How to Live

e Fifteen Ru

mulas classified under the four heads, Air, Food, Poisons, and Activity, corresponding t

late every ro

, loose and p

oor occupations

out, if

athe d

d overeating

ingly of me

d, some bulky,

at s

te thoroughly, regu

sit and w

isons and infection

eeth, gums and

, play, rest and s

eep s

exercises in bed, bath, toilet, walk to business, meals, amusement, etc., with special notes and memoranda as to the particular faults of omission and commission to be corrected. One might also, as Benjamin Franklin records in his autobiography, keep a daily record for

-The Unity

es Inte

bservance of one rule carries with it, to some extent, the neglect or observance of other rules. For instance, one can not take muscular exercise without, to some extent, taking breathing exercise

d to harmonize. If one of them is out of tune, it is likely to caus

l Spec

all ailments as related to the eyes; the dentist as related to the teeth; the mental hygienist as related to wrong attitudes of mind. If we examine their claims, we find that they are usually right in their affirmations, though wrong in their denials. It is their affirmations in which we ar

ffects o

or it may be due to wrong posture or to pressure of wax on the ear-drum. Diabetes may be aggravated by too much sugar, by infected tooth-sockets, or by too much worry. Tuberculosis may be due jointly to indoor-living, lack of exercise, wrong diet, wrong posture, sexual excess, alcohol, nerve-strain, and numerous other preconditions, besides infection with the tubercle bacillus. The social evil can be fo

ar De

aft and "therefore" caught cold, when what they most needed was not to keep out of drafts but to keep in such condition that drafts would do them good, not harm. Benjamin Franklin, a century ago, believed, what we no

led "O

n a vacation. This simply shows that a bad condition can often be remedied by improving the general health in any way whatever, even if the primary source of the difficulty is not reached. They are undoubtedly working beyond their working capacity; but their working capacity is only a fraction of what it would be if they took exercise, were not constipated, did not eat too much, abjured alcohol, or ceased to worry continually. If they lived hygienically

-round

ake of making only one correction in their daily regime of life. One will cease alcohol drinking, another will give up tobacco smoking, another will give up coffee; a third will cease using all "red meats," another turns vegetarian, another adopts a

The Obstacle

of th

and know it. They are traveling fast to that kind of perdition which in the end unhygienic living always brings. In fact, a great many people practise unhygienic habits more through indifference than through ignorance. Most people have acquired, by imitation of their neighbors, a great number of unhygienic habits and have continued in these habits for so many years, that they can not get rid of them, except through a great effort of will. This effort they are usually unable or unwilling to put forth unless very strong incenti

f Good

advantages. One of the objections often trumped up is that the practise of hygiene costs too much-that it can only be a luxury of the rich. It is quite true that here, as elsewhere in human life, wealth confers great

iona

ria are largely among the poor and they are doing much good missionary work in securing better ventilation, both in the home and in the workroom. They find this possible partly by insisting on more open windows in home and workshops, partly by changing their home to one better equipped with windows or situated in the suburbs instead of in the city, partly by changing their occupations, partly by getting the cooperation of their employer or simply by cooperating with him when

which can be had almost for the asking. Most people can sleep out-of-doors, if they will-if in no other way than by the so-called indoor window-tent-or can take deep-breathing exercises without cost. It cos

of

r of preparing, cooking and serving. Mrs. Richards, in her "Cost of Food," says that this is possible anywhere in America within fifty miles of a railroad. The only real objection to living on this minimum expense is the lack of variety. The following is a brief list of foods in ascending order of cost per 100 calories of food value, the cheapest being at the beginning and the dearest at the end: glucose, corn-meal, wheat-flour, oatmeal, cane-sugar, salt pork, rice, wheat bread, oleomargarine, beans, peas, potatoes, butter, milk, cheese, beef-stew, ham, mutton-chops, beef, eggs, and oysters. If the foods in this list be looked up in the table given in the Supplementary Notes for their protein, fat, an

aid

he doctor's bills. To sleep out-of-doors costs some extra blankets, bedding, clothing, and roll curtains, but these not only save the cost of heating an indoor sleeping-room, but save also the cost of ill-health. There is no better economy than to keep one's working-power. To lose

ve No

s often those who fix their own working-hours, rather than those whose working-hours are fixed for them, who overwork the most. If these could know the suffering which sooner or later follows inevitably as the consequence of this mistaken policy, they would not pursue it for a single day. A slight loss of working-power comes immediately. A careful observer of mental workers found that an hour invested in exe

uch Tr

ho have not the necessary enthusiasm or self-control to break their unwholesome habits by sheer will power, the best advice is to so arrange their lives as to make the practise of hygiene inevitable. One physician in Chicago deliberately got rid of his automobile and other means of locomotion in order to force himself to

y of Hygi

ut they are really liberating, for the things we were doing were unrealized restrictions on our own power to work, to be useful, or even to enjoy life. The "rules" of hygiene are thus simply the means of emancipating us from our real limitations. These so-called rules, when tried, will prove to be not artificial but natural,

l of Ro

al. It is a very common thing for a man to romance over his shortcomings, or his unhealthy physical conditions, to make hum

e Possibiliti

ility of Dise

y read and accept the statistics on the subject, really have a picture of the imperative need of hygiene as an integral part of every human life. It is not

rly applied; that at least half of the 3,000,000 and more sick-beds constantly kept filled in the United States are unnecessary; that the financial loss from earnings cut off by preventable disease and premature death

ents Un

and all supposedly picked men and women, only 1 per cent. were found free of impairment or of habits of living inviting impairment. Of those with important physical impairments, 89 per cent. were, prior to the examination, unaware of impairment; 16 per cent. of the total number examined were affected with organic heart trouble, 42 per cent. wit

irments, 89 per cent. were, prior to the examination, unaware of impairment; 3 per cent. of the total number examined were affected with organic heart trouble; 53 per cent. with arterial changes, ranging from slight thickening to advanced arteriosclerosis; 23 p

r Ai

eciated. Once we penetrate beneath conventional acquaintance we almost invariably learn of some functional trouble, such as impairment of heart, circulation, liver, kidneys, stomach; or gallstones, constipation, diarrhea; or insomnia, neurasthenia, neuritis, neuralgia, sick-headac

o follow. The laws of physiology are just as inexorable as the laws of physics. There is no compromising with Nature. No man can disobey the laws of health to which he has been bred by Nature without paying for it-any more than a man can sign a check against his ba

sonal E

rences in people and the variations of the same person at different times. These differences and variations have a range of many hundred per cent. Some people can not walk upstairs or run across the street without being out of breath, while others will climb the Matterhorn without overstrain. The fact that certain peopl

confi

famous American, possessed of prodigious bodily vigor. He ought to have lived a century. Unfortunately he had this "insolence of health." He was warned several times against overwork, lack of sleep, and abuse of his digestion. But he merely smiled and claime

