Insomnia; and Other Disorders of Sleep

ings in heaven an

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persons. Heidenhain, experimenting upon his class of medical students, found only one in twelve who was thus susceptible. My own experiments lead me to think that American medical students are less easily influenced in this direction. Charcot, whose field of observation covers the inmates of the Salpêtrière Ho

of hypnotic exercises renders the subject still more susceptible. Heidenhain was, at first, inclined to the belief that such experiences were not prejudicial to the health of the subject, but the observations of Harting, in the University of Utrecht, and of Milne-Edwards, in Paris,[91] have demonstrated the fac

ing head has thus been relieved, many a restless sufferer soothed to sleep. In like manner, a susceptible subject may be hypnotized by any continuous and gentle excitement of the senses of sight, hearing, and touch. Concentration of the attention upon a brilliant object, like a piece of polished metal or a small mirror, especially if it be placed a little above the level of the eyes, and so nea

adding up a column of figures, or trying to read a dull book, is sometimes effectual. If, with these, or with similar acts of attention, be associated the expectation that something unusual is about to occur, as when the individual is aware of being the subject of an experiment, the evolution of the somnambulic condition is greatly facilitated. Thus, one of the most recent methods, consists in merely sitting, for half an hour or more, with the back towards the patient. Attention, curiosity, and expecta

e period of insensibility is greatly prolonged. If it be desirable to awaken the subject of experiment, a simple reversal of the movements by which sleep was induced may suffice. The paroxy

of collusion with the subject of experiment. This person then returns to the room, and places his hand upon the head of the subject, at the same time fixing his attention upon the mental picture of the object. Presently the blindfolded subject takes the pencil and reproduces on paper a rough drawing of the object in question. In some cases it is found possible to effect this transfer of impressions without actual physical contact,-the agent merely standing behind the sensitive subject and concentrating his thought upon the selected object. Closely akin to this is

tion of the results of this inordinate sensitiveness through the agency of artificial sleep. As in natural somnambulism, so in the hypnotic state, certain organs become totally an?sthetic, while the sensibility of others is wonderfully exalted. Cutaneous sensation may be completely abolished, and the patient may become utterly insensible to every painful impression. The reflex funct

ice to induce the cataleptic state. Dumontpallier[94] reports the case of a young woman who accidentally hypnotized herself by gazing into the mirror before which she was dressing her hair. This cataleptic state may also be secondarily induced by merely opening the eyes of a patient in whom a condition of hypnotic lethargy has been previously developed. If only one eye be thus opened, the corresponding side of the body alone becomes cataleptic. Closing the eyes causes the disappearan

n a nerve, arouses a peculiar contracture of synergic muscles and groups of muscles that are supplied by the excited nerve trunk. The facial muscles, however, do not thus become contractured; they merely contract during the application of the stimulus. If the lethargic subject be rendered cataleptic by opening the eyes, these contractures persist even after waking; and they can only be dispelled by renewing the lethargic state before resorting to pressure upon the antagonistic muscles-the process by which contractures peculiar to this species of lethargy m

ected with a watch, every movement of the second hand will be followed by a slight contraction in the muscle. The same result follows connection with the wire of a telephone; and, if a microphone be introduced into the circuit, the incidence of a ray of light upon the instrument, or even its reflection from the con

y to pain, but the senses of sight and hearing seem to preserve some degree of activity. T

dinous reflexes, and muscular hyper-excitability is absent. But by lightly touching or breathing upon the surface of a limb, its muscles may be thrown into a condition of rigidity which differs from the contracture of the lethargic state, in the fact that it does not yield to excitement of the antagonistic muscles, though yielding readily to a sudden repetition of the same form of excitement by which it was originally produced. Thus a subject under my own observation who, by pressure upon the eyeballs, was rendered insensible to every form of painful stimulation, would immediately pass into a state of perfect rigidity, if his limbs and body were rubbed for a few seconds with the palm of the hand. While in this condition, if the heels were placed upon a chair and the back of the head upon another, not only could the entire weight of the body be thus supported, but also the additional weight of anot

the other, of much credulity, extending even to a belief in the existence of supernatural and miraculous powers. The extraordinary character of these experiences is well illustra

on, Oct.

