The History of Cuba, vol. 3

nt to the first two stipulations laid down by Spain, promptly rejected them. Sickles again took up the matter with the Spanish government, but they st

r a rebuff to the Spaniards, which they did. The attacks of the Spaniards were all unsuccessful, and the Cubans were elated by the certainty that in bravery and resources they were more than a match for the Spanish army, and that, when they were properly equipped they seemed to have the advantage. In these diff

the Spanish blockade and the decrees of the Captain-General, as well as the activities of the United States officials, constantly receiving aid from the United States. This mainly took the form of small expeditions from the southern states. However, at the close of July there arrived a com

the town was completely under their control. When news of this victory reached the Spanish headquarters, a large force was immediately dispatched to dislodge the Cubans, and spies reporting to General Quesada that the Spanish troops sent against him not only largely outnumbered his own, but also were bringing large quantities of heavy artillery with them, he decided that to

e Spanish government to believe that the time had again arrived to temporize; at any rate, severa

ty of rifles and a large amount of ammunition arrived from that stronghold of Cuban sympathizers, New Orleans. Meanwhile General Jordan communicated a request for aid to his compatriots who composed the Cuban Junta in the City of New York. He reported that the Cuban army was composed of twenty six thousand eight hundred men,

they destroyed Spanish holdings, they were not only wreaking vengeance on their tormentors, but they were also reducing the resources which made the prosecution of the war possible. To offset these actions, the Spanish commanders were countenancing the most scandalous conditions, and allowing most wholesale torture and butchery of such luckless patriots as fell into their hands, in which they could have had no motive except to terrorize the Cubans, and to enjoy that peculiar pleasure which they see

nue for Spain from the island, and so, in December, he issued a proclamation calling on all loyal patriots to see that it was made imposs

sions of former Spanish colonies in South America, who were now enjoying their own freedom. As early as May 15, 1869, the

worthy of taking its place with the civilized nations of the world, inspires him with. The Peruvian Government recognizes as belligerents the party which is fighting for the independence of

s subject in Colombia, in June, 1870, when a bill was introduced into the House of Representatives proposing that all the Spanish-American republics form a combination

s fight is the same for which Colombi

uty as a civilized and Christian nation, justify

e liberty and independence of America always have h

States cannot serve as a guid

ay need for this war a

th America the position to which she is called by her topographical situati

and the fact that the bill passed

tion, gaining a little here, and losing there, but always holding before them the j

TER

ell armed troops, who were under the command of efficient officers, and a competent military organization. The movements of the troops we

augmented, for she now had in Cuban waters, in addition to the men-of-war

ad vessel

wooden ste

wooden ste

wooden ste

schooner

boats

merchantm

g gunboa

sport

olship

throughout the world. Connected with it is one of the illustrious names in Cuban history-a name which has been borne by

upon its inception, but had not been accorded a high place in the revolutionary government, or the rank which his ambition craved in the army, because his loyalty had been suspected. Angry and disgruntled, he made an attempt to betray his friends to the Spanish troops. His action was, however, discovered in time, and he was arrested, tried, found guilty and sentenced to d

Cuba cited this as an indication of the weakness of the patriots, and as an augury of their approaching dissolution and of the ultimate triumph of Spain. As a matter of fact, Arango had always been a trouble maker and a potential traitor; he had been characterized by one Cuban officer as a "poor, despised, worthless creature," and it is needle

ban

r as he did in fact but somewhat in advance of that date. Having so many reasons, as I have, to know the country as well as the character and tendencies of its inhabitants; and also what Spain would do and what was to be expected of the people on the Island; knowing moreover the policy of the United States and the effects as well as the consequences that must follow a revolution especially when it was an extemporaneous outburst; and bein

ldren who heedlessly play with a wild beast, in entire ignorance of its nature. The first movement of enthusiasm on the part of the people, and of surprise on the part of the Government gave them the victory at Bayamo; and they at once thought that the Independence of Cuba

nger love of liberty;-that noble aspiration which God has imbued in the hearts of all men. I shared not in these desires, although I did really in their sentiments, but I was rest

nequal a contest. Moreover after studying the revolution and sounding the feelings of the people, I discovered that they did not desire the movement but

ade known to him the untimeliness of the revolution; that if he really desired the welfare of Cuba, this latter consisted in withdrawing from a war that must be ruinous and unsuccessful in the end; that the liberties offered in the Cadiz programme were perhaps even more than would suit Cuba, etc., etc. Cespedes, convinced by my r

eved at this mistake, but without losing heart, and always firm in advancing the prosperity of Cuba, I called a meeting which was held at Clavellinas. There I made known the result of my observations during my trip to Bayamo; and after some discussions, the force of my argume

on. He offered nevertheless to grant effectual ones, so soon as he could obtain the power. He called my attention to this; that whatever the liberties which should be granted to C

g took place at Las Minas; and there as well as at Clavellinas, the majority was not for a continuation of the war but for accepting the Cadiz programme. Had a vote been taken, it is certain that this choice would have carried; but I refrained from calling a vote in order to be consist

association, etc., etc., they dragged along with them the unwary and the inexperienced, who were reluctant enough and who now know their error, as I never wished to force upon anyone (not even on my own brothers) my own ideas, nor to make use of any other means than persuasion, in accordance with re

reason and my conscience reject them. And I believe there is no right, nor law, nor reason to support those

move aside from that government, whose pressure and arbitrariness are such, that it will not even admit neutrality in others. I will not wage war against you; I will not take up arms against you except in perso

ehold the destruction of Cuba and look out merely for my personal safety under the protection of the Spanish government. No, Gentlemen, I would then be a bad patriot, and I love my country before liberty or rather I d

you pretend that you obey the popular will; that you are at the head of government, because the will of the people and popular choice; that you act in unif

and the desire-almost unanimous-to accept the concessions offered by General Dulce, prove sufficiently that th

ic, when the deputies are not elected by the people! On the other hand, the assembly at Puerto Principe was illegally constituted and entirely unauthorized; and, finally, some deputies from the Cinco Villas-the only ones which perhaps held a legitimate representation-met together and formed the actual government, which they s

not according to the will of a few. But nothing of all this is done. Whoever puts forth ideas contrary to those of the government or any of its functionaries, is threatened with four shots, property is a prey to the first comer, who, with arms in hand can take possession of what suits him; t

molition of towns and-what must follow in the end, can there be one sensible man who wil

you judge beneficial for the cause of Cuba; I use only reason, truth and the ir

I am, that over 100,000 men are under arms; that the coasts are well watched, and that the New York Junta lacks resources to send material aid to the Insurrection; aware moreover that the Cuba, the Lillian, the expedition of Goicouria and others are lost resources; that the Insurrection is almost stifled in the East and in the Cinco Villas; that in the Vuelta-Abajo far from there being any secessionists, it is the country people themselves who pursue the insurgents, as has taken place in Guines; knowing as I do that the fami

GO GO

icipant in the Lopez expeditions and other uprisings. He was one of the leaders in the beginning of the Ten Y

I expose my name to the evil-tongued and

the pacification of this beautiful country, and maintain this in the presence of the

at least affirm that I am acting in good faith, having for sole object in view the welfare of my count

mean to impose on any one; merely make them known, inviting all to examine them in every detail, and I am sure that they will follow my example. But if blind to reason and unmindful of the events which for a year and a half have supported my predictions, they persist in a struggle which I believe hopeless, let them keep on, but without extendi

he existing strife is an unqualifiable mistake, and its continuation an unparalleled blindness.... What has bec

de to annihilate him who speaks the truth, who enlightens and never deceives; who instead of speculating on his fellow countrymen and growing rich on the revolution makes use of his own means to succor the masses (let all Yaguajey speak); who never makes use of any pressure to enforce his ideas, who allows himself to be ruined from the neglect of his own interests, in order to give himself up solely to the welfare of his country; does it not show clearly, I say, that the attempt is made only because his adversaries have different p

the war; that the Spanish soldier carries a cartridge-box and wears shoes of rawhide and is short of provisions; that there are no troops nor wil

vor the Cubans in the least efficacious way without failing in national dignity and exposing themselves to a coalition against themselves. That government is too polished and fi

ery week and four thousand hides tanned every month; that the soldier receives for daily ration, beef, sugar, coffee, vegetables and rice at his discretion, tobacco, etc.; that there are many sugar mills grinding for the state; that several warehouses are filled with tobacco, sugar, hides, etc., to the value of many millions of dollars, that the territory which is occupied by the Cubans in insurrection is in a cultivated and producing condition, such as has never before been wit

