Problems in American Democracy

al contributions to civilization. By civilization is meant a well-rounded and highly developed cultur

onspicuous in the onward sweep of human progress. The promotion of the science of navigation by the Phoenicians, and the development of law and architecture by Rome, illustrate a few of the forms in which peoples may confer marked benefits upon the world. The

nation may become great, i.e. make some distinct contri

ources as soil, minerals, forests, and bodies of water, but climate as well.] The vigorous Scandinavians have made great advances in inhospitable Iceland and Greenland, the French have reclaimed an important section of Algeria, and the

enervating climate tends to destroy initiative and ambition. It is no accident that the greatest nations of modern times are located chiefly within the stimul

The combination of an unpromising land and an inferior population effectually prevents the rise of a high civilization. And just as the choicest of men ca

a land rich in natural resources and possessed of a stimulating climate. France and Great Britain in Europe, and Canada and

ble to settlement. This territory lies almost entirely within the temperate zone: it has unattractive spots, but in general it is neither so barren of resources as to discourage the home-maker, nor so tropical in its abundance as to reward him without his putting forth considerable effort. Particularly within the bou

of treasure in Mexico and South America soon turned disappointment into keen interest. No magic palaces or spice islands were found, but there were revealed two virgin continents inviting colonial expansion on a scale previously unknown. Of the Europea

covery of great quantities of gold and silver had the effect of encouraging the continued search for treasure. In this treasure-quest, often fruitless, the Spanish practically confined themselves to Mexico and the region to the south. In these areas

Florida and in South Carolina, but the opposition of the near-by Spanish forced the newcomers to leave. In 1524 Verrazano explored the North Atlan

etely under the power of the king. Only along the St. Lawrence, where agricultural colonies were planted, did the French really attach themselves to the soil. Elsewhere there were few French women and therefore few normal French homes, and when in 1763 all of the French possessions east of the Mississippi w

eloped, but though the Company grew rich, the colonists were not satisfied. The agriculturists along the Hudson had the benefit of a fertile soil and a genial climate, but they operated their farms under a feudal land system which allowed an overlord to take most of their surplus produce. Moreover, the Dutch governors were autocra

attempt to found a colony on the coast of Newfoundland, and a few years later Sir Walter Raleigh's venture at Roanoke Island proved equally disastrous. Colonization was retarded until 1588, in which yea

early English joint stock companies were not justified. Those who had looked to America for treasure were disappointed: no gold was forthcoming, and such groups as the Jamestown settlers of 1607 very nearly p

lowed her colonies a large measure of self-government, but it is significant that these colonies made little progress so long as they were dominated by joint stock companies intent upon exploitation. It was only when individuals, and groups of individuals, settled independently of the companies that the colonies began to thrive. The

he Atlantic seaboard. The English colonies in this area grew with astonishing rapidity. Cheap land, religious freedom, and the privilege of self-government attracted settlers from all parts of no

h settlers had continued to live along the Hudson after New Netherland had passed into English hands. Some of the most frugal and industrious of the settlers of Georgia and South Carolina were French Huguenots, while along the seaboard and inland the Scotch-I

NS ON T

meant by ci

be fulfilled in order that

s America fulfill

acter of the early

easons for the failure o

defects of the Dutch co

sh colonization with that of

s of national greatne

ally tenacious settlers

growth of the

r chief claim to nati

RED R

ings in American De

f the fo

History of the Unite

History of the Unit

, Principles of Human Geo

rce and Industr

N THE REQUI

ivilization is a product of

tropic abundance upon civ

efficiency to climate? (Hun

lated to density of population? (

where is such a climate found? (H

ress depend upon beasts o

motives of colonization in A

ious motives of coloniz

nomic motives of colonizat

evail in the struggle for the Atla

INVESTIGATI

termine during what season of the year you work most eff

vorable to an energetic life? To what extent, if to

ography of your section upon the

ure of civ

climate. (Huntington, Civilizat

rowth of population. (Carver, Sociolog

alth and spirits. (Carver, Sociology

pon persons of European descent. (Bullock,

American colonial history. (Semple, American Hi

erica. (Consult any s

rica. (Consult any st

rica. (Consult any s

erica. (Consult any s

al people. (Carver, Element