Health

ity and endurance. Insurance companies are discovering that even weak and sick people, will,

of hygiene here laid down, became an athlete and capable of running twenty-five miles for sheer love of sport and apparently without the overstrain experienced by "Marathon" runners. Kant and Humboldt are cases typical in different fields of achievement of many of the world's most vital men who have actually made over their constitutions from weakness to strength. Cornaro says that it was the neglect of hygienic laws which made him all but a dead man at thi

l Anima

kept tissue cells of animals alive outside of the body for the past three years. These cells are multiplying and growing, apparently unchanged by time, to all appearances immortal so long as they are peri

ygiene and

rld is burdened with so colossal a load? Is it no more than is biologically normal? Is it true that in other organisms, a

Adjustme

rth," he shows, for instance, that the little layer of soil on the surface of the earth from which plants and animals derive their nutriment was, before the advent of man, replenished quite as fast as it was washed away, but that after man had put his plow into it and had taken off the protective mat of vegetation, he unconsciously despoiled the accumulation of ages. "In a plowed field, an hour's torrential rain may wash off to the sea more than would pass off in a thousand years in the s

ventions of civilization have done so much for man that he is apt to unduly glorify them and to overlook the injurious by-products. These by-products are often of prodigious significance to the race. The invention of houses introduced the problem of house hygiene;

s Art

tents, huts with holes in the roof and the walls. These holes served to ventilate, though they were not intended for that purpose. The hole in the roof was to let out the smoke and the holes in the walls to let in the light. Gradually the roof-hole developed into a chimney with an open fireplace, which, in turn, gradually changed into a small flue for stoves whereupon it almost ceased to serve any ventilating function. The stove in turn has largely gone and is replaced in many cases by the hot-water or steam radiator, without any attempt at ventilation.

on Diffe

soon as they adopted the white man's houses and clothes. The Anglo-Saxons who have withstood the influence of indoor living for several generations have, probably by the survival of the fittest, become a little better able to endure

ion for C

reme importance to us of air hygiene. We must compensate for the construction of our houses by insisting on open windows, or for

ng Art

ten have little more clothing than a blanket which they hang over their shoulders toward the wind. The weak, pale skin-to whose lack of adaptability we owe the chilling preceding a cold-the bald head, the distorted foot, the corns upon it, the cramped waist, are amo

g Arti

e inventions have greatly widened the variety of man's diet, but the foods of civilization are la

ods Art

f hard fruits and stalks and perhaps also grains and flesh. Observation of manlike apes shows that they chew their food more thoroughly than man. Doubtless nuts constituted a considerable part of primitive food and required cracking by the teeth. The work we now do in flour-mills or the kitchen or with the knife and fork, was then done with the teeth. We even have our cook mash our potatoes and make puddings and pap of our food after it reaches the kitchen. Having already shirked most of the task of m

ted Food

trated foods have been formed by getting rid of residue. Instead of chewing the sugar-cane, we use sugar, a concentrated extract which leaves no residue. We crush the juices from our frui

Arti

trains and crowd our meal-time to catch them. We make engagements in neglect of the requirements of digestion. We have, in consequence, as one of the institutions of c

f Fle

d App

could catch with the hand and eat raw. Our eliminating organs, the liver and the kidneys, have been framed to meet the demands of man's natural diet, but not adapted to handle the diet of civilized men in the excessive use of flesh foods and the use of alcohol. These organs are, fortunately or unfortunately, provided with a large factor of safety and can stand a great deal of abuse, but the cumulative effect of this abuse, especially when combined with an unhygienic life in general, sooner or later leads to disaster. Our tas

ls of Civ

The invention of the alphabet and of printing has made possible the accumulation of knowledge, but has promoted eye-strain with a great train of attendant evils. The device of division of labor has created much wealth, but destroyed the normal balance of mental and physical work, recreation and rest. From this follow occup

at are Worse

r wrong food habits and not a little of our immorality are simply crude and unscientific attempts to compensate for disturbances or deviations from a normal life. We wake ourselves up, as it were, with caffein, move our bowels with a cathartic, induce an appetite with a cocktail, seek rest from the day's fatigue and worries in

s, an effort to get bulk. Again, too much protein is in large measure due to the need of compensating for ra

owing his instinct for amusement, of which the lack of playgrounds has deprived him. Dissipations of many kinds are explained in a similar way. It is largely because w

ted in deferring marriage beyond the best physiological age, lie behind prost

of helping, aggravate the disease. They become part of

ned Hu

Most other mammals live about five times the growing period. In man, this would mean that the normal life-

urn to

has brought is to be compensated by that great product of civilization, scientific agriculture, so the waste of vital resources is to be compensated by scientific hygiene. The saving of civilization depends on following not those who repudiate it, like Thoreau, but those who make use of it, like Pasteur. What the world needs is not to abolish houses, but to ventilate them; not to go naked, but to devise better clothes, which have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages of those we now wear; not to return to the diet of the anthropoid apes, but to remodel that which we have; not to give

-The Field

sus Indivi

hygiene, and it is well for the individual, partly out of public spirit, partly in self-defense, to have some idea of the other important branches, namely, public hygiene, the hygi

ch is practised by the citizens for themselves. Public hygiene consists chiefly in efforts by the government to maintain a wholesome environment in which to live, including good outdoor air-without smoke or foul odors-clean streets, pure water, good sewers, quarantine, and legal regulations concerning houses, schools, prisons, hospitals, and other public institutions, foods sold in markets, and conditions of employment. It

acute or infectious diseases has been greatly diminished. Health officers are beginning to demonstrate

cut it in two, as at Panama. The United States Public Health Service, on invitation of the P

consequence is that, in the United States, while the death-rate in the early years of life (when infectious diseases do most of the killing) has been decreasing, the death-rate in later life (when the chronic diseases do most of th