own at least wherein to locate the government of the republic? Why has he not captured one single port through which to get aid, export the productions of the country to the value of millions, and thus acquire a right to recognition as belligerents? Where are schools? Where are those churches? Have those at Guaimaro and Sibarncu, which were burned by that renowned general been perchance rebuilt? Why are the soldiers unshod or wearing strips of raw hide if there are three t

ceive the country and let them see clearly, so as to prevent Cuba from sinking into the abyss wherein she is intended to be cast. Withal I have not been understood. There has been no lack of someone who, out of exaltation and under pressure of some sad aberration has qualified my conduct as treasona

w that I have always seen farther than they could, and more clearly, that all my predictions have been fulfilled; that I have been alone in maintaining energetically my principles; bearing up against al

aved the lives of many, without distinction of nationality; to have respected always the property of others, and never have let my hand touch the incendiary torch, to forward pacification, when I know that

been opposed to speaking out in public? Why did it oppose the country's acceptance, when so close, of General Dulce's concessions? Why does it persecute to death whoever tries to separate himself from said government without having any intention

mple of what I state. I presented myself to the Captain-General who received me in such a way as to prove by his manner alone, his good wishes; even if these were not confirmed by the conduct which he followed in the Villas and wherever he has

veil over the past. Let us look to the future of

ho have sought my death and wanted my blood. I forgive all who, directly or indirectly have offended me, of whatever nation or condi

r make of this beautiful Island-the Pearl of the Antilles-the Pearl also of the world. Cubans, I await you, and the undeserved consideration shown to me by the first authority of Cuba

leon

28th,

e also the extraordinary sentiments e

n and Cuba it had, of course, by its own action during the Civil War, definitely arrayed itself against slavery wherever it existed, and it now, throu

them, even before the United States government had definitely taken up the matter with Spain. He was nothing if not an opportunist, and he, therefore, o

l Government of th

ec

865, I think fit to extend by decree of the 21st of September, ultimo, declaring exemption from dependency on the go

expeditions, will present them in the Secretary's office of this superior government within the period

on in the periodicals of their respective jurisdictions, so that it may come to the

lero d

February

ce to the government, an effort, of course, to induce the former servants of patriots to betray their masters and the Cuban army into the hands of the Spaniards. To disguise the baldness of this attempt at corruption, he also included a provision, freeing all sl

, acquiring its name from the Spanish Minister of Colonies, whose signature was one of many signed to the document, and who is reported to h

l Government of th

, under date of July 4th ultimo, the following law, which ha

e kingdom, by the will of the sovereign Cortes, t

tes of the Spanish nation does here

mothers, born after the publicat

nd the time of the publication of this law, are acquired by the st

ree. All those are equally recognized as free as shall have been so declared by the superior government of Cuba, by virtue of its jurisdiction. The state sh

ined the age of sixty years are declared free, without any indemnification to their

or who for any other cause are at present under the control of the s

ticles 1 and 2, shall remain under the control of the owners of the

sickness, giving them primary instruction, and the education necessary to carry on an art or trade. The person exercising the aforesaid control acquired all the rights of

of a freedman. Of these wages, one half shall be paid to him at once, and the other half shall be r

s, the freedman shall acquire the full control of h

ver fourteen years and males over eighteen years old; second, by a proved bad treatment on the part of the guardian or his noncomp

mate or illegitimate parents who are free shall be permitted to assume the control of their children by the payment to the guardian of the

in the space of one month from the publication of this

trol is confined to protecting them, defending them and furnishing them the means of gaining a livelihood, withou

s, as well as in that of the freed persons being unable to maintain themselves by reason of physical disability, it shall be the duty of the said former masters to feed them, clothe them, and care for them in sickness. This duty shall be a concomitant of the right to employ th

the control of his former master, the latter shall no longer

mnifications made necessary by the present law, by means of a tax upon tho

icted by the tribunals of justice, will bring with it as a consequ

ication of the benefits of this law shall be p

drawn up in the Island of Porto Rico the 31st of December, 1869, and in that which will h

all make a special regulation

very after the establishment of this law. Meantime this emancipation is carried into effect; the penalty of the whip, authorized by chapter 13 of the regulations for Port

s the foregoing is reported to the Regent o

iz Zorilla

nos y Persi, D

ez Ruano, Dep

er Carratala, D

uiz, Deput

he Cortes, J

ther authorities of whatsoever class or position, to obey the same an

rrano, Minist

o Moret y

fonso, Ju

Article 20, and having received the sense in which said document is to be drawn up, I have ordered the ex

ero de

Sept. 2

subjects, and they had little cause to have faith in either her good will or her good intentions, and much more cause to believe that her action was intended as a sop to the Government at Washington, an attempt to "pull the wool

tion to support themselves. If they were reluctant to start life alone and either by timidity or by coercion remained with their masters, the latter were at liberty to pay them or not, and when a Spanish planter had the option of obtaining labor free rather than paying for it, there was not much room for doubt as to what course he would pursue. The whipping post was abolished, but the Cubans were too busy with other matters

in's action so long afterward was like opera bouffe, or rather a grimly amusing anti-climax. As a matter of fact the Moret law remained a dead letter, u

d her cruelties against the unprotected Cuban planters, and not only burned and pillaged, but subjected all captives to the most revolting and sickening cruelties, gouging out eyes, cutting out tongues, crucifying and hanging men by their hands. Probably the atrocities practiced by the Spaniards

y to victory, at Najassa, against a force of Spaniards under General Puello. The Spanish losses w

the Volunteers, and they exerted their power against him, finally effecting his resignation and the elevation

AS AZ

s home was the resort of the literary and artistic world. Papers read at his receptions by eminent men were published in two volumes unde

least, all officials who were offensive to the Cubans were to be removed from office. Of course, these instructions were confidential, because of the offense which they would have given the powerful Volunteers. The United States, however, did not undertake to transmit the proposed terms to the insurgents, and finally Azcarate undertook to do so on his own initiative. He had little faith in the fate which his proposal might meet, should it be transmitted through Spanish sources in Cuba and its terms be divulged to the Volunteers. He doubted whether it would ever reach President Cespedes. He therefore decided to transmit it by special messenger, for this purpose choosing Juan Clemente Zenea, a man in whose discretion and resourcefulness he had the greatest faith. To make the journey safe for his envoy, he obtained from the Spanish minister at Washington a safe conduct for Zenea, ordering the military and naval authorities of Cuba, as well as the Volunteers, to afford safe passage to Don Juan Clemente Zenea "into and out of any port on the Island of Cuba." Zenea reached President Cespedes without accident

LEMENT

Cuban independence claimed his chief attention. From his seventeenth year he was incessantly engaged in revolutionary conspiracies, in Havana and in New Orleans and New York. In 1868, he went to New York whe

le. The Cuban government was not to be thus easily lured from their attempts to secure the one thing which was to them paramount, the real object for which they had made so many sacrifices, the absolute independence of the Island. Moreover, even were the promise made under the guarantee of the United States Government, the Cubans could not be convinced of the good faith of Spain, or that when once they had abando

ured to extract their confessions; the right of trial was at this time almost entirely dispensed with, and victims of Spanish wrath were put to death without an opportunity to defend themselves, and executed in ways which are usually associated with the most barbarous savageness. So glaring did these outrages become that General Cespedes undertook to write a letter to the Spanish Government at Madrid concerning them, although why, knowing the character of his opponents as he did, he should have entertained

everal offensive acts, which could not be known without causing offense to the civilized world. From the time when the standard of Independence was raised in Cuba, unworthy motives have been attributed to our contest. We shall not explain the justice of the Cuban Revolut

ns of an intelligent people, and, therefore, it cannot be justly imposed u

e popular rising of September, made worse, we might

ves prevent their government from being more explicit in so delicate a matter, but it is certain that only taking into consideration the results of

ies, have converted a question of ideas into a question of petty personal interest; wresting the authority from those delegates of that government, and imposing their caprices like laws; giving an indecoro

very painful to us, and to the g

eside in the territories of the Republic, by depriving them of all they possess, burning their habitations, and have even gone several times so far as to

rcedes Mora de Mola; the children, Adrina Mola, aged twelve, Agnela Mola, aged eight, and Mercedes Mola, aged two years. The horror which is produced by crimes of such enormity, above all in the minds of those who are

he Supreme Government of a nation, in which the spirit

rating forces have on several occasions demanded in vain from the opposing chiefs a proper method of conducting the war, we now ask the Supreme Government of the Spanish nation to enter into arrangements to protect the lives of the prisoners, and secure the inviolability of the individuals w

dispatch, that it may come to th

ers of the

anuel de

of the Cub

ry 24,

but its influence in restraining the further perpetration of outrages, or in produci

t any rate, the United States issued a rebuke to Spain for the indignities inflicted on American citizens in Cuba, and backed up this communication with

