A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar)

ceroys and Go

1505 T

.

de Almeida (VI

15

uquerque (GOV

15

lbergaria (GOVER

Sequeira (GOV

15

Menezes (GOV

15

, Conde de Vidigu

e Menezes (GOV

15

ampaio (GOVER

15

Cunha (G

9 -

Noronha (VIC

15

a Gama (GOVER

15

de Sousa (GOV

15

GOVERNOR AND CAPTAIN

ICEROY) 1

de Sa (

8 -

abral (

9 -

e Noronha (VI

15

carenhas (VIC

15

rreto (GOVER

15

e Braganza (VICER

ho, Conde de Redondo

Medonca

5

e Noronha (VI

15

ork, "The Portuguese in India" (vol. ii. p. 487).

O

y Domingos Paes and Fernao Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively

om China were copied

wn to 1527, under the title of DOS FEITOS QUE OS PORTUGUESES FIZERAM NO DESCUBRIMENTO E CONQUISTA DOS MARES E TERRAS DO ORIENTE. His fourth DECADA, published by Couto, dealt with the period A.D. 1527 to 1539, and contained an account of the events that occurred during the governorships of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio and Nuno da Cunha. Couto's own eight

S.S.G.L. Lisbon, 1897: at the National Press. The ex

e Court of the Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar, rejoicing in royal patronage. He appears to have begun to compile his historical works at an early age, since his acco

he wealth carried off was some

, has been carried out. Want of leisure always prevented my undertaking any exploration north of the river; but from the heights of Vijayanagar on the south side I often looked wistfully at the long lines of fortification visible on the hills opposite. It is to be hoped that ere long the Government of Madras m

the date as 1230. The error

cott, i

- D

took "Cambay" for the name of the country,

The meaning

tales of the doings of Muhammad Taghlaq and much ol

(See the chronicle b

s probably the historia

ns him as contemporary. He had subjugated Eastern Persia by that time and founded the Shiah religion. Barbosa writes: "He is a Moor and a young man

Pathan Kings of Delhi,"

shtah (Brig

one, "History o

s translati

iot's "History of

is 180 (Senhor Lopes, Introduction, p. lxx.). The date of the beginning of the reign of Krishna Deva Raya is known to be 1509 - 10 A.D.; whence we obtain 1379 - 80 A.D. a

llah Muhammad. He arrived at the Indus on the 1 Muharram A.H. 734 (Sep

s travels, by Defremery and Sanguinetti (vol. iii. pp. 318 - 320). See

, to July 9, 1339. But I consider the narrative of Ibn Batuta to be far the most reliable, since h

ud-din Bahadur Bura of

dom, principality, or large zamindari in Southern India,

ften given, is erroneous, and that the name was "City of Victory," not "City

Bukka, guards of the treasury of Pratapa Rudra of Warangal. These young men came to the Guru, or spiritual teacher, Vidyaranya, who was head of the monastery of Sringeri, and the latter founded for them the city of Vijayanagar. This was in 1336, an

CADA VI.

Fifteenth Century,"

OMBAY BR. R.A.S.

rock not far from the summit of the lofty hill on which stands the virgin fortress of Gutti or Gooty in the Anantapur D

IG. IND.,

year Kilaka) mentions Madhavacharya Vidyaranya,

Madras," ii. 8, No. 58; Hult

Briggs,

be "built" in so short a time, and, moreover, it would have been sheer waste of time for the Prince to have employed hims

Ala-ud-din reigned thirteen years ten months and twenty-seven days, which would make the date of his death the 22nd of Rabi-ul-awwal A.H. 762, or January 31,

who commanded Bukka's armies about this time was Nadegonta Mallinatha,

deo" in Scott's tr

Briggs,

d set out, and we may accept it for the present. The BURHAN-I-MAASIR implies that the war against Vijayanagar t

ishtah (Sc

hill-fortress with extensive lines of walls, a few miles south of the

he Musalmans, and that it was not compiled till the end of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth c

eposit, generally overlying gravel, and known as "black cotton soil." A

it implies that, according to tradition in his time, the Raya of Vijay

it unlikely that the armies could have

ott's edi

-Mul. He MAY be the Mallayya or Mall

d animals to

out forty

he Tiger

76 (Firishtah). The BURHAN

ecture that if the word had been written "Pakazah," transposing the first two consonants - a mistake occasionally made by writers dealing with, to them, outlandish names - th

rch after a man-eating tiger of great ferocity, and shot it with a single arrow through the heart. "The idolaters, upon hearing of this exploit, were s

rishtah,

uese in India," end of vol. i), shows at this spot "C. de Rames," b

e was then only about twenty years old, an a remarkably powerful man. He states tha

