that one had done. Next to arrive was Isambard de la Pierre, a Dominican priest. He had been an acolyte of the Vice-Inquisitor, Lema?tre; he too, like Ladvenu, had shown sympathy with the sufferer, had given her advice during the trial, and had helped to soothe her last moments. De la Pierre states in his evidence regarding her supposed refusal to submit herself to the Church, that Joan of Arc, when she was told by her judges to submit herself, thought they meant themselves by the Church of which they spoke

th. Another priest follows, William Daval, also one of the order of preaching friars, and belonging to the Church of Saint James at Rouen. He, too, had been, with Isambard, one of the acolytes of the Vice-

torturer is called next. He is named-to give him his titles in full-'Honnête homme Mauger Lessarmentrer, clerc non marier, appariteur de la cour archiepiscopalle de Rouen.' The name of the chief torturer of the good city of Rouen, Mauger, has a gruesome ring about it-it reminds one of the headsman in Harrison Ainsworth's novel of the Tower of London. Aged fifty-six in 1456, Mauger had seen Joan of Arc when she was brought into the yet extant tower of the castle, and threatened by Cauchon with the torture. 'We were,' deposed Mauger, 'my companion and myself, ordered to go there to torture her. She was questioned, and she answered with much prudence, a

Macy, who was thirty years old when he met Joan in the Castle

came so nearly stabbing the Maid in her prison, and

, Peter Daron: he had also seen Joan in

ve, ma?tre des requêtes du roi Charles VII

ant position at the execution; and this is some of his evidence relating to it: 'I assisted at the last sermon preached at the old market-place. I had accompanied the Bailiff, being then his deputy. The sentence was read by which Joan was ab

he end of her life. M. Fabre, in concluding in his book the translation of the testimonies of the long list of witnesses given by him for the first time in full, makes a great point of the universal concurrence of those who knew Joan of Arc as to her undoubted purity of person as well as of mind: that fact is of the greatest importance as regarded the rehabilitation of the Maid of Orleans. That is a subject which it is not now necessary to do m

to wipe away the iniquity of the judgment by which the heroine had been condemned, was delivered by the Archbishop of Rheims in the presence of a vast concourse of people, among whom were the Bishops of Paris and of Coutances. Among other things ordered to honour th

d centuries ago. Processions took place at Rouen, and all was done that the Church could do to wash out the indelible stain of its action four-and-twenty years before the time of the rehabilitation. In 1431, the clergy of France, to please the English, had in the name of orthodoxy, and with the tolerance of the Pope, den

END

.

FRENCH AND EN

Joan of Arc, although a large number of histories have bee

ho belonged to the side of the English attacked the heroine, or rather her missi

e of these chroniclers' writings can be called histories of Joan of Arc. Nor in the following (the sixteenth) century, did such writers as Du Bellay and

rk called Recherches sur la France, he writes that 'never had any one saved France so opportunely or so well as did this Maid.' In 1576 a book was published by the magistrates of Orleans relating to the siege of their town, in which all honour was given to the heroine for the part she had taken in its delivery. In the p

n by origin, wrote a voluminous history of England in twenty-six books, and treated the Maid's mission

ed Traité sommaire sur le nom, les armes, la naissance et la parenté de la Pucelle et de ses frères. In that same year the first history of Joan of Arc was published, also by a descendant of one of her brothers, Joh

ted. This chronicle concerns the events which occurred between the years 1422 and 1429. Although not a complete history of the heroine, it is the earliest account. It was republished by Buchon, by Petitot, and by Quicherat; and it was consulted by Michelet when writing his account of Joan of Arc. M. Vallet de Viriville believes the Chronicle of the Maiden to hav

history of Joan of Arc. In the year 1753 the Abbé Longlet Dufresnoy

nt works. That distinguished historian and antiquarian began his career under Charlet. In 1847 he was appointed Professor of Arch?ology, and later, Director of the Institute of the Charters. Between 1841 and 1850 he edited the original documents relating to the trials of Joan of Arc-those of her condemnation and of her rehabilitat

est that had been written. In the same year there was published another history of the heroine by M. Berriat Saint-Prix. The best thing that work contains is an itinerary of the differ