e fight against tuberculosis, a disease at once infectious

tion Ne

to hold his activities within the limits of overfatigue, to screen his house against flies and leave no tin cans about his kitchen door to breed mosquitoes; but if the city in which he lives has no good air for him to breathe, if his city's water supply is contaminated, if neighboring malari

ost of our cities and small towns "Comfort Stations" are rare or unknown, and when they are available they are often in such an insanitary condition as to be

re than could Robinson Crusoe, who was unable to launch his canoe in the ocean, after he had been at great pains to construct it, because he had no one to help him. Each man should take part in the great social hygienic struggle, if he is to reap the highest rewards in his own personal hyg

nsumer

improvement in recent years in drinking water was brought about through the appreciation, by the consumer, of the danger from impure water. His complaints produced the change. Hotels found it profitable to provide and advertise pure water. So

supply, the number of bacteria in milk, the fitness for human consumption of the meat, fowl, fish, and shel

and Q

azines are giving up quack and immoral advertisements and the advertisements of alcoholic beverages. Especially should we refuse to patronize the quack advertiser. When no one is deceived by him, he will cease to

cin

oid fever, and other germ maladies. Its use should be advoca

ial

al should cooperate in the great

interest will not cease at individual hygiene; he will wish to improve the efficiency of the public health se

ge

attributed to unnatural or unhygienic conditions of living. It is true that if followed out faithfully, the rules of hygiene will enable a man to live out his maximum natural life-span, with the maximum of well-being, and to run no risk of allowing any inherent weakness to be brought out. But some persons, even if they followed what is very nearly the normal code for the human being, would scarcely be able to avoid dire physical and mental fates. In s

the Racial

ve and transmit, really belongs, not to us, but to the race; and that we have no right, through alcoholic or other unhygienic practises, to damage it; but that, on t

tions of Ger

nal traits that are made by marriage depends whether or not undesirable traits shall reappear in the offspring. For instance, a man may inherit a defect from his father because his father married a certain type of woman. Had the father selected a differen

in Ma

the choice of a mate, which choice will still be, and rightfully, an instinctive one. Upon the wisdom with which choices in marriage are now made depends in large degree the health and efficiency of all the individuals who will constitute society in the coming generations. As the science of eugenics gathers a greater wealth of evidence and subjects it to vigorous analysis, its ability to guide the race to higher levels wil

a thoroughgoing eugeni

l Pro

such as the feeble-minded, by sterilization of the most un

ment of wise

ages and the putting at the disposal of individuals contemplating marr

ring Harbor, Long Island, N. Y., is n

e way to, or grow into, eugenics. The accomplishment of a true eugenic program will be the crowning work of the health movement an

NOTES ON SPE

TIO

S ON

ing th

either fat or carbohydrate, if we take a bird's-eye view of the various common foods in respect to th

Foods C

FOODS C

ich in Fat. Ve

n Protein W

d

n B

ic

e

Protein

m M

nt

e

Most

t M

t F

le

ee

cient in Protein

r

ta

ui

r Pe

i

am

t P

uts Fa

of

t N

r

tt

ies, or food value, being protein). Those in the two compartments next below are merely "high" in protein (20 to 40 pe

ch in fat." The two compartments next to the left contain those "rich in fat,

very rich in carbohydrate. Those in the two neighboring compartments (the one beginning "shell-fish" and the on

le, the more protein that food contains; the nearer it is to the right hand corner, the more fat

ood Pro

ce each other. Thus, fruit and nuts balance each other, the one being at the left and the other at the right of the ideal compartment. In the same way, potatoes and cream balance each other, as do bread and butter. Instinctively these combinations have been chosen, especially bread and

choices from the lowest row and, in case the foods so chosen are near the bottom, to supplement the

ject will enable one to acquire sufficient knowledge of dietetic needs to successfully govern the diet in a general way without weighing or measuring the food. In the following table the number of calories available in or

OF FOO

FOOD AND THE NUMBER OF CALORIES IN THE 100 IN THE FORM OF PROTEIN, FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE.[A] N

e Protein

dr

ETA

urchased, average, c

rchased, average, ca

rchased, average, co

anned Small side di

anned Large side d

cooked Five serving

tion, cooked Three se

dible portion

portion, average,

Two servings 1

s purchased, avera

e portion, averag

ked One side dis

ble portion, avera

ble portion, avera

ooked 89 3

le portion, avera

purchased, avera

edible portion, ave

Two large serving

ion, average One and a ha

ooked 163 5

canned Two servin

cooked One serv

One good sized

led One large siz

d (creamed) One ser

eamed One servin

ips One-half ser

cooked Half of averag

ble portion, aver

purchased 4

portion, average

purchased Two ordinary s

e portion, averag

purchased, average Ordin

chased, average Four averag

, canned 431

tion, average Two large

ysters 273

FRESH OR

urchased Two app

aked 94 3

rdinary serving

ble portion, aver

d Large serving

ible portion, average O

as purchased, aver

ies 128

canned, as purcha

ordinary servi

ble portion, aver

s purchased, avera

urchased, averag

it 215 7.

mall glass 12

ies 261 9

s 215 7.5

ce 246 8.

es 147 5

out seven olive

ased, average One ver

Large glass 1

ased, average Three o

Ordinary servin

Ordinary glass

large pear 1

uce 113 3

dible portion, av

black 146 5

s, red 178

rchased, average Two se

s purchased, aver

ED M

d (fat), 1099[D] Small

(lean), 1206[D] Large

(med.), 1188[D] Small

roasted, 1538[D] Half s

, roasted, 1616[D] Smal

roasted, 1615[D] Very sma

ed, 1169[D] Small se

, 1170[D] Very small s

elly, as purchase

ased, canned One thin

ible portion, average One

ast Ordinary serv

led, 1184[D] Large s

(fat), 1174[D] Small s

, 1192[D] Ordinary se

(fat), 1484[D] Small

(lean), 1511[D] Small

ased, canned Small s

d, 1182[D] Large ser

RY, PUDDING

as purchased Half ordinary

purchased Half ordinary

s purchased Small p

ramel 71 2.