bly Marappa

ivided into provinces, held by nobles an condition of m

ties say that Daud

Samudram. On the summit of this hill is a great Trigonometrical Survey pillar. The hill is 500 feet high, and lies within the limits of the village of Kanvi Timmapuram. Commanding, as it does, the route by which a force

i. packet 11, No. 107) a copy of a copper-plate grant which was executed by the chief of Goa in A.D. 1391 in the name of "Viraha

robably

or the Tulu country

d a few years later, he says, "The king of Coullao (Quilon) and Ceylon, and Paleacate (Pulica

h Zil-hijj

ied to protect it, and struck the image in the face, mutilating its features. "A dying Brahman lying at the foot of the image cursed the king. 'For this act,' he said, 'thou wilt die ere thou reachest thy kingdom.' A prophecy which was literally fulfilled. The image, hewn out

t Muharram

nts out that the name on all the coins of this Sultan is "Muhammad," and not "Mahmud;" and this is confirmed by the BURHAN-I MAASIR and two other aut

799. The 26th according

. 55 (A.D. 1379); JOURNAL BOMBAY BRANCH RO

rofessor Aufrecht believes

re Inscripti

Y BRANCH ROYAL ASIAT

"MAHAMANDALESVARA, son of Vira Buk

IND., iii.

P. CIT.,

amazan A.H. 7

afar A.H. 800

PHIA INDICA,

ishtah (Sc

to-day. They are circular in shape, and are made of wickerwork of split bamboo covered all over outside with leather. Colonel Briggs, writing of these boats (Firishtah

a's armies. Nuniz says that large numbers of

stringed

ained to sing an

ound sterling]400,000" (Sco

279, No. 150. Professor Kielhorn in IND

n Inscriptions," i.

a loyal Muhammadan. Mudkal was in the tract

ut forty m

gives her na

d be the month of June, and the months following would have been

t on p. 301 he spells the name "Binkapore." Bankapur was one of the principal fortresses i

adan camp having been in the neighbour

ed with incense and silver

ned by both Nuniz and Paes. On the left of

but Briggs (ii. 389) corrects this into

orous intrigues and adventures, and he reigned only seven years at most. His son and successor, Vijaya, reigned onl

(See the tale told by Barradas below, p. 222 ff., of the events of 1614 A.D.) The

(Scott) p. 95, gives the length of the

one of the old irrigation channels, supplied by d

madan chroniclers, from whom Firishtah obtained the narrative, mistook for the king an adult member of the family who commanded the army? Such mistakes were certainly made in later years

th a plain below, because he met with open ground difficult for a horse to cross, in his eagerness to reach a mud enclosure in a plain. The description is

ed, in order to secure the throne for his own son Hasan, that Ahmad, should be b

e of 1399 A.D. It is possible, however, that tribute was really paid. It had apparently been exacted by Muhammad Shaw Bahmani,

to do him honour, the Sultan himself would have met the prince and personally escorted him, as representing his father. Moreover, the prince was o

8 (Firishtah). The BURHAN

ishtah (Sco

- Es

Below,

ler apparently took for a proper name,

above, p. 63. He had now been on

ppear to confirm Abdu

("Asiatic Researches," xx. p. 22; Hultzs

urrent, cyclic year Parabhava, on th

, Saka 1353 current, year Sadharana. The donor's name is given as Vira Pratapa

9. They both give the

ND. ANT.,

d or dark half (KRISHN

s Saka 1863 expired, year Kshaya, Wednesday the fifth day of the br

aka 1371 expired, year Sukla, Saturday 13th Sukla of the

ini; thus "Pacamuria" for Bacanor, the Portuguese way of spelling Barku

IATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,

the dates given by the chronicler in considering the questio

he sites of old forts, were probably intended to be projected from these weapons. They are often called "cannon-balls," but

t which time, talking of Cataio, he tolde me howe the chief of that princes corte knewe well enough what the Franchi were ... We Cataini have

e Samuri o

note) has "BIDRUR" as Abdur Razzak's spelli

846, and corresponds to t

Below,

outh point of the first line of defence northwards to the river. Razzak evidently did not inclu

nother road, and probably therefore a road lined with shops, leading from the Kamalapura gate of the inner enclosure northwards to the great Hampi temple. Close to the gate of the palace proper these roads would intersect at right angles, and would for

trough that conveyed the water, and on each side were depressions which may have been hollowed

tly answering to Sir Henry Elliot's description. The lofty walls with watch-towers at the angles WHICH surround the enclosure referred to would be just such as might be supposed to have been erected for the protection of the royal archives and offices of the kingdom - the "Dewan Khana." If so, the "hall" in front would

by seven. It is difficult to u

ndia Office copy. The Hakluyt editio

h staves, generally

eastwards. Taken so, his description seems exact. Mr. A. Rea takes this view gener

