The History of Bread From Pre-historic to Modern Times

the tenants of the manor were bound by custom to have their corn ground at the manor mill, paying a toll to the lord, for the mi

ood reasons for it-one, that the tenants could perform the operation on their own premises; and

mill was a great sore to the inhabitants, and the cause of much litigation, but the holders of the rights always came off the victors. They claimed the right of grinding not only for the town of Wakefield, but for some miles round, including the villages of Horbury, Ossett, Newmillardam, and others; so that115 all the corn use

lled the 'Soke Rate.' The purchase money amounted to about ￡20,000. The same kind of property existed at Leeds and at Bradford; but from neglect on the part of the owners, and

machinery, and other plant necessary for a mill, together with the drying-kilns, mill-dams, lades, weirs, and watercourses requisite for a corn mill involved the expenditure of a considerable sum of money, such as only the baron could find. He, therefore

ize thereof sealed, under a penalty of 6d.' That this toll-taking on the part of millers was occasionally perverted there can be but little doubt, and it was sometimes very severely commented on, as we may see in this passage from a tragedy b

, 681) we have The Miller's Advice

miller who ha

his life was

m all, and as

them he lef

irst for hi

y life is

u this mil

o you inten

id he, "my n

shel I'll t

bushel th

a good li

1

fool," the o

ot well lear

thee I ne'e

toll no ma

or his midd

y life is

ee the mil

o you inten

ys he, "my n

shel I'll t

bushel th

ay a good l

fool," the o

ot learned w

o you I ne'

toll no ma

for his yo

y life is

u this mil

o you inten

d he, "I am y

toll is a

ll a good l

all, and fors

boy," the o

s well learn

thee I'll giv

los'd his eye

he children in Somersetshire, when they have caught a certain kind of

millery! D

s of corn has

1

insect to death on accoun

st have his gir

as a stout car

s of brawn an

el, for over

he wolde have

oldred, brood,

that he ne wolde

t a reunying

any sowe or

ood, as though

right of his

her on stood a

brustles of

les11 blake w

bokeler bar

reet was as a

glere and a

oost of synne

elen corne and

de 'a thombe o

and a blew h

el konde he bl

l he broghte us

connected with the navy knows what the 'purser's thumb' is, from the legend that, when serving out their 119tots of rum to the men, his thumb was invariably inside the measure (doubtless necessitated by the rolling of the old men-of-war), which resulted in

rected so to regulate the machinery of his mill that the meal produced shall be of the most valuable description that the operation of grinding will permit, when performed under the most advantageous circumstances. His profit or his loss, even his fortune or his ruin, depend upon the exact adjustment of all the various parts of the machinery in operation. The miller's ear is constantly directed to the note made by the running-stone in its circular course over the bed-stone, the exact parallelism of their two surfa

ary in different wheats; there can be no standard, because of the difference of the soils on which it grows, a fact which is fully borne

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he International Health Exhibition, London, J

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t, according to their analysis, this wheaten flour, which is the flour

r

en

e Albume

d Starc

Granule

–

0

take the single article of wheat, how the grain varies. Let me now say122

wn, is not a particularly valuable component part; b

an important element in them. In good, sound wheat the starch granules are whole; in sprouted wheat, or that heated by damp, they are rotted, and, conse

a beneficial effect in small quantities, but not in large. Sugar, such as is fo

he plant than to the miller,

ohol. The former makes what is called a 'strong bread,' and the latter acts, in bread-making, on the fo

ium; magnesium ranks next; then lime, silica, phosphate of iron,