January 19, General Cornelio Porro proved disloyal to the cause of freedom, and in company with some other supposed patriots, entered Puerto Principe and surrendered to the Spanish Government, while at the end of the month, Eduardo Machado, the Secretary of the Cuban House of

these men were traitors, loyal supporters of the cause of freedom were well rid of them; that the strength of an organization is like that of the proverbial chain, and that it becomes shorter but immeasurably stronger by the removal of the weak links. Whether they were sustained by any such comforting philosophy or not, the defection of Porro and Machado did not for

IO AG

independence. Immediately upon the outbreak of the revolution at Yara in 1868 he took the field and showed himself a born leader of men. He was made Secretary of the Revolutionary government, signed the Emancipation act and the Cuban Constitution, and then returned to active work in the field. As Major

PTE

her to sign a final manifesto of abdication. The government itself, however, was far from strong, and was unable to stand against strong opposition in the Cortes. It was shortly overthrown by a vote of that body, and a monarchical form of government was

had been extended to its Cuban subjects. The Volunteers promptly took oath to support the monarchy, and denounced the republican constitution. They embraced this as a favorable opportunity to further an end of their own. They had long suspected the Bishop

ry, and it was reported to the authorities that one of them had been heard, while standing near the tomb of Castanon, to make remarks derogatory to the dead Colonel. This information was given by a Spanish soldier, who claimed to have overheard the conversation, and when it was repeated to a Spanish judge, the accusation was added that the boy's companions had defaced the glass which closed the Castanon tomb. The Volunteers immediately pounced upon the happening, as a delightful opportunity to chastise and punish the members of wealthy families in Havana who were suspected of aiding and abetting the revolution. The power of the Captain-General was invoked, and forty-three students were arrested and brought to trial. They were ably defended by a Spanish officer, Se?or Capdevilla, and he made such a good case for their innocence that they were acquitted. The Volunteers, however, were not satisfied. Injustice had in some manner miscarried, how they could not conceive, and justice had triumphed. Such things would not do in dealing with Cubans. They made a vigorous appeal to the Captain-General, and obtained from him an order for assembling a second court martial, and this time they saw to it that their own body was well repr

d similar outrages committed or incited by the Volunteers swelled the list of those who were in sympathy with a speedy release for Cub

ront of this place, by the Spanish Volunteers of Havana, t

e la Campa, Jose

e Latorre, Eladi

uiz Perez, Ana

rde, Carlo

his tablet is dedicated, t

was taken prisoner, as was General Figueredo, and in August these two loyal patriots who had so ably supported the revolution, and the former of whom had been the brains of the army, were executed by the Spaniards. The deepest gloom filled the hearts of the Cuban leaders, and their discouragement is the only explanation which can be offered of what followed, when a force of Cubans, who had been operating in the central part of the island, under General Agramonte, deserted, and approaching the Spanish authorities, agreed to lay dow

my vacant, and General Modeste Diaz was elected to that office. An official repo

rps of

Chief, Genera

e Cuba; Major-General

mander Locali

. Jesus Per

. Prado B

illermo Monca

Pacheco Gua

ixto Garcia

al

in-General Comman

mander Locali

. Herrero

Inclan

al

o-General Command

mander Locali

N. Garrido M

s Figuered

al

rmy Corps of

rps of

hief, General

nas-General Comman

mander Locali

cente Garcia

ncisco Vega

al

y-General Commandin

mander Locali

La Rosa Gua

nte Porro Gua

spinosa Guai

anuel Suarez

tonio Rodrigu

al

rmy Corps of

ps of La

ef, Major-Genera

of

General Commanding,

itus, General Com'ding,

a, General Commanding,

, General Commanding,

General Commanding, Br

otal of Las

Total

immediately attacked by the Spanish. The battle was hotly contested for four hours and ended in a victory for the Cubans. The Spanish losses included arms and ammunition which were eagerly appropriated by the conquerors. A few days later, a Spanish force renewed the attack, advancing fifteen hundred strong against the men under Gomez, and again they went down to

ied with ammunition, even though, with plenty of supplies, their position at La Cabana del Estribo might have been considered an advantageous one. But with the odds so greatly against them, the Cubans killed five Spaniards, and wounded forty others, among whom was Pedro Popa, one of those who had turned traitor to the cause of the revolution. But the Spaniar

t him. He sent a company of infantry to meet them, and an engagement ensued which lasted for over an hour. The Spaniards retreated to

ay a company from the same division of the Cuban army had an engagement with a hundred and fifty Spanish cavalry, and put them to flight. The Cubans pursued them, and forced them to

g accomplished this feat, Major Dominguez's soldiers raided a nearby estate, which was owned by Tomas Ramirez, another of those who had turned traitor. All the buildings on this plantation were set on fire, and razed to the gr

es. This same band of patriots a little later encountered a company of fifty Spaniards, who were driving a herd of cattle toward El Huinilladero. They opened fire, and dis

e dislodged from their trenches, and fled into a nearby wood. The Cubans followed, forcing the Spaniards into the open, and, after a brief engagement, put them to rout. One Spaniard was captured, and he gave information that

t after another, with victory first with the Spaniards and then with the Cubans, but the results were not of moment to either of the belligerents. The Cubans were not able to marshal a sufficiently large or well equipped force to venture a decisive battle, and so kept up an annoying guerrilla warfare. Late in the month they advanced to the outskirts of Santiago, destroying all plantations which lay along the line of march, and defeated the Volunteers in an unimportant engagement. Perhaps the most serious defeat that they inflicted on the Spanish at this ti

kfast near Malangas. The Spaniards largely outnumbered the Cubans, but the attack was so sudden that th

tioned. He divided his men and concealed them at different points along the road over which the Spaniards must pass. Six Volunteers and one regu

XTO

hen Gomez himself marched westward. After six years of almost incessant and victorious fighting, he was surprised and surrounded at San Antonio de Baja, when, rather than be captured, he placed the muzzle of a pistol in his mouth and fired. The bullet pierced the roof of his mouth and came out at the centre of his forehead. The Spaniards then took him to a military hospital and, respe

but in the end the Cubans were victorious, and gained control of the major portion of the town and its fortifications. Many houses were burned, and two hundred Spaniards lay dead in the streets. General Garcia then retreated, carrying with hi

as in a constant state of uproar and confusion. Attack and counter-attack followed in

ain Ferral y Mongs. So the war continued, the whole country witnessing the destruction of plantations, the burning of buildings, the pillaging of villages, and loss

prolonged without their gaining a victory which seemed to bring the end nearer, the weaker spirits began to despair and there was dissension and an undercurrent of revolt among the common soldiers. In vain the leaders tried to put heart into their forces, and desertions became alarmingly common. The reductions in numbers compelled the Cuban leaders more and more to resort to guerrilla warfare. Thi

be banished, and all negro women would be returned to their owners, and condemned to wear chains for a period of four years. However, prior to that date, only if four days distant, the leaders or any of the soldiers would lay down their arms and announce their allegiance to Spain, the

PTE

e, Santiago and Guantanamo. Engagements in the vicinity of these places had been frequent, and

ope to put down the rebellion. However, during all this time Spain had been struggling against disturbances at home of no mean dimensions, and early in the year 1872 she was to endure another revolution, and the abdication of Amadeus, followed once more by a republican form of government. Records compiled by both sides prove that the war continued during the year 1872 with the same persistence, unchanged in character, and apparently no nearer a decision. The Spanish g

uban troops, succeeded in taking Sagua de Tanamo by storm. In this same month aid came from the Unite

ion the strong resistance which the Cubans were still able to offer, and which they intended to continue until Spain granted them independence. Truly the war might end at once, but Spain would end it not by f

emselves with the knowledge that the Spanish killed and wounded totaled a much greater number, for while the Cubans had only fifty killed and less than a hundred wounded, the Spanish left dying on the battle field more than four times as many as the Cuban

o the Cubans; and when Spanish reinforcements arrived, they too were routed and put to flight. But this was offset by the fact that General Inclan, one of the