two hundred ya

may have stood on each side of what is now the main road fro

he personage whom the ambassador interviewed could hardly have been Deva Raya

HANAWI (Elliot). There can be

te, Razzak could hardly have called a festival that took place a whole month earlier a festival which took place "during three days in the month Rajab." Hence I think that he must have been present at the New Year festivities in Karttika, not at the Mahanavami in Asvina, a month previous. Note Paes' description of the festivals at which he was present. He states that

even yards or t

l table in EPIGRAPH

. ANT., xxi. 321). The last is on a temple at Little Con

ar Vikriti, on the same templ

e BURHAN-I MAASIR fixes his decease at the end of Junmada'l Awwal A.H. 862, which answers to April A.D. 1458. Ma

th Zil-kad

th Zil-kad

ec. I. vi

Below,

T., November 18

- Vija

- Masu

as "Ghondpore" (i. 166); Brig

e story is exceedingly improbable. The distance was 250 mi

Ramazan

th Muharra

t's translat

t one of these towns was G

ing evidentl

r to be variations of the name Vijayan

perhaps, refer to

ivaraha Narasimha Raya Udaiyar. These are not the titles of a sov

CIT., p. 1

OP. CIT.

tah," i. pp. 190, 210;

ssage Scott's "Ramraaje" is a slip of the pen. It does not occur again. The former transla

Scott, i

Scott, i

to the story told by Nuniz

e tale Nuniz gives us of the minist

i. p. 252; Br

a previous paragraph that "diss

April A.

million eight hundred thousand pounds sterl

il 1509 to

anagar in 1534, at the same

- Coll

20th, accord

by the Hakluyt S

R DESTA CIDADE GOA HUM MOURO PER NOME SOAI, CAPITAO D'EL REY DO DECAN, A QUE COMMUNAMENTE CHAMAMOS SABAYO" - "When we arrived in India, the lord of this city of Goa was a Moor, by name Soai, captain of the king of the Dakhan, whom we commonly call Sabayo." But Barros must not a

e original, and suspect an

horse, which he saw at the Mahanavami festival, an

D., i. 366; IND.

ing the description of the splendours of Krishna Raya's court in the narrative of Nuniz, to remember that in Wester

Nuniz calls him the "Guym de Bengapor." Albuquerque styles

AUTEM VENGAPOR REGIO M

ONTINENS"

ayanagar and one to "Vengapor," as if the latter were independent; and adds of the chief of Veng

hbourhood, Barros speaks of two brothers, "Comogij" and "Appagij" (Dec. III. l. iv. cap. 5), and describing Krishna Deva Raya's march towards Raichur - recapitulating the story and details given by Nuniz - he speaks of

ace, first went northwards to Honawar, then inland to Bankapur, and thence to Banavasi, Ranibennur, and over the plains to Hospett and Vijayanagar. It was known as early as A.D. 848, and remained in possessi

akluyt edit., ii. p. 73). Fr. Luis left Cochin,

ec II. l.

eda, who was in India in

, Firishtah mentions thi

sse him of his Dominion. Albuquerque, taking his opportunitie, besieged and ... took Goa with the Iland. Which was soon after recovered by Idalcan, comming with a strong Armie thither, the Portugal flying away by night. But when the King of Narsinga aga

f Afonso Dalboquerque"

me may represe

es of Dalboquerque,

shtah (Scott

aries of Dalboqu

ed his work in 1516 (Preface), after "having navigated for a great part of his youth in the East Indies." It was probably begun about 1514. He was certainly in the Indian Ocean in 1508 - 9. The heading of the work is "Descri

name awaits

the Government offices, surrounded by a lofty wall with watch-towers, and often called "The Zenana" The ele

A.D. 1514 mention

ook the fortress on Saturday, June 23, A.D. 1515 (Ashadha Sukla Harivasara

confirming this whole story, It relates that the king first captured Udayagiri, Bellamkonda,

Pp 354

y-nine years old; but we must not forget the Hind

in 1515, it is to be noted here that Nuniz asserts that it wa

with Amir Barid in an attack on Telingana and laid siege to Kov

story of Jamshid Qutb Shah,

mpossible to believe that he could have been mistaken. Firishtah did not write for many years later and was much more liable to en on Several Portuguese were present at the

p. 323 to

average of its west, south, and east faces being about a mile each It lies just below the junction of the Bhima and Krishna rivers, and two miles west of the present railway st

asts begin on the twelfth of Sep

ad passed.... On this day begins their year; it is their New Year's Day.... They begin the

Below,

with all of us who came with him, for the king commanded that he should be in s

Lib. v

A THANAH is a police-station in modern parlance. I can think of no English word exactly suita

DAS DA INDI

MS. volume called the LIVRO DAS FORTALEZAS DA INDIA, of which the text was written by Antonio Bocarro, and the numerous portraits and pl

c. III. 1.