e being then on a cruise in the Mediterranean. Nathaniel Bishop, the subject of the experiments, was a mulatto, about twenty-six years of age, in good health, but of an excitable disposition. The first experiment wa

ther. He would obey my directions to whistle, dance or sing. When aroused from this sleep he had no recollection of what occurred while in it. That such an influence could be exerted, I was already aware, having previously witnes

d to something which it seemed almost impossible to know without seeing, we were very much surprised. It struck me that he might be clairvoyant; and I at once asked him to tell me the time by a watch kept in the binnacle, on the spar or upper deck, we being on the berth or

ort of Xavia; that the authorities treated him with much consideration.' Upon this, one of the officers laughed, and said that when the captain returned he would ask him. He did so, saying, 'Captain, we have been listening to your conversation while on shore.' 'Very well,' remarked the captain, 'what did I say?' expecting some jest. Then the officer repeated what the captain

ious thing! full of little white sticks with blue ends. What are they, Mr. Brooke?' I replied, 'Perhaps they are matches.' 'So they are,' he exclaimed. My companion, expecting the officer mentioned, went on deck, and meeting him at the gangway,

ith some care he placed Bishop and myself in one corner of the apartment, and then took a position some ten feet distant, concealing between his hands a watch,

which was the case, Dr. Farquharson having stopped it. 'Well,' said the doctor, 'to what second does it point, and to what hour, and

to look in his mother's house, in Lancaster, Pa., (where he had never been) for a clock; he said there was one, and told the time by it; one of the offi

each other must have reduced the chances of simulation to the lowest degree. When carefully considered, moreover, it is apparent that the exaltation of the functions of sight and of hearing in this case was not different in kind or in degree from that that has already been recorded in connection with certain cases of natural somnambulism and of dreaming. The condition of the brain is probably id

ry dream may be thus directed. The hypnotic dream is far more easily modified by suggestions from without. The simplest examples of this are exhibited by the hypnotized subject who walks, jumps, lies down, executes every variety of pantomime, in obedience to the commands of his director. Somewhat more complicated are the actions that are developed through excitement of the imitative faculties. Every movement of the director that can be perceived by t

tation of that power which all mankind shares in a greater or less degree. In every instance it has been remarked that the ordinary "medium" can only respond correctly to questions for which the true answer is present in the mind of the questioner. To all other interrogatories the replies are delivered purely under the influence of random suggestion. In some cases the pathway of communication lies through actual bodily contact, as in ordinary "mind-reading," where the invisible molecular oscillations of the muscular elements of one person serve to guide the perceptions and movements of another. But, more frequently, the transmission of ideas is effected through the action of the facial and ocular muscles. From these organs of expression the "table-rapper," or the "planchette-wri

the experiments of Fischer,[99] Wiehe,[100] Rieger,[101] and others. In our own country this method of treatment has not yet been adopted by many in the medical profession, though its efficacy in a particular class of cases is not denied. Outside of professional circles, however, it is exp