, and suffered a downfall in consequence. On July 15 he was recalled, and General C

ntly they purported to discover grave disloyalty among the members of some of the well known Cuban families. This was the signal and the excuse for a wholesale slaughter of innocent un

at Jacksonville, Florida, where there were many who were friendly to the Cuban patriots, and adopted a resolution, denouncing the action of the Spanish authorities in Cuba as cruel and inhuman, and calling upon Congress to pass the necessary legislation to make it possible for the United States government to extend such aid t

the patriots, when on December 20 they stormed and took Hol

ts-and a large number taken prisoner" while "sixty-nine thousand six hundred and forty were in submission to the government; our thousand eight hundred a

ain, with the idea that Spain needed the co-operation of her colonies to bring about the permanence of the new government, which it was represented would result in a fair and equitable Spanish rule in Cuba. These overtures were promptly rejected, and the patriots made preparations to continue their struggle, adhering with tenac

d on the occasion of one successful engagement captured a number of horses which were turned over to General Agramonte for his cavalry regiment. This was one of the best organized regiments in the army, and had do

he Spanish insular government, and Don Candido Pi

tried and found guilty, and removed from office. By this action, a great injustice was done to a man whose sole thought was the good of his country, and who had given his best endeavors in its service. His removal was a hard blow to the cause of the Republic, because it gave the enemy notice of dissension among the patriots, placed the republican government in a bad light in the eyes of the rest of the world, and lost to the Cuban cause a loyal and efficient leader. General Cespedes accepted without complaint the will of the Assembly, and took leave of

CISNEROS

onfined for a time in Morro Castle. He was one of the leaders of the Ten Years' War from its beginning, participated in the making of the Constitution, and succeeded Cespedes as President of the Revolutionary government. Old as he was, he eagerly joined in the War

untry. Cespedes had been the only one of the Cuban leaders who had really made a study of civil government, and who was thus qualified for the position of President. While Cisneros was a man of fine education, a

traband supplies to the insurgents. She was under the command of Captain Fry, an American citizen, and a veteran of the Civil War, in which he had served on the side of the Confederates. The vessel was manned by American and British seamen, and flew the American flag. In October, 18

effect a landing with his supplies and his men, some of whom were going to Cuba to fight with the patriots, gave up the endeavor and endeavored to escape to British waters at Jamaica; but the Tornado soon overhauled the Virginius and took her with her passengers and crew, numbering one hundred and seventy. When capture seemed inevitable, an attempt was m

de Cuba, N

lency, the Ca

arnbeta, General of Division; Pedro Cespedes, Commanding General of Cienfuegos; General Jesus Del Sol; and Brigadier-General Washington Ryan. The executions took place in the presence of the entire corps of

en, were sentenced to death. The sentence was promptly executed, despite the earnest and urgent official protests of the American and British consuls of Havana and their demands for at least a decent delay of proceedings to enable them to consult their governments and to have interviews with the con

o his slayers, and with his latest breath spoke words of comfort and cheer to his comrades. The other victims of that day's slaughter were James Flood, mate; J. C. Harris, John N. Boza, B. P. Chamberlain, William Rose, Ignacio Due?as, Antonio Deloyo, Jose Manuel Ferran, Ramon La Wamendi, Eusebio Gariza, Edward Day, Francisco S. Trujillo, Jack Williamson, Porfirio Corbison, Pedro Alfaro, Thomas Gregg, Frank Good, Paul Plumer, Barney Hewals, Samuel Card, John Brown, Alfred Hosell, W. F

ero, Francisco Rivera (otherwise Augustin Santa Rosa, an active patriot), Oscar Varona, Justus Consuegra, and William S. Valls-12 in all; making with the 35 and the Captain of the day before, and the four of November 4, the total of 52. But even this wholesale slau

it was no affair of Sir Lambton's, since there were no British subjects among the men. This latter statement was false, though Sir Lambton did not know it, and may have thought it true. But Sir Lambton knew his business. He curtly replied that the nationality of the prisoners did not enter into his consideration of the affair; he was there to stop the butchery, and the butchery must stop. The Spanish general retorted hotly that he was not yet under British rule, and that until he was he would take his

TIAGO

storms and affording room for vast fleets to ride at anchor. One of the largest and finest of these is at the old capital, Santiago; so large that a scene upon its waters appe

urpose of serving in the revolution. It does not include those who were bound for the island on l

pedes Man

Alexandro

z Felix

de Porra

rero Man

deo Jos

rdo Jose An

Gonzales R

aez Igna

varez Jose

ango Fel

ndez Franc

irez Evarist

tin Baltran

Bello Ant

des Franci

nchez Si

Reriz Car

rado Anto

tel Enri

lvo Indale

Varona Do

alas Carlo

alazar Os

suegra Alf

io Lamar A

sta Franci

lazara Sal

tellanos Ra

Calvo Ca

Sol Cam

nal Emil

brera Ama

Tapia Manue

Rivera An

everria Lu

ren Ped

aez Mig

dive Patri

yala Manu

odrigue L

ivero Ca

Valls Ramon

enses Jose

yan Phili

Curtis S

Sidney R

ter Willia

nto Geo

rujillo G

oldo

engers and sailors and deliver them safely to an American warship at Santiago, and to punish all Spanish officials who had acted illegally. There remained the supposed outrage to the American flag, which the Virginius was flying when she was fired upon and seized. The Spanish government agreed to make amends by saluting the American flag at Santiago on Christmas Day, provided it could be proved that the Virginius had a right to carry it. But as a matter of fact the vessel had no such right. The Attorne

oth sides. They were equally matched, each belligerent having about three thousand men in the field. The Cubans were victorious, and they lo

e accuracy of the data. Following this is a list of four thousand six hundred and seventy-two prisoners, captured by the Spaniards, who had simply dropped out of sight, and whose fate had never been determined. Next there is a record of one hundred and ninety-one men who had been garrotted. There are the names of eighty-four men who had been court-martialled in accordance with the decree of February 12, 1869, and under orders from the Captain-General; then the names of five men condemned for life to hard labor in the chain gang of the penal colony of Ceuta; the names of five others who had been given the same sentence for a period of ten years, twenty sentenced for eight years, and one for six years. After this is a list of men condemned to the chain gang, place unknown, five for ten years, two for eight years, seventeen for six years, three for four years, and one hundred and fifty-eight from two to eight ye

iots expressing sympathy for their cause, and a desire to fight for independence, their services were accepted and in every instance they proved to be spies, who furnished the Spanish leaders with valuable information and delivered their Cuban comrades into the hands of the enemy. It was alleged that up to August, 1869, the Cuban leaders adhered to their policy of fair and decent treatment of their captives, and when they learned of the brutal conduct of the Spaniards, General Quesada addressed a message to General Lesca, and endeavored to effect a mutual agre

"Book of Blood," an account from the Spanish journal "Dia

General Puello. Two days before the one appointed by this gallant general to commence his march, he sent a messenger to Captain Troyano with the news of his advance. The bearer of the news was arrested, however, and search

shot as traitors and not as prisoners of war. Another Spanish officer, Don Domin

are shot monthly in this jurisdiction. Myself al

y from Jesus Rivacoba, an

he thirteen that we shot the first day were found three sons and their father; the father witnessed the execution of his sons without even changing color, and when his turn came he said he died for the independence of h

r of the Volunteers,

and, because we shoot all those we find in

orses, ditto; if hogs, ditto; men, women and children, ditto; as to the houses, we burn them; so everyo

nded. On December 2, the battle of Palo Seco occurred. Seven hundred patriots under General Gomez were arrayed against a thousand Spaniards. A lively fight took place, and the Spaniards were put to flight in such disorder that they abandoned their wounded, their arms and their impediments. They lost several officers and two hundred common soldiers, while the Cubans captured seventeen officers, one

PTE

s on a larger scale than the majority of those which had preceded it. At Naranjo, on January 4, two thousand Cubans under General Gomez were victorious over four thousand Spaniards, and the Cuban losses were

rs in gold in lieu of compliance with this decree. He antagonized the Volunteers, who considered themselves of much finer quality than the Spanish common soldiers, by demanding that one-tenth of their number be allotted to and placed under the command of the regular army. T

astisement to the forces under General Arminan, who had taken up his position at Guasimas, and who was forced to make his escape to Puerto Principe, abandoning his command, all of whom were killed, wounded or taken prisoner. In all the history of the war no such victory had ever before been won. The battle had r

resigned his office, and again Don José de la Concha returned to take charge of Spanish affairs in Cuba. Now Concha had been persona non grata with the Volunteers and he was not received by them with great enthusiasm. He

ficers, a large number of these casualties being due to sickness caused by unsanitary conditions, while Spain had spent over one hundred million dollars in her ineffective efforts to put down the

fought until the year had about reached its close, when Gomez suffered a severe defeat at Puerto Principe, which is believed to hav

ushing, then United States minister to Madrid, containing the following i

inging to an end a disastrous and destructive conflict, and of restoring peace in the island of Cuba. No government is more deeply interested in the order and peaceful administration of this island than is the United States, and none has suffered as the United States

octrine, so sacred to all the traditions of American diplomacy, when he directed that a copy of this letter be forwarded to Gener

been raging for seven years in the neighboring island of Cuba. While conscious that the insurrection has shown a strength and endurance which made it at least doubtful whether it be in the power of Spain to subdue it, it se

ad increased; that Spanish had had under the most jealous and watchful care, as regards the safety of their person and property, all American citizens who were engaged in business ventures on the island, and that most of them were