IDEM,

IDEM,

IDEM,

IDEM,

Faria y Souza, I. Pt. iii.

are Nuniz (t

re probably taken from

divertido con sus ruinas o esperancas, o todo junto, y a muchos en perciales remolinos robando la tierra f

ouvertes et Conquestes des

ves us the same dates for Sequeira's absence, and ment

ay 6, and the new moon was first visible on Wednesday. In 1522 the actu

n an emergency he could

ok of Indian Ar

Above,

OP. CIT.

Below,

low, pp. 3

Liv. i

ommander-

Below,

HAVEIS ... HO QU

- "VER

- "ACH

elow, pp,

Below,

Vol. i

Vol. i

who died in 1518, had three sons, Ahmad Ala-ud-Din, and Wali-Ullah, the first of whom became Sul

c. III. l.

edition, p. 387, note; Danvers, "Portuguese in

an interesting paper on the king of Portugal's regulations for, and record of customs in,

c. IV. 1.

dil Khan or the Adil Shah; Madre Maluco is t

the reign of Achyuta Raya, but I mention it here as

in the MADRAS CHRISTIAN COLL

District Manual"

(Hultzsch), p. 132; and EPIGRAPHIA

Y BRANCH, ROYAL ASIATI

ND., i. 398; iv

nd literary work in the country differs as to the genealogy of the sovereigns who reigned from this tim

, iv. 3, note 4 (P

ott's edit

names are di

ntly an error. The per

Safar, A.H. 9

tah, Briggs, i

s, Madras," vol. i. p. 181 (

's translatio

Below,

IDEM,

. pp. 262 ff.; B

Ray." Rama married a daughter of Krishna

at this period. Briggs calls the uncle "Bhoj" Tirumala. Couto (Dec. VI. l. v

rumala both married daughters of Krishna Deva Raya. Achyuta being, in Nuniz's belief, brother of the latter monarch, that chronicler calls these two brothers "

hen been for about si

's chronicle to the year 1536 - 37, seeing that the author alludes to the dissatisfaction and disgust felt by the nobles a

ott's edit

but I have substituted the rendering given

espect and esteem, with a magnificence and grandeur surpassing all his contemporary nobility. The sovereigns of Beejanuggur and every country observing a respect to his great abilities, frequently honoured him with letters and valuable presents. His house

life is contained in Scott's edition. i.

c. III. l.

c. IV. l.

s probably Tirakh

inst the Christian inhabitants of San Thome, near Madras, but retired without doing great har

GRAPHIA IND

ARNATICA (Rice), Par

ht of these, eighty-four of which are dated, in my

dian Inscription

c. VI. l.

ygupa," and "Ouamysyuay

- Pa

c. VI. l.

PIG. IND.

that "Seoroy dying was succeeded by his son, a minor, who did not live long after him, and left the throne to a younger brother." These brothers, then, were the second Narasa, called also Vira Narasimha, and Krishna D

ND. ANT.,

v. pp. 247 - 2

ve. The young son would be V

er, widow of Achyuta. Achyuta's nephew referred to could not be Sadasiva, because he survived. He may have been nephew of the Rani.

Rama Raya, for undoubtedly he is here referred to, married

wnfall in 1565. If so, this would include the reign of Achyuta, and the story would differ from that of Nuniz, who represents King Achyuta as free but subject to the malign influence of his "two br

DOS REIS DE BISNAGA,

ishtah (Sco

dynasty of Golkonda, translated by Briggs, tells this story of Qu

much light on the political and commercial relations of the Port

his deputy, the captain-general and governor of Goa, Dom Joao de

of the other; and, when called on, to help the other with all their for

nded at Goa to be purchased by the king of Vijayanagar on due not

trading with the coast to send their goods through ports where the

f saltpetre and iron into his kingdom from any Bijapur po

cloths, copper, ti

nd them to Goa. Both parties agree, to wage war on the Adil Shah, and all territory taken from the latter shall belong to Vijayanagar, e

Portuguese records state that Asada

"Portuguese in In

Briggs,

Below,

' "Firishtah,"

s that the king of Vijayanagar had consented to aid Ibrahim Adil Shah against Ain-ul-Mulkh and "the Meale" (I.E. Prince Abdullah,

ott's edit

h as king. Sadasiva was perhaps too young at that period to h

asiva was appare

work has been translated and published by Briggs (Firishtah, iii. 402). The story may be compared with tha

c. VII. l.