Ordinary cup 1

wo-thirds ordinary

urchased Half a dou

s, as purchased

as purchased

sed One-third ordinar

hased One-fourth ordina

rchased One-third ordin

hased One-third ordinar

hased One-fourth ordina

chased One-third ordina

ple sago 81

y Half ordinary ser

e Very small servi

l Half ordinary ser

apioca Small ser

Ordinary serving

TS (

purchased, aver

rchased, averag

rtion, average Three

s purchased

rtion, average One

ortion, average Thre

s purchased 3

ble portion, ave

as purchased

RE

chased, average Ordinary

e) as purchased, average S

de, as purchased Ordinary

d Ordinary cereal d

granular, avera

ed, edible portion, a

, as purchased Two c

, as purchased Two cr

ed Large serving

, average 27

, cooked Ordinary ser

boiled One and a half

average 24

uncooked 2

erage Ordinary cerea

Ordinary cereal d

urchased, average One l

at One biscuit 2

i, average 2

entire wheat aver

, graham, avera

cess, family and straight grade sp

of thick slice b

Y PR

sed Ordinary pat or b

chased One and a half

, as purchased One and a h

as purchased Four cub

s purchased One and a hal

purchased One and a half

urchased One and a half

purchased One and a half

arter ordinary g

188 6.7

, sweetened, as pur

eetened (evap. cream) as

urchased One and a half

purchased Small gl

sed Two glasses

AND P

, as purchased, av

hased Four teaspoo

orange peel) 28

s, cane 35

dible portion Seven

dible portion Seven

ed, as purchased

e teaspoonfuls or one and

Four teaspoonfu

Four teaspoonfu

U

ortion, average About

uts 14.8 .

e portion Three ordina

rnuts 14

nuts 16 .

, edible portion, av

portion, average Te

y nuts 13

rtion, average Thirtee

, edible portion Abo

s), edible portion Abou

ia, edible portion Ab

ELLA

boiled One large

's whites 181

yolks Two yolks

et 94 3.

purchased, averag

hased, average Very lar

y, as purch., average Tw

as purchased 8

s purchased Two pla

ractical Dietetics, Irving Fisher, Journa

d Materials. Atwater and Bryant. U. S. D

eats. (1900103, Grindley, U. S. Depart

pecimen, as per Experiment

eady to S

lysis and Cost of Ready to Serve Foods"), shows in convenient form the r

t slowly starve on very expensive food, and yet how easily

ility, as well as protein, mineral and vitamin requirements, must also be considered. Nevertheless, the

f Food

lo

O

.[E]

Or

ck L

tau

on 418

rs 416

g and vanilla

ut pie

eef sandwich w

buns

tard pudd

le pie

uffins

pie

ing with vanilla

piced cakes

e with marshmall

ackers

with vanilla s

pie 31

tes and mashed p

cake 27

pie 27

es and French fried

d molasses c

pie 27

t with French frie

cakes 2

m sandwic

oston bean

with maple ca

croquett

pudding

ch with ro

ayer cak

chipped beef on

a 25

cutlet with toma

cakes with lyonnais

cheese sand

baked bea

, spaghetti and

nstarch with

ith maple can

ers and mi

an cheese san

rk baked b

bread 4

ntry sausa

g with maple

e sandwich with tea

roll 2

th brown gravy an

beans, on the

rackers

led ham

ef hash, bro

pie 6

chicken sand

oca puddin

salad 4

layer cake

al cutlet and tom

ried in but

with maple can

croquettes with

ith French fried

e sandwich

m sandwich with

nd New York

tarch with cr

cutlet and mashe

t and mashed p

t cake

walnut sand

d beans with toma

d Boston b

s with French fried

eef stew

and New York

m sandwic

tte with ba

e with cre

ers and potat

with macar

ntaining cream an

ce pie

amb stew

mackerel with mash

pie 3

cake 3

let and mashed

ded wheat an

oca puddin

ers and mi

rry pie

e eclair

amb pie (indiv

d beef sandw

ed bacon

th maple cane

ld ham

croquettes and

beef and scramb

with scramble

pie

caroni and c

erry pi

ith maple cane

eef and New Yor

rry pie

t pie with dum

d codfish on

t with stewed t

mato omel

oyster f

with crea

ter fry with

burger ste

f hash, browne

eef hash, st

m 50

en wings on

ge and French fri

beef and Bosto

o fried e

am omele

ain omele

ver and mashed

med chipped

oyster fry

s with fruit

s with tomato

otatoes, extra

arch with whippe

eat and cre

tte and French fri

ef hash with poa

m and egg

d potato s

shad and dr

steak with Span

e russe

ed eggs on t

and eggs

jelly with whippe

cakes with countr

r sandwic

giblets on t

ith butter

cheese sandw

acon with lyonnais

sh, browned, with two

toast 3

er and bac

icken has

rambled eg

Milk 27

ith whipped c

th poached

eef with potato

with poache

d roast be

ce with mi

all steak

pple 13

with ice cre

amb chops

salad sandwi

hash, steamed, with

beans on si

andwich

readed, with mash

flakes with m

rned beef

lgarzoon

t with French fri

tard with whipp

, side orde

d egg sandw

ion omele

eak fish with

rloin ste

oatmeal with

akes with mac

nas with cr

ni, side o

in of beef and mas

elet with pot

boiled eg

akes with spa

omelet and tom

steak with on

cake sandw

gg salad

rsley ome

t pea soup

ce cream

oin steak with

lakes and mi

ry tart

a fish sal

n steak with

elly with whipped

p custard

eef with potat

derloin st

toast 3

arch with whipped

ice cream

am chowde

ken soup

b meat sal

e soup 1

hubarb 9

d chicken on

s with crea

short cak

cken omele

viled cra

ananas 8

etti and che

ried ham

n sandwich with l

p with crout

oast beef sa

b sandwich

chicken sand

ed eggs on t

with ice cr

m of whe

s and cream

corn 52

sparagus on t

elon 1

soup with r

ineapple

ruit 78

w oysters

toes with l

d tomatoe

ettuce with dr

oupe 3

ne[H] 3

whole portion as served,

er cent. or over

rotein of meat, mi

hased in the

mal Cost

ntributed the following comments and add

of a company which maintains a chain of restaurants in New York City, and obtained w

igator of the Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, kindly estimated the cost at wholesale prices of the ingredients of different portions sold in the restaurants. These are given in Table 9 beginning on page 64 of the pamphlet from which the above table was derived. The data enable one to construct a new table which gives the estimated wholesale cost

ed rice to $.61 for shad. About half of the dishes can be obtained at wholesale at a price less than $.25 for 2,500 calories, or le