o Neufchateau in 1428, and the journ

4

a

-le-Petit, Vaucouleur

4

rua

uleurs, Toul, Nancy,

aucouleurs, Sain

rc

e Catherine

Coudray en Tour

ri

, Saint Flore

h B

ly près

Orl

a

issance bef

on the ro

to Blois f

rs and

u

lles-e

o Romorantin

Jar

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Beaug

ay and J

, Saint Beno

Chate

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m Gien in the dire

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fore A

int Fl

Sain

fore T

try int

h B

alons-s

Sept

Rhe

Marcoul d

Vai

Soi

ateau T

gu

mirail-e

s far as Lamotte-de-N

owards Paris

iers, Chate

a Fert

espy-en

agny-l

martin a

on, Mont

Cre

mpiègne

ave Com

Saint

tem

apelle, n

n the gate S

om La Chapelle

gny-sur

of the river Yonne at a ford near Sens

elles-en-Ber

to

-Yèvre,

emb

erre-le-

Moul

é-sur-Loire, M

emb

rg

4

nu

Bou

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rc

Su

ight fr

ri

nst Franquet d'Arras, Senlis, Compièg

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ompiègne against M

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mber, October

Drugy, near Saint

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4

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ue

he Maid of Orleans. He sums up the action of the Church to her in these words: 'The Church was against the Maid.

eagre and uninteresting account of Joan of Arc. In 1821 appeared a Life of the heroine, by Jo

s christened Joan of Arc 'The Christ of France.' Michelet in the fifth volume of his Histoire de France published in 1841, has written what will probably always be considered the best account of the Maid. Although only one hundred and thirt

ing passage: 'De Shakespeare à Milton, de Milton à Byron leur belle et simple littérature est sceptique, juda?que, satanique.' It is pitiable that so distinguished a writer as was Michelet should pen such rubbish, but when a Frenchman writes on the subject of Joan of Arc much should be forgiven him. More serious than the abuse of th

is work a third part of the sixth volume is consecrated

d books in which the French press has no rival. That book is the finest monument which has appeared to honour the memory of the Maid of Orleans. Its illustrations contain views of all places and memorials connected with the heroine from the fifteenth to the middle

esting study by Simon Luce on Joan of Arc's early years; and last, but certainly not least, the three works by M. Joseph Fabre, relating to Joan of Arc's life, her trial, her condemnation, and her

in his chronicles on the history of England and of France, published in 1516, heaped upon Joan of Arc. Hall's and Holinshed's chronicles, from which the author of the First Part of King Henry VI. borrowed so largely, sinned as deeply. Hall's a

account of Joan of Arc than are Hall and Holinshed. Thomas Fuller appears not t

r. It is not until well into the eighteenth century that a man of letters appears capable of giving an unprejudiced and true history of the life of Joan of Arc

siasm on the Maid of Domremy. It is sufficient to name the most prominent of these-

II

ARC IN

t be found in all history) has not been more fortunate a

st who sang of Joan of Arc was appropriately e

y origin, but appears to have lived most of her life

in the heroine's life-time. They are supposed to have been the last lines she wrote. These stanzas were completed shortly after the coronation of Charles VII. A manuscript copy of this poem exists in which Joan of Arc is com

in his poem called the Champion des dames. In 1487, Martial de Paris published, under the title o

re on a string of pearls; they occur in his exquisite ballad 'Dames du temps jadis,' a

blanche co

it à voix

and pied, Bi

e qui tin

la bonne

s br?lèren

s, vierge

t les neige

appears to have taken place on the anniversary of the deliverance of the city, and the dramatic piece was probably acted on the return of that day for many a y

unt the number of lines: they amount

s not know. One hopes, for their sake, that, like a Chinese play or a Bayreuth p

almost identical with one in the First Part of King Henry VI. In the mystery play the scene of this act is laid before Orleans. The French are determined to defend their city to the last; the English are determined on taking it. We are in front of the besieged and the besiegers. Salisbury has entered the Tournelles, and he looks out over the city from a window in the tower. Glansdale ('Glassidas') stands beside him, and says to Salisbury, 'Look to your right, and to your left-it looks like a terrestrial paradise,

k. Talbot and the other English officers now

bery, nobl

us sera ve

tel de t

uvera en

hakespeare's First Part of King Henry VI.,

ir William Glansdale to look down into the town, and while conversing the shot is fired which ki