Briggs' "Firistah

t the Nizam Shah should submit to pay him a visit and receive betel from him. Hussain was in such straits that he accepted these severe terms and went to Rama Raja's camp, "who rose on his entering his tent (he did not go out to meet him) and kissed his hand. The Sultan, from foolish pride, cal

irishtah." i. 291;

, Hijra 972. Firishtah (Scot

mp south of the river, wherever that may have been. There is no available information on this point, but it was probably at Mudkal, the celebrated fortress. The ford crossed by the allies would appear to be

terly ignorant of any impending attack, and never even heard that the enemy had

low, pp. 2

They wore rough tunics and short drawers of cotton, stained to a rather dark red-brown colour, admirably adapted for forest work, but of a deeper hue than our English khaki. They

Jumad-oos-Sany," A.H. 972 (Briggs, iii. 414), but the da

tirely from Firishtah (Scott, i.

Dec. VII

of the times, when we see a sculptured representation of Ramraj's head, at the present day, serving as the opening of one of the sewers of the citadel of Beejapoor, and we know that the real head, annually covered with oil and red pigment, has been

es," probably for "Beduinos,"

, and then proceeded to the capital of Beejanuggur." It is, however, quite possible that both accounts are correct. The advanced Muhammadan troops are almost certain to ha

s, edit. of 16

the king had affixed to the base of the plume on his

IM, "a sort of Bengal ta

d coins of

ee below, p. 252,

and the next paragraph from Lopes's CHRONI

for the STRAPADO, which unhinges a Man's joints; a cruel Torture. Over against these Stairs is an Island where they burn ... all those condemned by the Inquisitor, which are brought from the SANCTO OFFICIO dress'd up in most horrid Shapes of Imps and Devils, and so delivered to the executioner.... St. JAGO, or St. James's Day, is the Day for the AUCTO DE FIE." And in chapter v. of the same Letter he states t

Caesar F

, and Kanakagiri, a distance of about fifty-five miles,

rumala alone of the three brothers survived. Firishtah only wrote from hearsay,

ote this towards the

criptions," Hultzsch, i.

.," since his ancestors do not appear to have reigned even in name. But I take the table as Dr. Hultzsch has given it. See the Kondyata grant of 1636 (IND. ANT., xiii. 125), the

Scott,

ggs, iii pp

tes (EPIG. IND, iii. 236), Rama III.

D., iv. 269 - Th

was completed (A.D. 1662). The Bijapur Sultan, the last of his line, sent to him a marble slab with an inscription and a grant of a thousand bold pieces. The slab is still to be seen on one of the arches in the interior, and the money was spent in gilding and decorating the building. Aurangzib of Delhi annexed Bijapur in 1686, and appointed Navab Ghazi-ud-Din Khan governor of Adoni, who had to take the place from the Bijapur governor, Siddi Masud Khan. This wa

riggs, ii

uities, Madras" (Sewell

. CIT., ii

e. He went with an embassy from Goa to that place. "This Prince VENKTAPA NAIEKA was sometime Vassal and one of the ministers of the great King of VIDIA NAGAR ... but after

TOMBO). Compare Antonio Bocarro, DECADA xiii. p. 296. Mr. Lopes also refers me to an as yet inedited MS., DOCUMENTO

hikka Raya," may have been Ranga III., "Chikka" (young) being, as Barradas tells us, a name usually given to the heir to the throne. In

Raya" in Kanarese means

- Chan

to whom this refers. The

ouble marriage. His wife was niece of King Venkata, and therefor

DOS. See no

rhaps Ite

Chinna O

Written

, does not mention Madura as amongst the great divisions of the Vijayanagar kingdom; and this coincides with the history as derived from other sources. But by 1614 the Naik of Madura had becom

Trichi

nschoten, writing at the end of the sixteenth century, a few years earlier than the date of the events

See abov

he Dynasties of Sout

" here is D

is the name often given by the Por

(A.D. 1583) wrote, "At the end of Cambaya beginneth India, AND the lands of Decam and Cuncam," meaning that immediately south o

- In P

om the coast to Vijayanagar. Fr. Luis used it for his journey

rom the coast at Bhatkal. Sandur is a smal

of Portuguese India, west of

. The great tree was

efined limits, and often was held to extend even as far north as to the Krishna river, or even to Orissa. Yule and Burnell adher

- Or

rror for CONFINA COM. The same word is

written by the Portuguese IDALXA (XA for Shah). We have numberle

a is called in these chronicles "Cotamaluco." The Imad Shah of Birar is called the "Imademaluco," or even "

of the place calls it LARCHA. But in each case the R is not very clear, and might be an I undotted. Moreover, the C may possibly be an E, and the name may

, probably for PIANHAS or P

GIS, Hindu

refers to the Egyptian

dently the

have been endless. We have Beejanugger and Beejnugger in the translations of Firishtah; Bisnagar, Bidjanagar, Bijanagher, am

es something dug out, as opposed s

- Da

pur, the modern Hospet

lake is described b

AO, a shot from a falcon,

ut as the word is not common, and as Brahmans make use of

AAS, litera

lapur, but Nuniz says that the lady'