2500 CALORIES CONTAINED IN STANDARD FOODS ARRANGED ACCOR

led (side

bun

app

rhuba

, bak

trawbe

oa

lers

es with toma

ns, c

ette and mashe

, Boston

ef, co

lem

wings on

leon

ad, pot

butte

m ro

amed, chipped

, but

a, and spaghetti

tapioca,

ch, oy

, breaded and t

ned, hash bro

er and

a, with French f

ew, la

New York,

at, with maple

(contained crea

ad, with van

rned, hashed

sh cooked, w

ew, be

oyste

nch fried, ex

dwich,

creamed, c

ich, corn

hashed, steamed, w

iled salt, with m

lk

, rice,

ot, with po

n, with c

ch, minced

chocolate, w

m, straw

elet,

ream cheese

let, pl

vanilla, w

let, on

er fry,

s, frie

ich, frie

e, cou

ette and French f

creamed, o

let, pa

sh, with French f

wich, to

scramble

b chops

ch, cl

d, tuna

tar

h, chicken,

k, tende

m, fri

h, roast be

ies with

, mil

, boiled

let, ch

inced chicken w

oached on t

aked, and d

values. Of the orders containing bread the fractional part of the nutrition

r food, divided the cost of the total food by the number of days in the month and then divided this figure by the

his fashion was $.25, $.50 or $1.00 per day. Wherever the higher values are reached it is

s are subject to great variation. The fluctuation of retail prices does not make it feasible to give their equivalents for the wholesale list, but the relationship can be judged by noting the equivalents f

FOOD CONSU

logie XXXI. Band. 1., 2 u. 3. Heft, L

versity of Helsingfors, Finland, from actual experiment with individuals alternately

ion Age

Ins.

rk Total Calories per Day

s per Hour per Lb. of Bod

E

5–0 145 73

5–8 143 87

–5 141 72 .

10? 161 102

9 6–0 150 87

3 5–4? 143 8

34 5–4 139 8

27 5–5 130 9

–11 154 104

5–8 147 111

–7 154 81 .

–5? 141 85

27 5–11 156 9

22 5–8 141 85

–5 167 86 .

–5 143 84 .

O

3 5–3 139 75

5 5–6 143 64

53 5–3 139 7

19 5–3 110 6

3 5–3 125 75

9 5–3 110 64

5–3 125 75

5–3 110 64

2 5–4 105 70

2 5–3 112 61

ion), the heat production and consequent re

84 calories

451 calories

calori

) showed the following heat prod

ies × 16

ories ×

calori

tion in food requirements accordi

Meta

of Cornell University, have also made a large number of experiments to ascertain what is termed the basal metabolism or heat product

ompose the organs and muscles and blood. The condition of these cells when the measurements are taken (which may be influenced by age, sleep, previous muscular exercise and diet) materially affects the amount of heat production and the requirements in energy food. Su

nd End

ng." Actual experiments on this point have shown exactly the opposite to be the case. Meat eating and a hig

t, athletes accustomed to high-protein and full-flesh dietary; second, athletes accustomed to a low-protein and non-flesh dietary; third, sedentary persons accustomed to a low-protein and non-flesh dietary. The subjects consisted of Yale studen

and flesh-abstaining athletes, and the other between flesh-eating athletes and flesh-abstaining sedentary workers. The results would indicate t

e endurance tests were employed, such as holding the arms horizontally as l

holding their arms out over a quarter of an hour, whereas 22 of the 32 abstainers surpassed that limit. None of the flesh-eaters reache

s only 3 surpassed this figure, while of the 21 abstainers, 17 surpassed it. Only 1 of the 9 flesh-eaters re

is probable that the inferiority of meat-eaters in staying

Fletcher's method of thorough mastication and instinctive eating. The experiment began with an en

the effects upon endurance of thorough mastication combined with implicit obedience to appetite

e briefly expres

ntended to "count the chews," or to hold the food forcibly in the front of the mouth, or to allow the tongue muscles to become fatigued by any unnatural effort or position, or in any other way to make eating a bore. On the contrary, every such effort distracts one from the natural enjoyment of food. Pavlov has shown that without such attention and enjoyment of the taste of food, the secretion of gastric juice is lessened. The point of involuntary swallowing

food offered, or by past habit, or by any theories as to the amount of food needed. The natural taste or appetite is alone consulted, and the subject selects, from the food ava

e the benefit of that doubt to low-protein and non-flesh foods. In other words, the influence of suggestion was invoked to hasten the change which had been inaugurated by

he table and the annoyance which such a procedure involves, the food was all weighed in the kitchen and served in definite portions of known food value. From the records thus supplied, it was easy

Translating Professor Chittenden's figures for the physiological requirement of ingested protein, we find it to be from 1.3 to 1.7 calories per pound of body-weight. Thus the men were at this time consuming nearly double the Chittenden allowance. During the last four wee

e and end of the experiment. These tests were of

and during the second period a slight fall to 995, which is about 12 per cent. from the mid-year's 1,118, and about

s an increase in endurance per se, and not in any degree due to an increase in strength. Strength and endurance are entirely distinct and should be separately measured. The

ary ergographs as a means of measuring endurance. Instead, seven simple gymnastic tests of

e toes as many t

ar as possible and rising to the standin

the floor to a vertical position and lowering them

h hand from the shoulder up to the highest point above

the sides horizontally for

the shoulder and lowering it again, repeating the motion to the point of physical exhaustion. This test

at a speed to suit the subject, t

rapidly as possible, the object being to find out whether the rapi

ENDURANCE (EXACT OR UNDERST

Lw. M

3+ 36 50 -

84+ 181 29 5

se in endurance, both for the first half and more

durance between January and June were used. Th

RANCE, JANUARY TO JUNE, BY THR

Lw. M

95 212 56+

Doubtful

181 29+ 56

durance o

... 50 ...

man. The average of these averages is 101 per cent. for the entire club, and is probably within the truth;

at least not too high, though it may be too low. The average of these is 89 per cent., and is there

urance considered apart from strength) for the five men for whom

, that the average improvement of the

nitrogen, a reduction in the odor, putrefaction, fermentation and quantity of the feces, a slight loss of weight, a slight loss of strength, an enormous increase of physical endurance, a slight increa

ietetic causes alone, cannot reasonably be doubted when it is considered th

ncidentally related to its propaganda. Meat was by no means excluded; on the contrary, t

atedly overtaken many who have made this attempt. Pavlov has shown that meat is one of the most and perhaps the most "peptogenic" of foods. Whether the stimulus it gives to the stomach is n

e the craving whenever one is "meat hungry," even if, as in many cases, this be not oftener than once in several months. The rule of selection employe