ro-

te, beholding

ad seen the mystery play of the Siege of Orleans acted in that town. This bring

time as she is described in Hall and in Holinshed, and to believe that he left the play-originally written, we think, by Greene-very much as he found it. It is not indeed till the fifth act, when Joan is represented as a magician, and when the grotesqueness of the author passes even the limits of burlesque, that we fail to see a shred of the poet's skill. N

this period; that is a five-act tragedy written by a Jesuit priest named Fronton du Duc, a gloomy piece, which was acted in 1580 at Pont-à-Mousson. In the beginning of the seventeenth centu

appeared in 1642, written by the A

been expected of this poem, but it fell very flat after a long expectancy of thirty years when it a

for his deed, he writes of Joan of Arc in his Essai sur les m[oe]urs et l'esprit des natives, that the he

s production, said, 'I never committed t

mount of depravity was mixed up within that wonderful shrewd mind, and how it weakened its genius. The great Revolution which swept so many shams away with its terrible breath

an of Joan of Arc. There is no attempt made to follow out her history. The play contains a love episode due entirely to the youthful po

e the bad impression made by Voltaire's poem. The play was first performed on the stage at Weimar in 1801; and the Jungfrau von Orle

ad a great success, the second being the most admired; but they are now forgotten. Two other dramatic poets followed in Delavigne's steps: these were d'Avrigni and Soumet. By the forme

er writers in verse and in prose-Caze, Dumolard, Maurin, Cramar, Hédouville, Millot, Lequesme, Crepot, Puymaigre, Porchat, Haldy, Renard, Jouve, Cozic, Daniel Stern, Bousson de Maviet, Constant

hich waits for all such work, Villon's two lines remain as br

la bonne

s br?lèren

The drama of Joan of Arc's life has inspired two of the greatest masters of music of our day. Verdi set a tragedy by Solera to music in 1845,

for their fame-it were well they had never written. Whether Shakespeare composed the First Part of King Henry VI. may for long remain a disputed point, but he is responsible for that play, and con

ly unwarranted, uncalled for, and unpardonable. Still, could Joan have known the offence and the offender, w

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des vertus chrétiennes.'

dimanche trezièsme de juillet, ou sont déduites les

et la sentence de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc mis en fra

rléans le 8 mai 1672. Publié pour la première fois d'après le manu

e de notre petite s[oe]ur Jeanne

rie), 'Jeanne Darc, tacticienne e

cé dans la cathédrale d'Orléans le 8 mai 1872 en la fête du 443^z

ononcé dans la cathédrale d'Orléans à la fête

vent plusieurs particularités du règne de Charles VII.' (Collection complète d

e Jeanne d'Arc, prononcé à la fête

iés pour la 1^e fois d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque royale, suivis de tous les documents hi

r l'histoire de Jeanne

c. Examen d'une opinion de M. Vall

ponse au mémoire de M.H. Lepage.' (V. 'Le

se à M. Lepage.'

se à M. Lepage.'

Arc. Examen d'une opinion d

e d'Arc et Domremy. Société historique et a

mpression de trois écrits (par Vignier, de Vienne Plancy et

ion et son martyre.' Paris (imp.

et expéditions militaire de Jeanne d'

ice de Jeanne d'Arc, accompagné d'un plan de la place ou Vieux-Marché de Rouen, d'après le livre des fontaines de 1525

ès de condamnation de Jean

'Arc, suivie de Jeanne Hachette, ou l'

aine, qui reduict France entre les mains du roy, ensêble le iugemêt et

ifs à Jeanne d'Arc et au sire de Gaucourt. Lettres à M.H. M

anne d'Arc.' T

nne d'Arc' T

V. 'Pané

rc, prononcé dans la cathédrale d'Orlé

ares ou inédites.' P

gement de Jeanne d'Arc, dicte la Pucelle d'

Pucelle d'Orléa

u latin et publié intégralement pour la première fois en fran?ais d'ap

lle de Jeanne d'Arc' Firmi

Chronique de Cousinot,' Jacob, Paris, 1857. 8vo.

ue et impartial des apparitions de la mission

r la vie et les exploits de Jeanne d'Arc, ses

éans, dite fête de Jeanne Arc,

ville d'Orléans.'