CHEES. See p

GRANDES

pparently, of MAHA,

at follows is not very

st used is SELLADOS

perla EM CASTELHANO E perola EM PORTUGUEZ, E EM LATIM unio, E ISTO NO aljofar GRANDE; PORQUE O MIUDO CHAMA-SE EM LATIM margarita, E EM ARABIO lulu, E EM PERSIO E NEST' OUTRAS GERACOES DA INDIA moti, E EM MALAVAR mutu, E EM PORTUGUEZ E CASTELHANO aljo

sesamum or ginge

ister. The termination -RSEA probably represents ARASA, the

xxii. note) that we do not know how far this assertion is true. He certainly lived at Goa, and not long after this battle was made chief TANEDAR of the mainlands of Goa, with residence at the temple of Mardor. He was several times in peril at the hands

o (see above, p. 142 ff.). If De Sequeira wer

rester John" under Dom Roderigo de Lima in 1520 (the same year), states that among the presents sent to that potentate were "some organs and a

pears to be some mistake here, as PATECA means "a sort

cap of gold brocade two spans long." This

Anantasayana, a mile or so from Hospett on the

to bastions or towers, or to strongly fortified plac

RTA PRIMCIPAL, have been accident

st probably the great entrance to the palace enclo

er forgot to ful

OMO AS COMFRARYAS que

UYTOS NATUR

reen gram ... a kind of vetc

- MA

NTEM = 1 7/2

S. But the plural of FANAO

f small partridge with bla

we have the p

s is a place

- An

elow, pp.

ains of which are still to be seen near the temple of Vitthalasvami, appears,

tifully sculptured temple of Vitthalasva

t that AOPE represents "Hampi" or "Hampe." RADI may be "rajah," or RADIAN may be "rajyam." The name was perhaps given to Paes by some one who descr

granate tree or a female pilgrim. The allusion is to the plast

ad." The reference may be to a place in a church where incense-burners are kept, or, as

SEUS f

rd is omitted

See above, pp.

as to the dates given in

e, p. 254. Evidently the p

d in the chronicle. Their chief was one of the king's most imp

rom Persian susi. "Some kind of silk cloth, but we know not what kind." The original passage runs: - "Quoanto ao pao, sabereis

ean the edge, the front, not the

probably by mistake, as the plural is used imm

- TAVO

" (Persian, PARDA), curtains or screen

AYLHADEIRAS, I.E. the dancing

e below, p. 276, no

in various ways in the chronicles of both Paes and Nun

, and the best beloved of his father, since he received as his portion on the latter's death the principal tract of Mysore, the town itself, and the neighbouring province. After the fall of Vijayanagar in 1565 he became practically independent, and ruled till the principal power was seized by his relative, Raja

ning to the feasts." I have omitted the phr

it. Varthema calls it a "gold ducat." Purchas says it was in his day about the value of a Flemish dollar. The general value assigned in more recent days to the pagoda is 3 1/2 rupees, or seven shillings when the rupee stands at par value. (See

, 252, note 2, and p. 383. These women

not of leather, but of

Mr. Lopes suggests that this stands for Sheik (X

rcot, which was built during the Vijayanagar period, are carved with rearing horses, whose riders wear jerkins, apparently of leather, fastened with buttons and loops. It is possible that this was the body-clothing referred to by the chronicler. I can give no clue to the origin of the word, unless it be connected with the Kanarese LODU, "a stuffed cloth or cushion." Barros, describing the dres

. The meaning

s large number se

s are given by Nuni

y of Nuniz (below, p. 374) these were the "kings" o

to these chronological de

ndaja" of Nuniz

remains of the beautiful sculptures described. Close behind the great decorated pavilion, from which the king and his court witnessed the feasts described by Paes, and therefore close to the gate just alluded

nation of the mass of ruins now remaining would settle all these points. Stone sc

g from YINAGEES POR QUE NAS QUE ESTAO METIDAS TO YMAGEES PEQUENAS QU

bove, p. 285). Meaning not under

ch so many examples are still to be seen in temples, and he states that the whole of the stone carving was richly colour

o be seen in the temples of that date in Southern India, where the base of the pill

ill exists opposite

, where are the rui

four paragraphs. For the penultimate sentence could not have formed part of the original chronicle of

other name was Nagalapur. It is the mod

" evidently refers to the conques

date should be about 1330. Nuni

] -

reigners. Properly speaking it was

ammad Taghl

rsia (abov

ood to build upon, called Ballagatte and Decan, and is inhabited and divided among divers kings and g

of the Adil Khan, or Adil Shah of Bijap

est to the Malprabha River, and p

- An

chief or king of Anegundi, Vijaya

ats are described by Pa

llable represents the word SRI, and that the whole may have been a special appellati

ossibly been directly affected by, if not actually engaged in, the wars between the Hindu Hoysala Ballalas

refers to the territories of Muhammad Taghlaq, whose barbariti

above, p.