ERE

ion, British Medical Journal, January 24, 191

lism and Energy Transformation of Healthy Man During

irements of the Body, Amer. Jour. o

ting Normal Basal Metabolism, Proc

ences of Athletic Training upon Basal Metabo

on of the Basal Metabolism of Normal Men and

rd P.: Muscular Work, Carnegie Inst

iet, New York, Longmans, Green & Compa

ain, Hunger, Fear and Rage, D. Appleto

al Economy in Nutrition, Frederick

trition of Man, Frederick A. S

of Metabolism, Jour. A. M

in Practical Dietetics, Jour. A.

nce, Transactions of the Connecticut Academy

for the Average Man and Woman, New

nd Cost of Ready-to-Serve Foods, Press of th

Shall I Eat? Rebman C

d Dietetics, D. Appleton & Comp

agic or Psomophagic? The Lancet

and Why, Ewart, Seymour &

iples of Dietetics, William Wood & Co

Foods and Household Management, The

of Nutrition, W. B. Saunders & Company, Ph

uffs to Alimentary Functions, Amer. Jour. of

Charles Griffin & Company, Ltd., London, 1910, se

nd-Book for Dietetics, Macmillan &

Food and Nutrition, The Macmi

oducts, The Macmillan C

nal Physiology, N. B. Saunders Comp

, D. Appleton & Company, New York and London, 1906,

on and Metabolism, Lea & Febiger,

m and Practical Medicine, Wi

TIO

ERWEIGHT AN

h proper ideals of health and symmetry? The average individual, as age progres

ed as normal, or physiological, whereas it is not normal, and i

as age advances, by no means reflect the standards of health and efficiency. They merely indicate the average condition of people accepted for life insurance, wh

AVERAGE

American Compan

ders 186,579 Ages a

lbs. Ove

lbs. Ov

lbs. Ov

o 80

ate Bel

ath Rate A

h Rate Be

h Rate Ab

h Rate Be

h Rate Ab

h Rate Be

h Rate Ab

r

. 4% ... ..

10% ... ...

14% ... ...

. ... 1% ..

... 10% ...

% ... 9% ..

... 21% ...

... 25% ...

the standard), is found among those aged

e 13, compiled and published by The Association of Life Insu

ed by average insurance risks of the same age

We should endeavor to keep our weight at approximately the average weight for age 30, the period of full maturity, as experience shows

Pounds. Height. Pou

Ft. In

7 148

5 8 15

5 9 15

5 10 161

5 11 166

72 ........

. ...... .....

Pounds. Height. Pou

Ft. In

5 2 12

5 4 12

5 4 131

5 5 134

5 6 13

142 ........

less body surface exposed in proportion to the body weight, and consequently less heat loss. Likewise, fat people are less active, and their little cell

or Ove

physician to suit the needs of each individual case. Certain general

han hearty and infrequent. A little fruit ma

e or two poached eggs, no sugar, b

as celery, spinach, sea-kale, lettuce, string beans, cucumbers, carrots, tomatoes, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, turnips, bulky ve

water on retiri

ts (Lusk), while about 30 cents' worth of butter, or 10 cents' worth of sugar would furnish the same amount of energy. No one would think of feeding exclusively on any one of these foods, but it is easy to see how the elimination of butter and sugar and the introduction of such foods as lettuce, tomatoes, celery, carrots,

Should, as a Rule, be

erel, pork and goose, fat meats, nuts, butter, cream, olive oil, pastry and sweets, water at meals. Alcohol, which is not a

e for O

e all beneficial forms of exercise for the middle-age

ill accomplish much. No apparatus is required, and any movements that bring into play the entire muscular system, and especially the muscles of the trunk, with deep breathing, are sufficient. (See "Setting-up" exercises described in

of Sudde

exercise, the results can be obtained with mathematical precision and without undue hardship. It may be necessary to forego certain pet dietetic indulgences, but such indulgences, are, after all, a mere matter of habit and a liking for new forms of food can u

mm

ery simple matter. No mysterious or e

n increase in the amount of exercise is made, no

asing its bulk) and increasing the exercise to the point of burning up 3,000 calories, the tissues are drawn upon for the differen

R AVERAG

of 43 Ameri

Experience

ers, 530,108[M] Ages

lbs. Und

lbs. Un

o 45

ate Bel

ath Rate A

h Rate Be

h Rate Ab

h Rate Be

h Rate Ab

r

7% ...... 1

... ...... 8

. 4% ......

.... ......

.... 13% ...

... 1% .....

.... 8% ....

... 18% ....

y light in weight, compared with the average weight for those ages. The next lowest mortality in any other age gr

Mortality Investigati

ed by average insurance risks of the same age

or Und

energy food, or fuel foods, fats, starch and sugar. Butter and olive oil are better than other fats and less likely to disturb the digestion. Sugar is a valuable fuel food, but should not be taken in concentrated f

nd tasted before swallowing. Thin, anemic people derive much benefit from egg lemonade or egg-

for Und

sting physical exerti

an, are advisable. At middle life and after, underweight, unless extreme or accompanied by evidence of impaired heal

TIO

ON P

ercises for F

thening the abdominal muscles and restoring t

f the legs. Lie flat on the back, head downward on an inclined plane (an ironing board, uptilted,

ure described in this section, a n

traight out from the sides; let the arms fall slowly to the sides while exhaling. The chest should be

be performed at the rat

ght above the head, then sway from side to side, moving from the hips

until at right angles with the body, leg at right angles with thigh, thrust the leg straightforward to

he right arm straight upward, while lifting the left leg outward and upward

the body, spine straight. Reach forward with arm and follow with thigh and leg of

Exercises f

he length of one foot apart and practise walking on

attention." Correct posture is more like the military attitude "at rest"-namely, heels apart, toes straight forward, the sides of the feet forming two

of the feet with heels apart is

ing the weight on the sides of the feet, or on one foot with the body saggi

t Spec

deformities, etc.) should be sought, as often a plaster cast of the foot is required in order that

a shoemaker. The ordinary arch supports supplied by shoemakers do not cure flat f

proper exercises, and the correction of

exercise and a proper shoe, an arc

in the feet, legs and back, often mistaken for rheumatism, and improperly treated with drugs and lin

ing We

the inner side of the feet, as shown by the uneven wearing of the shoe. This condition may be present with a high instep, and no evidence of flat foot. As flat foot dev

cure, especially in extremely heavy people, may be difficult or impossible, if the arches are completely broken

variably be effected, and after a tim

arch supports will either cure flat foot or that people with weak f

ake a year or two, and with proper management it can usually

foot muscles and tendons by plenty of walking and running, especially in childhood,