E

DE

ds,

bromi

chlor

cyani

in gastric

tic

ric

c, in hepatic

phor

e, 63,

adie du som

e deserts of,

its of, regar

he maladie d

oho

, upon th

na pect

sthm

hore

speps

ever

ic disea

s, case of somnambul

f, regarding bodily t

vations of, regarding

gatives in

, in fe

nitri

na pect

sthm

of the

hetic

rs, delusions

pecto

c effects of

nt dea

l test

of wind from t

of, regarding atmosp

, in as

opi

se of, with

fect of, upon the pr

producti

l somnamb

tic for

ic form

n of the ev

lic form

arietie

use of, in i

n, rate of,

ideas, cessatio

ct o

yxia

somnia cau

by atro

by chlo

d by et

iodide of po

d by lo

by stra

d by to

lectricity, e

t of winds from

somnambulic life

observations of, on th

ucination excite

sification of the varie

, as nervous

, 73

ever

somni

rlet f

wer

rm

the use of p

ll, on the use o

effect

onna,

in ast

in fev

hepatic d

of, in gastri

mnia in irrit

e of, in rhe

ts circulation by t

nt, sleep

of, on the process of ox

f, on respirat

arding the bodily te

of inordinate exci

ty of, during the

ity of, in sleep an

on into separat

ir of sensory

of, in wak

ssium, use of,

of, in chroni

of, in deliri

des,

n convuls

in del

in fev

n night t

ancy, and after

chloral and

ervations of, regarding h

insomnia c

elieved with p

er, his theory of co

oral hyd

e of, in waking bef

ect of, upon

pho

in asphy

in fev

e insomnia of

ter partur

abin

in tan

is ind

disiac eff

delirium

in fev

n insanit

in pregn

ubstitute for

aride

icum

the insomnia of del

apor of, for rel

ation of, du

s, discharge of,

ty, use of but

somnia of, treated

with dig

, relieved with

neural

ression of, for relief

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l, effect of

culty of sleep during the continuo

effect of, upon b

and its cause du

hosphoru

, dependence of cons

rvations upon, by

, benefited by the

ever

per?mia, ef

reatment with

ation in cache

eningitis, use o

pinal wea

, use of valer

embarkati

at fire

h, insomni

ora

uence of, upon oxidat

with morphia a

angina pe

in ast

chexias with

in cho

chronic alc

delirium

in fev

hepatic d

in ins

in menin

n night t

espiratory d

rody

yphilitic ne

rofo

in ast

n convuls

the treatment

ns of, on the tempe

, its regulation by

ders

counter-ir

, during

ypothetical exp

s, 146,

d in natural so

ypnotic

ons of, on the s

eia

ein

cts of, upon

ervous se

bat

ive, a cause

erine, re

, effect of hyp

ma

iin

um,

of the sensations requir

, during

by compression of the

ment

reatment with spiri

irrita

on o

r irritation

ons of, regardin

ng morp

rders, causes

on lith

favorable

ternation of, a c

appar

t o

ion of th

of, on bodily temp

rium

by hyosc

by stram

haust

of, with

, treatment of,

bromi

capsi

chlor

igital

caused by

otions, a cau

trating the st

es of somna

irectly hypnot

delirium tr

ergy, represente

olution, revival

er, 67, 100,

sciousness

ams

sis o

ment of w

ity

es o

ecial vivid

ant, 146

ence

tion o

pon partial slee

ion o

tatory sensati

hea

ul disea

pressions dur

ound

rence

l combinati

heir prod

f in the divine

tic, 1

ection

, to depth

o waking hallu

the mental proces

of memor

mbuli

volition

external impu

ry o

ing

ment of, with

se of self-hypnot

n of sl

a, car

of, with d

ic inso

mate of, a cause

n article

est of appar

ty, atmos

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ia of, relieved w

n of, represented

of, by

uble conscio

pnotic ef

ation

in ast

n convuls

irritativ

mpound sp

delirium

hepatic d

substances, caus

, a cause

h alcoholic s

es o

musk

to test the possibility

its secretions

treatment of, wi

counterfeit

a cause o

heory of

ve, treatment

ctiv

hoi

of with co

eed t

mate of, in

of, regarding atmospheric e

f, a cause o

in the treatment

luctuati

eti

ntia

se of somnambuli

isorders, treatment

e of somnambulic let

ds, state of their sec

emiu

of fever

wakefulness o

lation of, to molecular

f somnambulism

ns of, on the mala

ng the Indians of, fo

els

of, regarding th

e of, related by D

by Sir Edmun

n of, by

cited by dre

eriments of, on the possib

isions exci

case of lucid leth

ache

istence of du

, during