States, to end the Cuban war, stating that it was doubtful whether Spain would accept any terms that c

tnesses; that could they be lured into the open, Spain had a sufficient force in the field promptly to defeat them. It was further intimated that the Creoles were tiring of the insurrection and that it was now being supported mainly by negroes, mulattoes, Chinese

ly in the year 1876 asked that it attempt to bring about an understanding with the insurgents. Hamilton Fish, who was still Secretary of State, r

a full, friendly and liberal understanding and interpretation of al

and the establishment of a government suited to the spirit and necessities of the age, liberal in its prov

ffectual emancip

nd the removal of the obstructions now ex

ril 16, making a specific answer to

t with all the stipulations of the existing treaties, and giving to them a perfect, frien

essary, to change in a liberal sense the régime hitherto followed in the is

jesty recognizes and unreservedly proclaims that slavery neither can nor ought to be maintained in any of

nding to the furthest possible limit all commercial facilities, and causing the disappearance of all t

ttempts at intervention, and for th

es, had largely replaced the great Cuban patriots, and their idea was not so much separation from Spain and conquest of the enemy as plunder. Property was no longer respected, the once prosperous island was fast becoming desolate, and on every hand deserted and ruined plantations were covered with weeds, where once had been wide cultivated fields. The insurgents were a motley array of men, of many races, and of varied co

le to send over, during the first year of King Alfonso's reign, twenty-four thousand, four hundred and forty-five soldiers, while her naval force included forty-five vessels, equipped with one hundred and thirty-two guns, and manned by two thousand four hundred and twenty-six men. Besides this, over ten thousand men were on the high seas to reinforce the Spanish army. The disorganized, ragged, weary, badly fed Cuban forces, with the lawless element which now unhappily predominated among them had small c

regular intervals. In October, General Martinez Campos-one of the ablest soldiers and statesmen in Spain-was appointed Captain-General of Cuba and commander of the army, and he sailed from Spain to take over his command, accompanied by fourteen thousand men. Deter

sly been occupied by the revolutionists. The time seemed favorable for a settlement of the difficulties in a manner which, while offering a few concessions to the Cubans, might still be greatly to the advantage of Spain. To the Captain-General this seemed the proper occasion for some nice diplomacy,

ubernatively by this Government for political motives are hereby rescinded,

ll also be raised. There will, however, be excepted from the favor of disembargo the property of backsliding insurgents and that of the leaders of the insu

entes') who have since died, shall also be released from embargo, and deliv

s owners or holders shall not sell, assign, transfer or burden it in any manner unti

s applied toward the expenses of the war, unless otherwise provided for, an

o shall either have the right to make reclamation for any loss or inju

ernors of the island to effect the same in each case, to those comprised in this decree, whose property is situated within their respecti

under way against infidentes shall be forwarded

y sentence of competent tribunals, his Majesty's Government

ce of the Secretary of this General Government, that the foregoi

date of the decree. Every new state and all new property acquired in cities or villages of the central and oriental departments will have the same privilege. All industries and commerce in said departments n

return to the Cuban lines and persuade the other officers to join them in submission to Spanish authority, they were tried by court-martial and sentenc

d the Cubans, and Captain-General Campos the Spanish government. On February 15, 1

d administrative laws enjoyed by Por

r are serving sentences within or without the island. Amnesty to all deserters from the Spanish army, regardless of nationali

ic coolies and for the slaves w

remain under the authority of the Spanish government shall be compelled to ren

e island shall be permitted to do so, and the Spanish government shall provide him wit

ke place in uninhabited spots, where beforehand

e articles of capitulation, the commander-in-chief of the Spanish army shall furnish them free t

partment shall be deemed to have been made with all the d

icers; the inclusion of the war debt in the public estimates of the island; the dissolution of the Volunteer Corps of Havana, and the organization of a new militia to be composed alike of Cubans and Spaniards; a representation of the island in the Cortes; a r

retained the title of "President of the Republic," and the House of Representatives continued, until 1869, to meet somewhere in the wilderness. General Campos made a bid for popular favor, and went on record as advocating a peace which would

a bond of common interests between Spain and her Cuban provinces, and that this bond

s, but put on an equality with other Spaniards in eve

and more advanced morally and materially than her sister, Porto Rico, should remain without the advantages and liberties long ago planted in the latter with good results; and the spirit of the age, and the decision of the country gradually to assimilate the colonies to the Pe

was in it something conditional, which I think a danger, a motive of distrust, and I have wished that it might disappear. Nothing assures me that the present ministr

set forth in this condition; but even had this been done it would have been but a brief postponement, because those liberties are destined to come for the reasons already given, with the difference that Spain now s

ere more vague, even though the fulfillment of this promise were begun, these people would have the right t

n this pitiless war, and the cry of peace that will resound in the hearts of the eighty thousand mothers who ha

anted representation in the Cortes, while a second decree was promulgated at Puerto Principe declaring the freedom of all slaves who had been born since the enactment of the measure of February 10, 1869, on the condition that within a month they presented themselves to the authorities for the proper legal procedure. Spain had so frequently gone on record, particularly in her efforts to enlist the sympathy of the United States Government, that she would, immediately on a determination of the war in her favor, declare the abolition of slavery, that she could

following table of their losses

in Field

35,57

47,24

55,35

58,70

52,50

62,57

63,21

78,09

0,245

81,70

,0

TER

ferent from what they had been before the revolution. The struggle had, however, given the Cubans less fear of their tyrant. They had demonstrated that they were able for ten years to keep up an armed resistance against their oppressors, and one which had occasioned Spain a great loss of life, and of property, and had caused her rulers to have many unpleasant hours, struggling with vexing problems. Those who had a

ed, the proposed constitution of the latter forming the basis for the platform

political questions, the right of freedom in religious worship, the removal of the restrictions which had been placed on the press, and the right of petition. It also provided for the protection of the homes and property of loyal Cubans, and for the right of correspondence without censorship or interference from the Spanish authorities. It stood for improvements in the criminal law, which would make it impossible for the crimes which had been so prevalent to be committed further against the persons and property of those who were in sympathy with the liberation o

y unscrupulous Spanish officials, so that they might be used as a club for protesting Creoles. The platform of the Union Constitutionalists further stood for the enactment of special laws for Cuba, which would be peculiarly suited to her needs, including protection for the various industries

s a matter of conjecture whether if the leaders of this movement had prolonged the life of the potential party, it would have long survived active Spanish opposition. This platform provided for free trade, free banks,

nd that the Spaniards so greatly outnumbered them, that the Cuban vote counted for nothing, and Spain still held complete power. This was the more regrettable and exasperating, since the Cubans so far as they were permitted to do so sent men of the hi

r dissatisfaction. In fact the war had never ceased, for soon after the signing of the treaty, as soon as Spain had shown her hand, Calixto Garcia assembled a small band of rebels, and continued to harass the Spanish in guerrilla warfare, taking up h

were reinforced by large numbers of runaway slaves-those who had demanded their liberty and had had their request denied. The insurgents took advantage of the disturbed condition of the country and sought to turn the general situation to their advantage. They hid in the mountains, in dense woods, and in wild places, and descended wherever and whenever they could pillage and burn witho

ILVERI

veral judicial and other public offices. He was at one time a Senator in the Spanish Cortes, from Camaguey. His chief interest was in the advancement of the educational and economic welfare of the island, and on subjects relating thereto he wrote a number of important works. He wrote a Biography of

peditions from the United States, with men and arms and ammunitions. But he was disappointed, and the government retaliated by making wholesale arrests of all persons, particularly blacks, who were under the slightest suspicion of sympathy with the rebellion. Three hundred and fifty bl

material prosperity of the colony. If Spain did not keep her promises with Cuba in a position to protest, it was a foregone conclusion that the action contemplated by the manifesto would not be productive of leniency in the government of the island, and it is not difficult to imagine with what wrath and consterna

rights of citizenship, and the rights of free speech, free press and assembly, and representation. This was promptly modified on the very day of its enactment by the promulgation of the order of January 7, 1879,

ernment proceeded to ignore. The Spanish consul notified the English authorities that the fugitives must be returned to Spain, and suggested as a method which would be productive of the least trouble that at a time and place agreed upon they be sent across the border, whereupon the Spanish authorities could apprehend them without difficulty and the controversy would be happily ended. Through some misapprehension on the part of the

tes, she gained her independence, one of petty persecutions, and retaliation by continuous uprisings, small in character but in