d'Arc dans les Chroniques Messin

et réfutation des diverses erreurs publ

ts, avec des notes.' Préface de 'Dom Apulejus Risorius' (c.

de Morza' (c.-à.-d. Volt

-78. 24mo. (Le 2^e vol. port

d'Arc.' Edition illust

), 'Charles VII. et Je

IOGRAPHY OF

Life of Joan of Arc.' Aub

an of Arc.' A poem

of Joan d'Arc.'

steps of Jeanne d'Arc: A Pi

rc: A Story of the Fifteenth

The Memoirs of.' 2 vol

, 'The Maid of Orlean

torical Difficulties and Contes

ts and their Days.'

tate and the Profane State.

om the Earliest Times to the year 1789.'

s of Celebrated Soverei

ry of a Noble Life.'

ns from the History of the Maid

ines of History.'

e and Death of Jeanne d

ple's Book of Biography

f Old England.' Translated by

laneous Essays: Joan of

raordinary Women.'

y of Joan of Arc.'

of Arc; an epic Poem.'

), 'The Life of Joan of

s and Tales,' vol. i

'Joan of Arc.' L

of the Maid of Orleans

fe of Joan of Arc.

TICLES ON J

zine, vol. xlvii

w, vol. lx.

Magazine, vol. lxx

tannica, Article

vol. xxi. p.

view, vol. vi.

ine, vol. lxii

N

nder of the Burgundian

an of Arc at the siege of S

of the expedition on the Loire, 73, 74; his p

the King t

e military tale

the trial for her

Rouen, assessor at the t

f Norwich, assessor at the

his sympathy wit

René

gin of t

c), her influence upon her daughter,

Joan of Arc), his social

of. See

of Arc), 37; at the trial fo

Joan of Arc), 37; taken pr

for rehabil

ermes, 40; at the trial for the r

Henri, pr

Bishop

threatens the town

, burgher of

', his tragedy o

Rouen, assessor at the

Joan of Arc, 37, 56, 57;