sation of,

ause of i

us stim

of exces

of, durin

ervations of, o

ns of, on liberation

atment of, with

nts of, on oxidatio

on, pheno

n's ano

ervations of, on th

ons of, regarding the loss of

ps

chronic alcoh

d, experience of

s Acid Ph

f, on the temperature o

ger

romic

d, useful in ato

anic ac

ic disea

amia,

iamin

cyam

ter partur

in ast

in fev

hepatic d

in ins

nsomnia of c

renal dis

f the brain

hallucina

ogic s

leep, dura

ep, clairvoy

the special s

s favorab

he imitative fa

of induc

ion dur

otis

, to somnam

ns of Brai

of Charcot,

ions of

s of De Wat

of Dumontpall

s of Fische

ons of Ha

Heidenhain, 21

s of Milne-

ons of Ri

ions of

e brain to sugges

of ideas

tical us

se of double co

citement, tre

tment of acute affec

for the relief

ce upon molecular mov

d by disease and

persistence o

, exaltation of, in

, on cold

lence during so

on dreams among the

ana, magic prac

s affecting

ns, medic

of the

, 54, 57

mnia

a, caus

aortic obs

by asth

cardiac di

by co

tagia of anim

taneous diso

by dysp

ectrical dis

rementitious

by fati

by heat

heat and h

by icte

inflamma

by inse

tching in m

by itch

by li

by mala

y mening

by mi

ates of the central

by neur

by neur

by neur

by oxal

by pa

by para

y perios

hosphatic d

eumogastric

by pois

oducts of pu

espiratory

heumatic di

by so

by sm

y stramo

pathetic nerv

rence of, after

f, after par

ing acute affectio

f, during br

uring cardiac di

uring change of

f, during ch

of, during

during chroni

during chroni

uring delirium t

diseases of the hear

uring diseases o

g diseases of the re

uring disorders

f, during dy

of, during

g febrile conditions

gastric and intestin

ring gout and rhe

of, during

f, during hy

of, during

ring irritability

ng irritability of

during irritati

of, during

, during lith

, during mani

f, during me

during mental

during nervou

of, during

f, during ol

f, during op

during pareti

f, during ph

, during preg

during the puer

, during rena

ring rheumatism a

during sexual

during spasmodi

during states o

, during syph

, to states of the ce

pression of the c

ium, treatment o

tment of ast

y of the br

, relieved with c

wakefulness o

se of massa

a of, treatment w

allucination caus

., dreams

pension of, d

ents of, to measure t

mis

hypnotic ef

um, hypnotic ef

cariu

contrac

use of, 6

of artificial s

argy

y excessiv

s of, on respirati

on oxidation i

iments of, on oxidat

norm

missions in its acti

rence of, with

, effec

cause of i

m brom

spasmodic effe

-lom

lethar

th somnambuli

uli

f somnambulism,

c, voya

somnambulic life,

du som

ent of insomnia

e of chlo

hibernat

of, during h

ge, 6

d, communicati

tion of the varieties

f, with tabl

rgetfulness of the even

use of ba

jui

of physical e

of, in somn

ce of, in

phenomena of s

ing disease and

, during d

itis,

ivity duri

f somnambulism

ical hea

Lake, voya

climate of, favor

pepton

r, communicati

tes of action

p of

, during

ading,

climate of, favo

ns of, regarding effect of va

ts relation to the ge

ibility in so

97, 98,

e of, on oxidation

the circulation of

tion durin

tion of, dur

fect of sle

itching of, d

-readi

67, 10

tar

tate of secretio

ic stu

n sensation, aff

ogast

ections of, caus

nsomnia of, relieved

treatme

n, effect of, on

ives,

ants,

l over the circula

ia, car

of, with a

f, with bel

ith preparation

enic pat

imate of, benefici

ternation of, a c

terror

nt of,

c aci

mbuli

eep preve

riticism of Sir E. Ho

y of sleeping dur

ffect of sle

ders

his theory

ect of, up

ecline of

losco

d opiate

, in treatment

eatment of fe

atment of gast

reatment of

atment of rena

eatment of rh

insomnia c

rption of, d

in the treatmen

bits of, regarding sl

assage a

cause of

dehyd

97

gori

ect of, upon ne

essary to arouse

rcumscribed

n telepathy an

ussi

secretion of,

ments of, on oxidat

, on respirati

d Voit, on tis

s of, regarding th

hesis, a cause

oric a

phor

of, relieved wit

elieved with p

of, with o

ivity, reduction

cause of som

tte-wri

tic pa

s, insomnia caused

nia, 6

effect

um brom

s theory o

Society for, investi

te of, dur

of, to promo

ons of, on respirat

pium, use of,