, and a large number of other Cubans, who were merely under suspicion of complicity, were executed without trial. One of the leaders, General Vidal, was banish

ept the Creoles from the participation in the government which Spain had so glibly promised them. One of the interesting methods to prevent the voting of the poor in Cuba was the prohibition under a law passed on December 12, 1892,

for the most part education was a privilege which belonged only to the wealthy. It was not until 1883 that there existed schools of learning similar to high schools. I

h troops, and the wharfs and warehouses were placed under heavy guard. After an investigation had been started a number of merchants whose business was importing confessed that they had been doing business in a way which deprived the government of certain revenues and asked permission to c

oportions that martial law was declared in over a hundred towns and villages. Incendiarism was rife, not only were planters robbed and murdered, but their possessions were pillaged, their fields were laid waste and their buildings were burned. Sanitary conditions on the island were so bad that in the months of December, 1887, and of January and February, 1880, two thousand cases of smallpox were reported. This, of course, covered

ets. While this system lasted, there was an accession of material prosperity in Cuba. But upon its repeal, due to a change of politics in the United States government, pros

nacio Maria del Castillo. His administration endured for three years, and was replaced in 1886 by that of General Emilio Calleja y Isasi, who gave place the next year to Saba Marin. Another change occurred on March 13, 1889, when Manuel de Salamanca y Negrete took office. He served for less than a year, being succeeded on February 7, 1890, by General J. Chinchilla. To the latter must be accorded the distinction of having the shortest term of all, for on June 10 follo

TER

y a new occasion, the greatest thus far in all its history since the landfall of Columbus. It was perhaps only partially realized at first, and it took many years for the complete realization to dawn upon the universal popular mind. But even before the realization came, the Cu

IPE

t city because of political conditions and returned to Cuba to devote himself to ichthyology and entomology. He published a monumental work on "Cuban Ichthyology," and others on "Cuban Lepidopteres," "

rovidence has given to the French the empire of the land, to the English that of the sea, to the Germans that of-the air!" It was a fine conception, as true then as it would be untrue to-day. In a significant sense the same shrewd observation is apt to the situation of Cuba a hundred years ago. Spain held control of the mate

annihilated by the infatuated imperialism of Napoleon or by the reactionary movement which prevailed for a time after his fall. It was felt, and it prevailed, in North and Central and South America, from the Golden Gate to the Strait of Magellan; and

ss between Cuba and the Thirteen Colonies in North America just before the Revolution in that country. It will be recalled that down to a few months, perhaps even weeks, before the Declaration of Independence in 1776, very few American leaders contemplated independence. The war which they had begun at Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill was not a war of secession, but a civil war intended merely to secure for Britis

IO BA

ve his best attention to valuable treatises on Cuban history, industry, agriculture, economics, administration, and law. He was one of the foremost authorities and writers on Cuban and

forced would have marked an epoch in the history of the rights of man. They sympathized with and exulted in these things, and hoped for their extension in Cuba. It was only when they sadly realized that these things, even if gained for Spain, were not for Cuba, and

ARíA H

an freedom in the "Soles y Rayos de Bolivar" he was compelled to flee to the United States, whence he presently went to Mexico and there spent the remainder of his life, holding places of high rank and importance. He was at once advocate, soldier, trav

e love of liberty. The younger Heredia established himself in the city of Matanzas, as a successful lawyer. But already he had written many poems, chiefly of freedom. They were in praise of Spain, and of the Spanish aspirations for liberty which were manifested in the Constitution of 1812. Indeed, never did Heredia commit himself against Spain, harshly as he was treated by her. But the poems which he had written in glorification of the Peninsular struggles for liberty against Napoleon and against the Bourbons were recognized by his countrymen to be equally applicable to the Cuban struggle against Spain, which was alre

o English by William Cullen Bryant. These are his "Ode to Niagara," Which ranks among the greatest poems ever written by any poet on that theme; his "Ode to the Hurricane"; and a sonnet addressed to his wife. It is with his political and patriotic poems, however, that we are now most concerned, and of them it may be said that seldom have the aspirations of a people for

hou shalt

h the desp

air beneat

hich kiss

traitor's no

t's wrath

the surge

hy shores

X VA

sor of Philosophy, in 1823 he was compelled to flee to New York as a political exile. In that city he spent the rest of his life, editing several periodicals, translating many works, and writing much on religious and phil

cy of Cuban freedom was splendidly fulfilled. He was the first great voice of Cuban freedom, the first great pioneer in that extraordinary intellectual development which made Cuban history memorable in the Nineteenth Century. Truly did the Spanish critic Menend

ple to think as Cubans. He was sent to Spain as a Cuban Deputy to that historic Cortes which met at Cadiz in 1823 and was dispersed by Ferdinand VII because of its Liberalism. Varela was among its most conspicuous members, and was among those whose arrest was ordered by the reactionary Bourbons. He fortunately found asylum under the British flag at Gibraltar, whence he made his way to the United States. There, at Phil

USTIN C

many years was Director of the San Carlos Seminary. He was a leading member of the Patriotic Society, wrote much for the press, was the author of a number of e

ction. It was as an educator of youth that this great man's great work was done. In the world-shaking revolution year of 1848, after O'Donnell has drowned the Cuban slave revolts in blood, and when Narciso Lopez was just preparing for his descents upon the island, Luz y Caballero opened in Cuba a high school for boys. It was not a political school; certainly not seditious, unless truth and virtue were seditious. Hundreds of Cuban patriots, including many o

being manly. That meant that they were to be true, pure, resolute against injustice, respecting themselves and respecting others as themselves, and ready if need should be to sacrifice themselves for the sake of duty. It was the highest and best form of practical ethical teaching. He might, it is true, have added at t

GO DE

ica and Europe, and then settled in Havana, where he was secretary of the Royal Economic Society. He edited a dictionary of Cuban provincialisms, and published a volume of "American Rhymes." He made his hou

e princess who was to become Isabella II of Spain; a prize which was won by a lad of sixteen. This was Jose Antonio Echeverria, who afterward edited a literary journal called El Plantel, and still later became one of the leaders of the strife for independence. Another protégé of Del Monte's-for he was a wealthy patron of letters, at Havana-was Ramon Velez y Herrera, who was born in 1808 and died in 1886. He devoted

d pamphlet writing, an art which was largely practised with powerful results. He wrote in 1836 a notable criticism of the despotic administration of T

ACINTO

st and graceful poet. Most of his writings were translated into German, and some into English and French, and he gained inter

ion. The American historian and literary critic, George Ticknor, said of it that perusal of it greatly impressed him with the amount of literary talent that existed in Cuba. The Review, he declared, far surpassed anything of the kind in any other of the Spanish or former Spanish colonies, and indeed "a review of such spirit, variety and power has never been attempted even in Madrid." Of course, Saco was exiled by Tacon, the immediate cause of offense being a pamphlet exposin

entes, a druggist of Havana who encouraged his literary efforts to the extent of giving him pen and ink and paper, and a desk in his shop at which to sit and write whenever he felt inclined. Valdes was a voluminous writer, above most of his contemporaries, and while much that he wrote was mediocre, many of his poems were of high merit, and some of them deserve to rank among the best in Cuban literature; indeed, they would be noteworthy in the literature of any land

ANUEL

njustice to a colleague. For a time he taught on La Luz's school of El Salvador, and as a lawyer he defended Abad Torres who was charged with trying to murder the Archbishop of Santiago. During the Ten Years

over, with African slavery; and Ramon de Palma y Romay, who dates from 1812 to 1860, who assisted Echeverria in the editing of "El Plantel," and who was an accomplished writer of verse and of dramas, and who is said to have been the first native Cuban dramatist to have a play of his produced upon the stage. The work of his thus honored was "La Prueba o la Vuelta del Cruzado," in 1837. Palma also wrote some strongly patriotic poems, which excited the

ion acceptable. In 1848 he had written a strong pamphlet against incorporation of Cuba in the United States, largely on the ground that thus Cuban nationality and the individuality of the Cuban people would be extinguished. Three years later he wrote again on "The Cuban

1853 under the title of "Cuatro Laudes." One of the authors was Dr. Ramon Zambrana, a physician and scientist of high attainments, whose poems were chiefly metaphysical, speculative and imaginative. He was marrie