ner with he

e trial for her reha

t of the Monastery of Sai

Clément

of Avranches, assessor at

', dramati

am, doctor of

colas, scr

chard, Englis

Count

, histo

f Rouen, assessor at the

, 224; at the trial for the re

r, Jul

godfather of J

, quoted for Joan of Arc's belie

assessor at the tri

on at Rouen, assessor at th

, 9; his first intervi

intervi

er with hi

ohn, burgher o

ys, Petro

at the trial for r

ishop of Wincheste

essor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145

ect her abju

for rehabil

olk's assistance at Jargeau, 75; takes r

uke of Burgundy and the B

from Pa

s ther

or Norma

with the Duke o

the Church agains

an priest, assessor at th

iam, bailiff

J., ci

les, assessor at the tr

ip de, August

ttendant on Joan

an of Arc: French,

Guérold

é, canon at

John, pr

on, Bishop

ré, canon a

ow of Joan of Arc, at the t

host of Joan of

, Mary

Peter, p

accompanies Charle

de (Saint-Sévèr

u, Joa

t Rouen, assessor at t

n, 29

conduct after the coronation at Rheims

ain possession o

n of Arc to th

n, burgher o

rceval de

nctions the rehabilitat

n, burgher of

of Lisieux, assessor at the

p of Beauvais, 106; h

erment by Wi

of Arc for th

trial shall take p

n of his tr

beginning of the

ing spee

on of the Mai

ilt to her in the

secret examinati

of indictment to the Un

her submission

t her to the

his zealous

ect her abju

from excommun

her in pr

r to the secu

rial of Joan of Arc, 148; at th

r de la, canon

'heroic poem' o

rraine, seeks an interv

V. of

VI. of F

Charles VII.), protests agains

ition at the begi

h Joan of Arc

with a suit o

r the delivery

for Rhe

ned the

es Joa

ing cond

on Par

s to Gi

the rehabilitatio

ct in doi

, Master of th

let,

Lebrun les,

am le, burgher

ishop of Rheims, 32; accompa

hwart her

I. on his entry

e with the E

of the Maid to the c

s, appointed a commissioner for th

ssessor at the trial of Joan of Ar

de, accompanies Char

the Cast

ccompanies Charles VI

raz

mate of Joa

ohn, pri

trial of Joan of Arc, 144, 151; a

sessor at the trial

ter, canon a

, the tow

de, page of

Catherine, Assessor at th

at Rouen, assessor at the tr

ssessor at the trial

lan

, burgher of

uillemett

l of Joan of Arc, 145, 150, 202, 224, 235; nature

ncellor of the Du

of Sigy, assessor at the

of, to the English in t

essor at the trial

de, accompanies Char

er, burgher

e of Compiègne, assessor at the

nglish wr

er, M., c

ter, atto

st, at the trial for

esuit pr

John, burgher

mé, burgher o

the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; at

Arc's do

ir, his poems on

, biographer of

s, drama

s, Joh

thplace of J

ench writer,

at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148; a

sessor at the trial

his tragedy on

eoffrey,

onglet, his Life

descendant of t

e, his Life of

the French troops in Orleans, 36, 40; i

o bring up rein

e Tournell

e military tale

for rehabil

amp, assessor at the t

II. of E

at the trial of J

village companion o

tte d', friend o

sor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; op

casion of Joan's a

t, Jo

es l', burgher

d', godmother o

med 'Bénédicité,' at tr

le, Cardin

ited, 164, 258, 266, 284; h

ert, Englis

Robert de,

ge of Orleans, 43; sent to Jar

ces with

the battle o

race

k of the French Pa

Master of

ssessor at the tria

or at the trial o

r at the trial o

Compiègne, 121, 123, 124; his su

ial of Joan of Arc, 143; secret

he wrath of

st, testifies in fav

tate of,

Martin

ish freebooter, captur

, sculp

assessor at the tria

, Thom

to the piety of Joan of Arc, 17;

mortally wounded in th

ssor at the trial

at the trial for r

ssor at the trial of

ng's Household, 40; closes the Burgundy Ga

for her rehab

te, friend of J

ght of Rhodes, in the at

in the command of the English forces befo

ke of, English

ul, canon a

oy, De

nch sobriquet fo

nod

, governor of

t and Grand Inquisitor of France

lle,

, J.R

bert, dram

ght, personal attendant

ichard de,

r at the trial o

k and advocate to the

laymate of Jo

Life of Joa

French wr

est, assessor at the trial o

, quoted, for the deliv

Bishop of Castres, conf

. of Eng

ngland, his dea

, his position in F

of England

the battle

n, burgher o

ed to break off swear

attack on the

at the battl

Charles VII.