" and "Mileque neby;" evidently f

Above, p

a Raya, Krishna Deva Raya, &c. This first king is given no personal name by Nuniz. There were afterwards tw

uk" (IND. ANT., May 1899, p. 129) also relates it of the Bahmani Sultan Ahmad Shah (1422 - 35),

ed VIDYARANYA, or "Forest of Learning." This derivation of the

e temple of Viru

- Bukk

s king was not the first to coin PARDAOS or pagodas.

ame amongst those of this dynasty with

- Ce

andel (note,

- Vija

- Qu

This was an important province

- Tena

le." Pina Raya or Chikka Raya was the title applied to the Crown Pri

e event as having taken place between November 1442 and A

of the king had been one of the twenty minis

- SIC

Virupaks

r his charge to the east of the capital towards the east coast. Hi

muz) and Aden. The

esents Udayagiri; "Conadolgi" probably is K

from the results obtained from epigraphical study, according to which the second Narasa w

- Penn

. This, however, was not the man there a

rn that this man's name

e capital of the kingdo

ese. "Crismarao" probably represents Krishna Deva Raya, son of the first Naras

ly name was Saluva. He was the powerful minister of Krishna Deva Raya, hut died disgra

ut as yet no brother of Krishna

- Ra

- Mu

- Uday

Some s

UE AVIA is evidently a

- Ko

e such, to my knowledge, twelve miles or thereabou

- Kond

syllable has been accidentally

MUITO SABIA." Mr. Ferguson suggests, and with good reason, that for the second TEMPO

Possibly the first of these words should have been TORNARIA, in which case

llore in North Arcot, the fine old fort at which place is surrounded with a deep moat.

ank in the

mer seems most probable, and I think that the reference is to the forces of Sultan Quli Qutb Sh

omet, I.E. he was of

text is co

mentioning the terms of the treaty between Vijayanagar and Bijapur, one of whic

ose so that the affair might become widely known to all. Cide Mercar, either tempted by the large sum of money in his charge, or swayed by a letter which they say was sent to him by the Hidalcao, when he arrived at a TANADARIA called Ponda, three leagues from Goa, fled to the Hidalcao from there. Th

co" as written below, which certainly refers to the Nizam Shah. Several Portuguese writers omit the first syllable of "Nizam" In their chronicles. On p. 348 below, these names are given

iscussion of this da

263, note. His name

rical error for SEIS, "six." Barros, in descri

e below, p

Timma, the minister. (See p. 284, and note to p.

dom established themselves as a dynasty of independent sovereigns, desce

nd that "Comarberea" represents Kumara Virayya of Mysore (above, p.

ove, pp. 4

. The word is spelt in other places LAYDES, LAMDES,

s, Pinto, &c., where the form used is GUMIA; the word being derived from the Arabic KUMMIYA, which properly m

See abov

uniz I take to represent "Mallia (or Malliya) Banda," probably the Hind

small co

green grain ("Hobson-Jobson"). Ibn

REGATOEE

of the different columns enumerated ab

rmination seems the most natural - CAO for KHAN. The name appea

ernor Lopo Soares at the Red Sea, between the months of February and September, and during that period attacked the Bijapur troops at Ponda, which were commanded by Ankus Khan, with some su

their prestige would give them grea

is passage

above, p.

VAS E BAUDES. The meaning o

ge would then mean that since death appeared inevitable they should meet it half-way, and not lazily

. cap. 5. Asada Khan's love of intrigue was p

DACAO TRAZIA QUEM HIA A T

MDA DO SUL. It would be interesting to l

Salaba

e above, p

A, a Portuguese word for crowb

.E. Feringhees, Fr

Saluva

was still recognised as titular sovereign, though the whole country had revolted and broken

vires arder as barbas do teu vizinho, poe (or deita) as tuas em remolho" - "When you see your

ve been unable to guess at its meaning. Senhor Lopes

LREY O MA

ds may be an emphatic expression, akin to DIANTE DE DEUS

lles should be

- Mu

- Bi

R FEYTO POR ASY. Lit. "all on ac

a, the ancient

very exact from an historical stand

Saluva

onfusion of syllables and the original reading was "FILHO DE CODEMERA," then I would point to the list given above of powerful nobles (p. 327) who commanded the forces of the king in the great Rachol campaign, one of whom was called COMDAMARA. In the concluding paragraph of th

together, it would seem that his brother and son both bore the same name, probably Ganda Rajah. Paes refers to the b

daos. The chronicler was a trader in horses at Vijayanagar. Later on he mentions t