EREZ DE

ana. She wrote much in youth, and published a volume of poems in 1856. In addition to her poems she wrote "Angelica and Estrella" and other novels, and tr

on. He was at that time the head of a boys' school, in Havana, and was suspected by the authorities of inculcating in his pupils forbidden ideas of freedom and democracy. One night in January, 1869, when there was much popular indignation against the Spanish government on account of a very drastic proclamation which had been issued against the insurgent patriots, a number of Cuban women marched to a theatre in Havana, wearing dresses of red, blue and white adorned with stars, obviously representing the colors of the revolutionary Cuban flag. Some of Mendive's boys were present, and they applauded and cheered the women so vigorously

that thou

le and m

honor's ca

erland t

elipe Lopez de Brinas, who drew his best themes from

m invented by himself. A contemporary who essayed similar themes with almost equal success was Juan Cristobal Napoles Fajardo. Another, Miguel Teurbe de Tolon, devoted himself to legends and ballads not of the aborigines but of the

ar, and took Greek poetry for his model. For that reason many have thought that his writings were somewhat academic and artificial. There is however in his poems an exquisite finish surpassed by no other Cuban writer, while many of them reach a height of inspiration whic

Greeks! Miss

onquers her s

m finds withi

eeks, but nev

LORENZ

y. His themes as a poet were largely those of the great events of the day, or of history, such as the Fall of Missolonghi, the Death

against whom it raged were Moslem Turks, hated by all true Spaniards; wherefore the Spanish censor permitted it to be published freely in Cuba.

nly regarded as a Spaniard rather than a Cuban. Born in 1814, she went to Spain with her mother in 1836, and there remained until 1860. By that time she had gained world-wide reputation as a poet and dramatist, and also as a writer of prose fiction, and on her return to Cuba she was publicly gr

h went to Spain in 1865 to lay before the Spanish Minister for the Colonies, Canovas del Castillo, the grievances and the demands of Cuba; a mission which was quite fruitless, for it was quickly followed by the outbreak of the Ten Years' War. Azcarate also founded and conducted at his own cost a newspaper at Havana, La Vo

GOMEZ DE

r father at the age of six, and two years later wrote a fairy tale, "The Hundred-Headed Giant." In 1836 she bade farewell to Cuba in a memorable sonnet, and went to France, and thence to Spain. There she wrote poems and dramas which placed her in the foremost rank of the world's literary artists; her poetic

amnesty of 1855 he returned to Cuba and became a teacher of modern languages and a writer for the press, and a few years later published a volume of charming poems. After ten years he left Cuba for New York and then for Mexico, and upon the outbreak of the Ten Years' War he joined the Cuban Junta in New York and became editor of its organ, La Revolucion. In 1870 the Spanish Minister at Washington, wishing to negotiate secretly with Cespedes, the leader of the Cuban revolutionists, gave Zenea a safe conduct to pass through the Spanish lines and convey a message to Cespedes. This errand was undertaken against the advice of his friends. It was accomplished i

mittee of Information to Madrid, and on his return from that bootless errand he went to Washington as the first Cuban Minister. He was the envoy of the Provisional Government of the Cubans in the Ten Years' War, and as such, though the Cuban Republic did not receive official recognition, he participated in formulating the plan of Cuban settlement which General Daniel E. Sickles, as a special American envoy, carried to Madrid to pro

UE PI

ame a successful journalist, writer and teacher, and when the Ten Years' War began he went to New York and there edited "La Revolucion" and "El Nuevo Mundo," and

ORALES

ticipated in the Lopez invasion in 1851 and in the Pinto conspiracy in 1855, on which account he was exiled to the United States. In 1866 he returned to Cuba and became President of the Junta of Information. At the outbreak of the Ten Years' War he went to New York to become head of the Cuban

revolutionists. It will be recalled that in Cuba affairs were directed by a "Labor Committee," that in the United States societies of "Cuban Laborers" were formed in many cities, and that periodicals called El Laborante were published. Proscribed and sentenced to death by the Spanish authorities, he found asylum in New York, and there edited the Cuban revolutionary journal, La Revolucion. Thence a few years later he went to Bogota, Colombia, to engage in business and also to continue his literar

pment admirably comparable with any ever recorded of any other people, and one which splendidly vindicated the claim of the Cuban people to worth as a sovereign nation. Moreover, it was an unmistakable earnest of approaching independence. While for a century Cuba was purely a Spanish colony, her intellectual life was embryotic and inert. During the two centuries while she was more or less an object of international contention, she showed little activity. But in

OF VOL

r Volume

roposes reforms

Rosalie, patrio

ces, Havana, pic

unciates American poli

rait

annexat

ce de. Gover

e, in yellow fever

ique, in Cuban

Sanchez, sketch and

, Francis

cio, portrait,

rly attention t

ress

,

landlor

stics

in periodi

after War of Ind

eronimo d

de, organizes re

defe

Luis de,

, Jose,

Negra,

o V., sketch and p

Maria, filib

th,

, expedition again

es Hav

with Bisho

Marcos

e, sketch and po

l, French emi

quins

n "Importance of

, tapped for wat

on, I

fonso Enrique,

cho de, Gove

o, Govern

trial of Vel

by the Gu

ved,

Juan C., Bis

y brigan

, Luis d

dro de, in M

ng of Spain

lation of C

See Unite

ffect of upon Spain an

tween Great Britain

Juan d

cisco de, ex

es Perez de, G

on proclam

h Havana Co

from So

ministrat

de Laet de, q

United States, first s

gn for

ted States, I

s poli

Manifes

's effor

in War of Indep

ista, engineering wo

r supply for

uis de, Autonomi

n Ruiz, Gove

arns Prado of Briti

to de, commander of

e, royal accou

Esquival

stin, murder

eon, treason

ncisco, portrait, fr

iety of Progr

ip in Cu

toward sl

ious career

stor, revolut

th,

Juan, I

., Governor

Gomez,

liet, quoted

José de,

organization

anize

Miguel Gome

h, in Cuba,

, Martin

tin Felix, histo

as, Governor at

rnesto, amnest

ompact on sl

Our Lady o

, aids War of Ind

or Insane

ress, pictu

book on West I

mmitted by Spa

protest a

f Blood

onfession

destr

9

centration" p

Cay. See

t party,

,

Campos in War of

under Bl

forts for

its govern

rtrudis Gomez

t, faci

lfonso d

de, Govern

rich wid

against

and impris

See D

Menendez de,

ncisco P.

es to make peace between V

retary of Justice, sketc

sketch and portra

n., Spanish P

ought by Col

io, sketch and p

etary of State of U. S., inte

ted as U. S. naval

co Nu?ez de

eorge, quot

, 41, 117

ntin, revolut

d,

th,

Columbus

quez

ure,

tal of Cub

Baltaza

ista, Secretary of

Manuel Garc

an Maldonado, G

Procopio. See S

ed by Velasqu

c organized t

edro de,

reached by Co

ed by Bishop M

of indu

Sea," raid Cuban

, controversy

a, Alonz

, Juan de

steban S.

Civil Governor of

to Pal

rt. See

Island o

Catholic Church

Eagle,"

ior affair

historian, quote

of Havana

mon, Gover

kes ref

ban auto

ction of

gns,

servations at Sa

a, F. de

la Yan

ght by Colu

Simon,

rait

or," 334

ce on C

e Boliva

n Bautista

Blood,"