English w

escendant of th

olas de, doctor

burgher of

, Flore

picture of J

prosecute Joan of Arc as a

aymate of Jo

native of

r, Guil

and parentage, 3; her

o religiou

visi

in their

ith Baudrico

Charles of L

ity at Vauc

uipmen

for Chi

y La Trem

at Chi

with the

y impress

f in military

rs before the Fren

on sancti

her sta

at Blo

tter to the Duk

ith Dunois befo

entry into

English to s

ith the reliev

t engage

astille des A

she will be

ack on the To

ded,

e wavering

glish to raise

to Chi

VII. to go t

pedition on

d takes J

battle of

Rheims with

halt before

r fear of tr

ronation in Rhei

tary tal

conduct i

by Char

tter to march

e of Burgundy for

ttempt to tak

uous onsl

wounde

and arms in the fane

the fortress of Saint

ake La Cha

and freedom fro

freebooter and his

h joy in Com

urgundians at

k from Cla

prison

stle of Beaulieu,

to Peter C

to escape

to the Eng

to Rou

sly trea

should be equally divi

Cauchon and Bea

errogated in

maltreat

n which her condemnat

l in pri

rogated by

d with to

he University

ration,

er male at

ated by her

iving na

ed of her

s Cauch

receives the s

Loisel

o the secular

don for her

rtyrdo

her rehabili

minic, cu

s Mount, Normandy, assessor a

, histo

er, burgher a

authorship of the First P

of Rheims, appointed commissioner for

te, friend of

de Bocherville, assessor at

Bertrand, t

or at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; cite

ise her of h

sion and administer

r to execu

for her rehab

iographer of J

oyes, offers to capitulate T

rtin

Walter S

e, godfather of

ited, 73; accompanies

Joan of Arc, 11; at the tr

r, assessor at the tri

ymate of Joa

sor at the trial of

Martin, Fre

op, at the trial for

usson, copp

or, assessor at the trial of

John de,

, his picture o

ges, assessor at the t

ssor at the trial

torturer of Rouen, at the t

sfers Joan of Arc to his

he hands of the Duk

er in pr

de, at the sie

, accompanies Charl

by Cauchon for his symp

assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc

emors

torture,

her abjuration

rdon of

, professor o

ances, appointed a commissioner for

eon, cite

t the trial for r

rg, John

mand of the English soldiers in Paris, 107; consen

t the trial o

rd, Bishop o

sh, Sir

Rober

e, the Bis

torian, c

nde de, so

, Lor

sessor at trial of Joan of Arc, 144;

Joan of Arc, 144, 151, 157, 209; cited for

for rehabil

essor at the trial

l, Jo

tte,'

assessor at the trial of Jo

homas, p

tain, cite

y, Loui

enry, his

nglish wr

t Ouen, assessor at the

ymate of Joa

of Arc, 144, 151, 153; grants her permission

r to abj

al treatment of he

for rehabil

e, Pet

ainted with Joan of Arc, 14

for rehabil

, histo

131, 187, 199, 236, 238, 291;

e trial of Joan of Arc, 146; his se

assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc,

, Pet

n, of Dom

, master gunner at th

ed, 46, 129; the most eminent

gne, c

the English forces

p of Coutances, assessor at

n, burgher o

sessor at the trial of J

lage companion o

ohn, godfather of

sessor at the trial

x, assessor at the tr

ouen, assessor at the tri

he French, on J

sed to the rehabilitat

the English, 13; enthusiasm of t

efenc

of the s

e raised

bert d', k

ial de, Fre

rsity of. Se

at Poitiers, 31; exa

her mis

, 27, 37; at the trial

hen, French ju

he battl

ier, bell-ringe

ot, 2

assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149,

utal treatment o

ast moments,

for rehabil

essor at the trial

stine de, p

eat Hall of, 31;

a, at the siege

iam de la.

liam, Frenc

iam, burgher

oula

; escorts Joan of Arc on

for rehabil

e, at the trial for

cited, 24, 55, 291; hi

ey, D

nnection wit

an, Parliamentary A

nglish of

page of

n, godfather of

, 75; accompanies Cha

aptures the Earl of

ation of Char

ishop of. See Cha

his interview wit

e, Guillau

le de, joins the a

d, doctor of

e la, her deceit expo

, burgher of

John, p

Sire de,

liam, burgher

sel,

attle of the H

nry and J

2; on Wallon's biogra

gnan de, burgher

; his itinerary of the last three y

e, Marshal.

glish forces before Orlean

ssor at the trial

Duke

, at siege o

Jungfrau von

an monk, 32; que

for rehabil

e character of Joa

ienne de,

, histor

era

, Agn

dramatic

6; his heroic poem

visits Joan of A

ng, Jo

l, French au

histor

f Scotland, killed at the

Constable of Scotland, killed

mmands the English forces before Orleans

and cap

iege of Orleans, 42; w

s with Fas

nd taken p

attendant on Joan

trial of Joan of Arc, 144; at t

Jeannette, god-mothe

emer, assessor at the t

Royer, of

tte, godmother of

, Gobert

nald, court p

e, burgher of

et de, Fren

at the trial of J

assessor at the tria

n of Arc of her fate, 243; at t

harles VII., 23; tries to thwart Joan

ever-growing

he King to Rh

e treaty o

the Faculty of Theology in

e prosecution of Joan of Arc,

removal of Joa

n regarding h

er, burgher o

one of the tribunal on the

f Rouen, assessor at the tria

to Charles VII., 27, 75; acco

di,

de, reporter at the tr

es, Pier

llon's Life of

, escorts Joan of

French

grapher of Jo

his lines on Joa

gnan, adv

ragedy on Jo

ydore, Frenc

e, Valle

, burgher of

d, 285; his Pu

, cited, 46, 126,

the Basta

n prison, 142; threatens Isambard de l

ould be saved from

prospect of h

ymate of Joa

cited for the English loss

ives in Paris with his army, 101; retains

for this pu

uration of

er her f

; accompanies Charle

prison

E