- Be

onda was Ankus Khan (abo

n Hospett. If the measurement is accurate, this street, le

ilding, or of one of the family having in former days distinguished himself by the construction of a particular bridge. The engineer mentioned in the text is probably the individual who at the end of April 1520 was sent by the king of Portugal to examine into the possibility of building a fortress at Tetuan in Morocco. Dom Pedro de Mascarenhas (afterwards, in 1554, Viceroy at Goa) sailed on this mission from Ceuta, and "Joao Nunes de

n anchorage sufficient for an entire fleet. (Correct, LENDAS DA INDIA, ii. p. 622.) Correa continues: "The governor, however, thought better to send in a COTIA Antonio Correa and Pero de Coimbra, his chief pilot, to inspect the river of Madrefaba a

to show that the great tank of Krishna Deva Raya, seen in process of construction by the chronicler Paes (see p. 244), and mentioned in the text by Nunez, w

his probably means

R NOVE ANO

NENHU MANIMETO

TAS PERA CARREGUAS." I think that the words SE NAO must have been accident

/2d. (?). A VINTE

has been already recounted." Then he inserts a long parenthesis which might he read: "While he was sick ... he had made a will ... &c...." do

- Chan

See abov

- Ac

- Be

adri, of whom the two first married two daughters of Krishna Deva. In such case, however, they

nce is one-fifth; 4 mangelins = 5 carats. So that 130 mangelins = 162 carats,

stead, probably the origin of the modern So

a letter to me, suggests that it means the upper portion of the canopy, "LE CIEL DU LIT," or the framework that holds the curtains, ARQUELHA being a diminutive of ARCO, a "bow

mean "furnished" or "hung round with clot

S must be a mispri

, pp. 121, 28

sent day in Southern India game-birds are s

who has a pretension to sovereignty, or who claims descent from a line of independent lords, proclaims his dignity by the use of certain insignia, and amongst these the yak-tail fan finds pl

CHARI for

Above,

STIDOS SAO PACHOIIS," &c. Both these words probably refer to the same Canarese word, PATTUDA, "a silk cloth." Barbosa and Pinto use it in t

s of oxen are referred to. In the Canarese country these are often h

- TE

rhaps have been weapons such as in E

FERIDO VAY, LEVA A FOGACA, QUE HE HUU PACHARIM," &c. It seems curious that the vanquished should

er gives the king his hereditary title of Raya, usuall

Qutb Shah

h India were grievously oppressed by the nobles when subject to Hindu government. Other passages in both these chronicles, each of which was written quite

sing through the

- ME

- FA

S QUE ENSYNDO

ove, p. 36

and are employed as bearers of palanqueens and other domestic servic

above, not

KULLAYI. See p

arvara, the treasurer of the jewels, his estate is described as "bordering on the country of Bisnaga," and as this expression cannot refer to the entire country ruled by the king, it must be taken in a limited sense as applying to the king's own personal lands - his home fa

Nayakka, or subordinate chief of Vijayanagar, had been ruling at that place since 1499. M

.

yakka

akka 1

i (a Tamulia

mmappa Nayak

mayya Nayakk

Nayakka

yyappa Nayak

ayakka Ayyar

e been the first to assume royal titles at Madura. His son, Muttu Virappa (1609 - 1623), is stated, in the narrative of the Portuguese writer Barradas (above, p. 230), to have paid a tribute in A.D. 1616 to the Vijayanagar king at

ain." "Dapatao" may be Devipatnam. "Truguel" seems to have some affinity with Tirukovil. It cannot be the "Truguel" mentioned by Barros and others as one of the fortresses

ove, p. 30

- Uday

- Ko

- Penn

Y represent Gandikota, the termination GIRI, "hill,"

or Siddhavattam,

LO E," &c. Looking at the other lists of troops, it cannot be supposed that this chief had to provide 25,000 horse. It seems more

haps Rachol

Bichol

lsewhere spelt, I.E. Ba

the old name for Hospett, with which it is distinctly identified in other places. This town "on the east" is said, in the sentence referred to, to bear the name "Ardegema," and the locality is hard to determine. "East" of what? If east of Nagalapur be meant, then Ardegema or Ondegema (GEMA probab

"Darguem" suggests "Droog" or "Durgam." The word is applied to a hill-fort, of which there are many in the neighbourhood. One of the m

capital. It is said to have been founded in 1504 by a noble who was c

Uniden

Vijayanagar officer, and contains several sixteenth-century inscriptio

- Mang

Uniden

t used of cotton, and the next sentence sh

Kolar district of Mysore, was in the fifteenth century an important place, a ruling family having been founded here by

- Ca

h Vajra Karur diamond mines are about twenty miles south-west

e note abo

- Mu

- Ra

he Hindu religion

the original, prob

- Te

was certainly

- The

. 1304, when it was acquired by Ala-u

of all the East Indies." Trans

Purchas,

nd Burnell's Dicti