ylord, quoted, on

h in Amer

Felipe,

toward Spain an

s in West

trade,

f 163

upon C

gainst Havan

t of Cu

to Spain, 92. S

Bay,

receives Spanish surre

n to Cuban

red,

y, revolutio

, origin o

onio Maria, Gov

res,

on U. S. relation

, 1

o Great Br

s annexation of C

ghting,

an de, Bis

sh spy against

chez de, jurist, sketch

ustin, sketch and

Domingo

ences constr

ch, view,

, Diego d

Bishop,

Diego d

, Luis,

enzo de, Gov

ved,

ael, filibus

, conspirator in

ed,

Marquis

Manuel de, Gov

of Hav

nd impris

Manuel, Gove

administr

, Francisco, defen

rnor

of Mex

uban chie

abriel, Bis

cia, quoted,

a Barca, Span

erdad,

nial st

ons with

n C., on Cub

i, Emilio, Gov

martial la

gns,

e Puerto Pri

description of

, Jose d

nez de, Gover

ons to Cub

anjon and ends Te

sh crisi

or aga

shes Tr

d by Ma

ith party lea

ved,

Secretary of Treas

go J., Minister o

, policy toward

rait

Cuban orig

Rodrigo

tillo, Spanish

sinat

Columbus

Maysi

Palms,

Menendez. Vice-P

y of Sta

onstitutional

cas, defies D

opez lands

bs,

cisco, filibu

r Guy, at Ha

Gonzales, book on

a, Alfons

ncisco, Gove

at his acce

n offi

building H

in yellow fever

ficienca, fo

,

giamento, fou

codifies municipal

r, last Spanish Gove

panish sover

, Civil Governor o

o Maria del, Gov

naz, revoluti

dro del, Bis

o de, royal tre

xpedition to Wes

avana, picture

n, I

nd. See

los Remedios del,

Gulf of

n worship

first taken, by

Casas

aves,

775,

791,

ldt o

811,

817,

827,

846,

99, I

907,

arlos Manue

t, faci

pain

an revolu

of Repub

mation

ons with

from off

os Manuel, fil

ique, revolut

brings Spanish fle

rait

nders

osé Bayom

Luis, I,

cretary of Publi

ommerce foun

I, Kin

pression of

onio, Gover

tes Avi

icy toward n

sy with K

from off

an Baton d

, describes H

José, Govern

lonies in A

orted into C

to be Drake's lan

dam built by A

roduced into Cuba

King Ferd

, organized and influe

d from Baracoa t

ith civil

itish during Britis

land into two

d War of Indep

y over pro

José, Govern

"wild Indi

ainst De

entified with, b

tancourt, sketch an

al Jiminez de,

Salvador

nd portr

f Cuban Rep

ouncil of Mini

tional Conv

vice, law

President M

policy toward

ry of State, issues proclamatio

controversy over c

nited States, issues warning agai

ence

age of

nifican

of Cuba, pict

icance

er mines, I

nd Idleness" ca

vation begun,

reformed,

tics o

ique, filibu

Lopez, revolut

signs upon C

, 1

ard Cuban re

lomew, recalled

her, portrait, fro

er of Am

ding in A

atling's Isla

l in C

o first landi

f Cuba and intercou

n of north

first v

d vis

n of south

of Cort

rom circumna

of Pin

rture from

narrative,

nd buri

avana cat

to Sev

nto Domingo to

aph,

exploration and colon

n between Velasqu

lasquez wit

by Kin

r, Caciqu

gun by Velas

orporatio

tish occu

Torr

n of dut

n of tra

Commerce f

ania de H

ive meas

Commerce fo

h United Sta

can occupati

ent,

iego E. de, B

th,

lumbus's landi

den under American

errez de la, Gove

royal secr

welcomed by Gen

ainst Pa

y to Go

to Menoc

the lot

uban Republic o

95, I

titutional Co

f Convent

omplete

provisio

t's comme

es relations with

l

ment,

nt adop

stitution,

ation

ns,

gners

ual Rig

rage

of Guaran

eignt

ive Bodi

te,

epresentat

ress

latio

tive,

dent,

reside

ies of S

iary,

e Cour

tion of Ju

l Governm

al Counc

al Gover

l Govern

l Counci

rs,

l Treas

ments

t Provis

Platt Amen

ional Army

Andres Mans

s, Damie

, founde

Santa Cl

an de, Bish

vered near Sa

of mine

ned,

ts, I

Francisco

a, Diego de, G

o H., expedition

eon, José Fernande

ccount of West Indi

l, gift for air

Cuban represent

uded

presentati

n Years'

Alcalde of Santi

exico by

f Velas

care

rait

ith Velas

iage

Velasquez to exp

or Mexi

ch with Ve

ed as r

s murd

la, geograph

appointed for

ith Procur

igin of nam

ts against European inter

lliam S., with

ured

th,

, revolutioni

sland. Se

H., head of Consul

tion to Am

s first l

with Mangi

Cipan

est m

istory, 7,

discovery,

Juan

name

's accou

al histo

aphy,

te, 5

cumnaviga

izati

z at Bar

ce beg

nt organ

erdinan

Spain to

omic prog

gislati

rimination a

to two dis

cription in

accoun

int in his

first e

conquest

shed to

nges effe

c condi

ed by Sp

early revol

lution in Sant

of annexation to

ithful I

independ

s, 276

tion in Co

e Boliva

s rejected fro

on of popula

e proclaime

organiz

dependenc

tions held d

lan of aut

surrendered

overnors, 123. Se

Abor

,

oms and relig

irst interco

dress to Co

bservations

begun by V

Repartimien

al slav

ndian

rones

in their

eavor to sa

doom

at ref

on by Ch

cipation proc

nacan,

Cubans," quo

obierno," qu

bal de, royal a

, Minister to

, first at H

& Co., contract

Pedraria

, declines to jo

an, sketch and

esident of Supreme Cou

, Liberal lea

, sketch, portrait

rdo, sketch and

on of Cuban

o, Secretary of

at Sancti Sp

exic

anuel,

o, Secretary of Pub

deste, I

ecretary of Ju

avana, establ

in Autonomist C

ssistant Secretary of F

ssion to Pinar d

" deal,

ncis, menaces

paniol

ana unassa

for Virg

astillo, in Cuba

cretary of T

uster

sistant Secretary

dres de,

omingo, Governor

confisca

lled

Spanish Minister a

fensive l

lled

ry of Sanitation an

Bishop,

ilities, I

n West Indie

es, in 17

,

B., Superintendent

José, Bish

José Anton

an Maria, Gove

ackward stat

American occu

, Superint

tion of sy

y's entertainment

nder President

l officers under Americ

egulation

lt,

utional Con

ral offi

lt,

tial, 19

law,

under Second I

ential

ress in

tial, 19

disputed, 330, res

first Spanish writer

utrid fever,

n introduc

d yellow fev

iago, I

r. Finlay's theory

ess,

ria,

Antonio, d

é Diaz, portrait

a. See H

quin de, Gove

o de Campos, Go

sé de, Gover

gro insurge

Secretary of Ju

reside

a. See Isl

, policy toward

ful Isle,"

xander, author a

Bourbons, effect

onio, Bish

, defeated by S

g, policy towa

or Velas

olumbus's landi

or Cub

es, Liberal le

tionis

factional s

conspirator in

. S. Govern

commander of La

asco Porcal

s lieute

Florida in

s de, captures

riot at ba

amation of United St

n Years'

Independen

ns interc

ssful expe

ings

rts, I

ellow fever successfully appli

t, faci

f State, prevents premature recog

inst Rodas's

n Ten Years

tish supp

of proposed m

vana, founder for

historian, qu

, first rai

American,

ure,

d signific

, Rodrigo de, G

colonization by Pon

edition, 145.

riguez de, Bishop

nesto, Secretary o

ance to revo

, José,

tion paid by Mo

check was

of Agriculture, Comme

oe of Spanish i

Pact,"

uban revoluti

irate, at San

gees, in Cu

lled

tion, effects

ade, Fernando

,

s with Pino

perintendent of

with Gener

picture, f

gun by De S

sabel's tragic

built by S

endez, and

bor soug

structi

recommend

ana quar

l comple

by Cagig

ny, historian

eeks Cuban aid for

rnor

th,

, head of Autonomi

o, José

de, Governor of

o, portrait, f

Cuban Repub

f Independe

e career,

hafter at Sa

th,

s, revolution

, Secretary of E

Marcos

intiliano,

osé N. P.

a, Anton

cisco, Gover

guel, Secretary of

i, Felip

ous course of i

res war ag

in Cuba s

Gomez

S. Chargé d'Affaires

cia, Gover

ted at Santiago, and

Manuel,

go, sketch and p

bus's quest

ez's se

niards'

mini

of min

sé Antoni

Civil Governor of

Presidenc

ervative to Lib

with Zay

revolut

Presid

Presid

net,

nd portr

s administ

ith corru

Veterans' As

with Zay

s Negro r

y bill

l Lotte

do" de

ad dea

his administ

eason in

and captu

for devas

y Germa

lberto, revolut

and impri

gent,

aximo, I

Gen. Agra

of Zanjon wit

Independen

in chief

it, fa

t campaign

sy with L

American in

to accept Americ

National Assemb

Government of I

onstitutional C

for Presi

ines

illo de, author, sketc

E., U. S. Minister

ez's insurr

C., work for san

ba: organized by

d at San

changes

olitical status

on of ordi

es of 15

enure,

Governor

after British o

orms by T

d tax ref

Captain-Gen

nd judicial func

nd naval c

ed refo

after Ten Ye

ba, Spanish, li

in Autonomist

nd portr

buccanee

Caico

Island. See

sident of United

cognize Cuban

his Secretary

n messages

erest in Cuban rev

sought by

ation with Unit

turn of fug

a. See Fer

Inagua

Cuba ente

0,000 tr

gues and pro

oman Catholic

seized

with Food Co

activit

criptions to

oss wo

's inspiring l

, Juan d

on to Me

ico New S

alled and di

Island

marron chi

a founded

umbus's landin

s, source of sl

, Columbus

al Statio

de la, Secretary

, de la Vega, G

obacco

eat Britain an

vity and effi

itas, Juan F.,

rms,

administr

or, revoluti

in, treasurer

arts insurrectio

of Cuban

assassina

Francisco

an and scientist, sketc

edro J., qu

,

2