TIO

ON A

computed as compared to those of the general class of insured lives. In considering such figures it is well to bear in mind that the general or non-abstaining class comprises only those w

ife;[2] The Scottish Temperance Life of Glasgow;[3] The Abstainers and General Life of Lon

fer to the publications liste

ty Among Abstainers

non-abstainers in several of these companies is

gree to collateral excesses (especially those resulting in infection from the diseases of vice) and a more careless general manner of living engendered by alcoholic indulg

e solely to a more conservative habit of living, and that this class is largely comp

stulate. During a twelve years' experience the mortality among the abstainers was one-

en 4 pe

ers

ks 1

arning $15 to $2

m Temperance and General Provident Institution,[7] has th

for the same kind of policies, for the same average amounts, and were in the same general walks of life, and of the same general financial condition. They were almost equal in numbers to the general class and did not form a small high grade section of the policyholding body. On the

CE AND GENERAL PROVIDEN

ES-WHOLE LI

6–1

ED MOR

0

ACTUAL TO EXPECTED MOR

ACTUAL TO EXPECTED MO

NERS-STANDARD RISKS-37.7%

TY TABLES UPON WHICH PREMIUMS ARE BASED-100

E ASSOCIATI

LIFE P

4–1

ED MOR

0

ACTUAL TO EXPECTED MOR

TUAL TO EXPECTED MOR

NERS-STANDARD RISKS-51.8%

TENSION INS

ERANCE LIFE ASSUR

ES-WHOLE LI

3–1

ED MOR

0

ACTUAL TO EXPECTED MOR

TUAL TO EXPECTED MOR

NERS-STANDARD RISKS-43.5%

ES OF ALCOHOL 43 AMERICAN LIFE

GENERALLY-MEDICO ACTUARIAL TABL

GLASSES OF BEER OR 1 GLASS OF WHISKEY D

RY OF PAST INTEMPERANCE, BUT APPARENTLY CUR

R OR 1 GLASS OF WHISKEY DAILY, BUT, REGARDED AS TEMPERATE & STA

higher mortality among so-called moderate drinkers is only what we would naturally expect to find in the light of the most recent knowledge regarding its effects upon the hum

ial Mortality

an life insurance companies, the combined experience on users of alcohol has

ess in the past. The mortality in this group was 50 per cent. in excess of the mortality of insured

of whisky, or their alcoholic equivalent, each day. In this g

ndard insurance risks. In this group the mortality was 86 per cent. in excess of the average. In short

rs but accepted as sta

st excess

rate drin

r one glass of whisky daily are not, on the evidence, entitled t

om Bright's disease, pneumonia and

tion of

has materially decreased, as shown in the following table. This factor must be considered in assigning a cause for the increasing

AL GALS.) OF ALCOHOL IN VARIOUS COUNT

s. Total. Beer. Wi

7 1.66 28.43 22.

6 .39 1.05 33.04 2

9 1.7 27.1 8.6

1 .30 .81 14.12 16

dence Relating to the Physi

ners, one must have some knowledge of the physiological effects of alcohol in so-called modera

than alcohol. But if laboratory and clinical evidence shows that alcohol in so-called moderate quantities (social moderation) produces definite ill effects, such as lowering the resistance to disease, increasing the liability to accident and interfering with the efficiency of mind and b

he evidence, but the following items

rain and Ne

a half to a whole liter of beer is sufficient to lower intellectual power, to impair memory, and to retard simple mental proce

have been confirmed by Kraepelin and quite recently by Vogt[11] in experiments on his own person-15 cc. (about 4 teaspo

an irritation and the beginning of a responsive movement can be measured within one one-thousandth of a second. According to Aschaffenburg,[12] under the influence of even very small doses of alcohol this reaction period is disturbed and shortened

ones are released, hence the so-called stimulation and the lack of judgment and common sense often shown by those even slightly under the influence of alcohol. The man who wakes up under al

and then lowered, the total effect being a loss in working power, as sh

Bodily Resist

which is to resist infection in the blood) in rabbits, and Laitinen[16] has shown that the prolonged admini

[18] that small amounts lower the resistance to tuberculosis and streptococcus infection; Craig and Nichols,[19] that moderate doses of whisky were sufficient to cause a negative Wassermann reaction i

showing that 20 per cent. of the red cells lose their re

luence on phagocytosis (capacity of the white blood cells to destroy bac

on Circ

force, of the pulse. It causes depression of the nerve center controlling the blood vessels

rary to the findings of Crile,[24] Cabot,[25] Dennig,[26] Hindelang and Grünbaum, Alexandroff[27] and others, in man; but the amounts were small and

d V

h must be figured its action on the blood vessels which causes a loss of body heat, Mendel has shown that in moderate doses (96 cc. daily) it increases the output of uric acid and allied (purin) bodies derived from the tissues, a fact which distinguishes it from all other foods. These poisonous or drug effects must always be considered, together with a

er or chloroform. Indeed, Aschaffenburg[31] has recently called attention to the growth of the ether habit in eastern German

hat the influence of alcohol on any large group of men, whether they be artisans or soldiers, is harmful and lowers the efficiency of the group. Individual susceptibility varies, but the man who thi

on Of

ve offspring, although mated with vigorous untreated females. The offspring of those so treated when reaching maturity are usually nervous and slightly undersize. These effects are apparently conveyed through

on of the transmissibility of the effect of alcohol is misleading unless very critic

examined in order to detect the earliest signs of ill-effect. One's own feelings ar

ed large industries, the members unanimously voted to abolish liquor from their plants. It has been well stated by Quensel[33] t

f the Kaiser to alcohol and the warnings uttered by Lord Kitchener and leading British statesmen, are suffi

ERE

nd General Provident Institutio

Association, An

e Life Assurance Compa

neral Insurance Company,

ings of the Association of the Life Insurance Medical Directors of America,

ings of the Life Assurance Med

red Lives of Abstainers and Non-Abstainers from Alcoholic Beverages.

