Robinson Crusoe's Money;

he Island and Elsew

e much better adapted to this purpose than others; or, rather, that the use of certain commodities as money, while they may answer the purpose, nevertheless entail very serious disadvantages. And the deta

, wheat regularly exchanged for cowries (as money) at the rate of one hundred cowries for one bushel, while the farmer with two thousand cowries could readily buy a plow, which was considered equivalent in value to twenty bushels. By-and-by, some idle fellows that were in the habit of sailing made a long excursion, and, for the first time, visite

d all the morning, and took pleasant sailing excursions every afternoon, had, especially, plenty of money, which, as patriotic citizens, desirous of making trade lively, they were always most ready to part with for other commodities. The shop-keepers, the farmers, and the mechanics, all also finding that they had more money than usual, all also felt impelled to buy something, and prices took a fresh start upwar

burst; stock com

ced distrust; so that the price of a bushel of wheat, which had been at first one hundred cowries, and then two hundred, rose to three, four, and even five hundred cowries. Another remarkable circumstance noticed was, that, as prices increased, the wants of trade for cowry money also increased proportionably, which want the adventurers who had been the means of giving the island its increased volume of money took care to supply by bringing additional quantities of cowries as they were needed. It was also observed that, as distrust increased, there was also a remarkable increase in societary activity; for every body desired to change off his cowry money for something else.1 Persons wh

heir labor-something or nothing-confidence didn't return. Every body felt poor and swindled. Every body who thought he had money in savings-banks woke up all at once to the realization that his money was nothing but a lot of old shells. Every body had his bags, his tills, and his money-boxes filled with shells, which he had taken in exchange for commodities which had cost him valuable time and labor. Strictly speaking, however, calamity did not overtake every body. There were some exceptions, namely the shrewd and idle fellows who had first found the cheap supply of cowries, and, taking advantage of the ignorance of the community, had added them to the before-existing circulation to serve as money. All these had taken very good care to keep the substantial valuable things-houses, lots, plows, grain, etc.-which they had received in exchange. They had, in fact, grown rich by robbing

ame experience. One particularly noteworthy illustration of this is recorded in the "History of New York," by Diedrich Knickerbocker, and in the manuscript records of the New York Historical Society. It was in the days of Dutch rule-1659-in New Amsterdam (afterward New York), when

oney of easy production the current coin of the province. "It is true, it had an intrinsic value among the Indians, who used it to ornament their robes and moccasins; but among the honest burghers it had no more intrinsic value" than bits of bone, rag, paper, or any other worthless material. "This consideration, however, had no weight with Governor

entiful as in the modern days of paper currency, and, to use a pop

uired; buying with it every thing that was offered, and paying the worthy Dutchmen their own price. Governor Kieft's money, it is to be further noticed, had also in perfection that most essential attribute of all good money, "non-exportability." Accordingly, when the Dutchmen wanted any tin p

ight naturally have been expected, confidence became impaired. Trade also came to a stand-still, and, to quote from the old manuscript records, "the company is defrauded of her revenues, and the merchants disappointed in ma

use as money. Opossum-skins, on the other hand, were not in demand, and therefore had little value. Those of the settlers who desired to discharge their obligations without giving a full equivalent paid their taxes in opossum

pointed out that bananas decayed very quickly after they became most useful, and that therefore a man who had plenty of money to-day might have none tomorrow, and that through no fault of his own.4 Wheat, cattle, and pieces of stamped iron were also proposed, but all of these were found to be unsuitable in some essential particular. Thus, for example, it was objected to wheat, that, though it was almost always in demand, and represented a very constant amount of labor for its production, it was too bulky to carry about, and rarely had the same exac

e accordingly adopted, and for a time fairly answered the purpose. But all at once the women declared their continued use to be unfashionable; and all use and demand for the beads at once ceasing, the merchants and others who had accumulated a large stock of them, in

xperience, educated themselves up to a knowledge of what const

icit and receive contributions for such objects. It was observed, however, on such occasions that some persons, either through ignorance of what constitutes money, or by reason of great poverty, were in the habit of depositing commodities in

on the part of some in this community which I had not supposed possible, after all our recent and varied experience on this subject. But if, through ignorance or impecuniosity, any should feel obliged to continue to contribute buttons in the place of money, I would request that they do not stamp down or break off the eyes; ina

ire to exchange them for other kinds of property, or man's wants-not simply to loan out on short or long date paper, with fire-proof security, at low or high rates of interest, which can no

of his craft, plied for customers under the arcades of the Royal Exchange, had saluted merchants with profound bows, and had begged to be allowed the honor of keeping their cash. But so dexterously did he now avail himself of the opportunities of profit which the general confusion of

n have we had such a long and unbroken career of prosperity in business as since we adopted t

e to carry out of the country. Framing an American system of finance, I do not propose to adapt it to the want

pigs, twenty-three turkeys, forty-four chickens, five thousand cocoa-nuts, besides considerable quantities of bananas, lemons, and oranges. At the Halle (market) in Paris, the prima donna remarks, in her lively letter printed by M. Walowski, this amount of live stock and vegetables might have brought four thousand francs, which

f Massachusetts that no man should pay taxes "

ions of the Lake Regions of Central Africa" (1858-'5