rs, arrest of,

events of artifici

of natural som

ments durin

n, threefold

ular movement and the

on during

through d

nature

hesis, a cause

tions of, regardin

regarding app

of, on the revival of me

ping during a

sleeping o

treatment of rhe

etion of, du

prophet, dr

limate of, for reli

treatment of, w

of, regarding bodily tem

on oxidation i

fits of ch

tate of, dur

s, nervo

ypnoti

fect of, upon the cere

ndition of, during

ns, irritab

pooi

se of somnambulis

elated

ted by certa

mode of its

lternation of d

epressing e

y exhaus

by fati

ainful impr

the venere

ition

mles

on of,

sion upon the intel

pon consciou

theory

by dar

suppression o

ed by

d by li

d by sm

d by so

tory sta

on of,

h by the experiment

er's theo

hesis regarding

by slee

s theor

on of, in cer

ation of, and the averag

es o

ause

, upon different por

nkenness,

precursive

ng dro

ness, cau

lition of s

during

nts of, on oxidatio

nal interruption

al Research, invest

bromi

ation

dreams, 17

ctions

of artificial s

c lethargy

with lucid

lic life

se o

related b

related by

mbuli

icial

d by Prof. J. A

ated by J. P

elated by

elated by

ated by P. M

es o

sensory organ

pon partial slee

f, to hypn

ponsibili

na of,

ical caus

memory with

according to

cording to Ball

iagrammatically

mpulses d

olen

ntia, 1

t of, to hin

to induce

dic cr

organs, affe

dition of, during i

during the hypn

, irritabil

gy of, duri

irritat

f chloro

cle, manifest

gald, obser

after partu

ever

vou

nium,

regarding sleep produced by

chni

by excessive h

num, treatment

tary, during inf

sensation, a ca

movement

erves, affect

method of commu

of can

c, use of, i

delirium

in fev

with o

tion of, to

of, upon t

out a wire, thr

n of, by the Society fo

of the body,

e of

psi

leep, Obers

ger'

er's

rst

, his doctrine concer

fect of duri

pasmodic effect

of percep

tions of, on the p

f the cerebral

s Powd

of the

sh ba

enti

er, insomni

of, with

of, with

, with Tully

treatment of

ced by compression of

fications of the cer

ation of, du

tion of, dur

ne co

ian,

ate of a

zin

t, a cause

ions of, on the du

charact

cient pro

s of, on oxidatio

tion durin

sation of, du

ulnes

es o

instability of cer

Canon, clairvoya

a cause o

llé, on sleep-d

treatment of, wi

ct of, upo

effect

he insomnia

n, on the us

tno

r. f. klin. med. 1881.

Le Sommeil et le

h der Physiologie, Vo

Kinderkrankheiten

hysiologie, Vol. I

t., pp. 14

es Sci. Méd., Art

Handbuch der Kinderkra

des. Méd., Ie sé

Kinderkrankheite

Physiology, 8th

Physiologie, Vol.

. f. Experim. Pathol

tion, p. 526, Handbuch der Kinderkra

s Sci. Méd., IIIe S

r Physiologie, V

ert. Leipzig, 1862, und Zeitschrift f. rat. Med., 1863. Quoted

XXIX. Preyer, Ueber die Ursachen des Schlafes. Vortrag. Stuttg

lafes. Arch. f. d. g

?sthesia and An?st

s Physiology, 8

gue nel Cervello dell'Uomo. Abs

London Epidemiological

aladie du so

l Record, July

. der ges. Heilk

. cit.

way, by John Dean Ca

ury, op. c

ans of Guiana. By E

eil et les R

Vol. XXIX,

not's P

c. des Sci. Mé

s Acad. des Sci.,

Med. Sci., Apr

f this will be found related in

des Sci. Méd., Ar

urgical Electricit

ure, Mar

rimentale,

An?sthetics, pp. 20-28. Willi

. de Thérap.,

tt für klin. me

al Dispensatory

ed. wochenschr.

rimentale,

al Dispensatory

Nerv. and Mental Dise

dicine, Bucknill and

Lectures on Me

herapeutics, 10

Functional Nervous

Med. Sci., Oct.

Kinderkrankheite

., Vol. I.,

encer, First Pr

Le Sommeil et l

ntelligen

Medical Jurisprudence, Thi

Guiana. By Everard F. Im T

Sommeil et les Rêv

the Brain and Mind. Phila

nde des Rê

. cit.,

enth Century, J

October, 16,

der Hypnotismus, von Dr.

enth Century, J

A Study of Fal

g the Intellectual Power

nd Observations upon Dis

Loc

eil et les R

Sci. Méd., Article

22, 1883, p. 1,078,

, Jan., 18

prudence, 3d ed.,

nde des Rê

edical Journal

Sommeil et le

hologie

dicale, July 21s

Nervous and Mental Di

Loc

ophy of Sle

ay 20, Sept. 16, 1876; Dec

l. III,

on Mental Phys

eil et les R

, July 29,

f the Society, etc.

Médical, Feb.

Médical, March 2

Médical, Jan.

n, Vol. I

. cit.,

eil et les R

Op.

lin. Wochenschr

ypnotismus,

n, July, 1