tuarial Mortality Inves

914, p. 173; Statistical Abstract for the Principal and Other Foreign Countries, 1901–1912, Thirty-ninth

logische Arbeiten, 1896, I, pp. 608–626; Kurz, Ernest, and Kraepelin, Emil: Ueber die Beeinflussung psychischer Vorg?nge durch regelm?ssigen Alkoholgenuss, Psychologische Arbeiten, 1901, III, pp. 417–457; Mayer,

tus paa erindringsevnen, Norsk. Mag. f. Laegevidensh., 1910

and Its Repression, Little, Brow

Muskelkraft, Archiv für Physi

l, Zucker und Thee auf die Leistungsf?higkeit des M

macology and Therapeutics, W. B. Saunders Co

International Anti-Alcoholic Congress, held in London, July, 1909; Uber die Einwirkung der kleinsten Alkoholengen auf die Widerstandsf?higkeit

loroform on Natural Immunity in its Relation to Leucocytosi

Med., 1907, XVI, pp. 241–246. Read before the American Society for the Study of Alcohol

he Ingestion of Alcohol on the Result of the Complement Fixa

sistenzverminderung der Erythrozyten nach Alkoholge

hrocytes in Alcoholic Intoxication, Russky Vratch, 1912

n of Alcohol to Immunity, The Lanc

nimal, Jour. A. M. A., 1910, LV, pp. 372–73. Read in the Section on Pathology a

ott Company, Philadelphia, 1903. Cartwright Prize of the Alumni

Especially upon the Circulation, Med. News, LXXXIII, 1903, pp. 145–

f den Blutdruck und die Herzarbeit in pathologischen Zust?nden, Nament

chen Zust?nden, Cor. Bl. f. schweiz. Aerzte., 1910, XL, pp. 465–475; Action of Alcoh

ental Inquiry Regarding the Nutritive Value of Alcoh

oholic Fluids Upon the Excretion of Uric Acid in

ence of Alcohol Upon Nitrogenous Metabolism in Men and

haffenbu

ns of Mammals from Ancestors Treated with Alcohol,

l Viewpoint-Studies in the Pathology of Alcoholism, Yea

cology and Therapeutics, W. B. Saunders Com

ing to Occupations, Proceedings of the Fifteenth International

nd to Occupational Diseases, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Internati

of Other Medicines at the Massachusetts General

on to Life, The Nineteenth Cent

ited States of America, J. B. Lippincott &

Rec., 1913, LXXXIV, p. 75. Read before the Fourth Nati

l in Therapeutics, Med. Rec., 1912, LXXI,

engthen Life? Proceedings of the Association of Life Ins

ink Problem, London, M

d zur Frage über den Alkoholeinfluss auf die Harnsaureaussche

Infection, Jour. A. M. A., 1910, LV, pp. 2034–2037. Read in the joint session of the Sections of Practice of Med

dings of the Fifteenth International Congress on H

ted States, Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Congre

of Life Insurance Medical

logical Aspects of the Liquor Problem, Houg

ydratsparende Wirkung des Alkohols, Biochem. Ztschr., 19

ects the Individual, the Community and the

Action, Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Congre

l Notes o

Laboratory

n body. The immense scope of the investigation planned may be judged by the fact that under the physiological division of the research, as laid out by Professors Raymond Dodge and E. C. Benedict, there are seven m

ogical

t be accepted as the testimony of pure science, free from all bias or even remote suggestion of propaganda. They were based upon experiments with moderate doses of alco

vels Spi

, was markedly depressed, the time of response being increased 10 per cent. and the thickening of the muscles concerned in

next largest effect, the time of response being increased 7

er L

A (30 cubic centimeters), accelerated the eye-reaction, while dose B (45 cubic centimeters) positively depressed it, agreeing with the simple reaction experiments of Kraepelin. This was the only instanc

mo

, and showed practically no effect from alcohol, but, unf

ectrical stimulation wa

xt investigated. The velocity of these movements was decreased 11 per cent. Finger-

and

, but not increased in force, that is, the "brake" was taken off the heart, but no driving force supplied by alcohol. The condition o

Organic

efficiency." This should shut off such little debate as still per

a Dep

to show that its first and most profound effect is on the lower levels of the spinal cord and the simpler nervous mechanisms, it confirms the view of thes

of Higher B

forcement," which is well exemplified by the ability of a half-intoxicated person to sober up under some shock or strong incentive. When social conditions do not stimulate this reinforcement, but, on the contrary, dull and r

on of Mem

exposed a second time), which are more in the nature of "short cuts" and perhaps not so accurate a reproduction of normal memorizing as those employed by Kra

proof that the higher mortality among so-called moderate users of alcohol is

Resi

y of Munich, who found that the resistance of blood cells to salt solution an

large quantities and who had been inoculated against cholera. Pampoukis[37] has observed that alcoholics are not favorable subjects f

nal Ref

cal Effects of Alcohol, The Carnegie

Effect of Alcohol on Man, The Jou

s auf Bakterizidie, Phagozytose und Resistenz der Erythr

leraschutzimpfungen, Centralbl. f. B

ty, Jour. A. M. A., 191

TIO

ON T

of tobacco on the human body, so that those who smoke may correctly measure the probable physical cost

l Pipe-Thou

of my el

y curling f

an evening

g to my Ma

s benefits

Ga

ain, dangerous to the lungs, and the black stinking fume thereof neare

me

t i

" Hyoscyamus, or "Henbane," Solanum Dulcamara, or "Bitter Sweet," all powerful poisons, and likewise the common potato

st

tal plant, and Jean Nicot, the French Ambassador at Lisbon, introduced it at the court of Catherine de Medici in the form of snuff. Smoking subsequently became

pos

cotin, which resembles prussic acid in the rapi

ries according to the brand and the

have been given by t

t[38] .64 to

Agriculture[39

ltural Experiment

n-after fe

Agriculture[4

mes

developed during the process preparation. On heating, pyridin (a substance often used to denature alcohol), picolin, collidin, and other bases are formed, as well as carbolic acid, ammonia, marsh gas, cyanogen and hydr

le for its charm and its ill effects, which are to be described. No one can doubt the serious injurious effects from such a powerful

leaves do not possess any attractions for smokers, neither do they produce the well-known effects that smoking and chewing tobacco produce. No doubt pyridin and furfural are factors in the drug effects of tobacco, but recent painstaking experiments by high authorities have shown the presence of n

"tolerance," are those of nicotin poisoning, and why the symptoms produced by chewing tobacco are identical with those following the smoking of tobacco, which are: mild collap

it may become volatilized by heat and a certain

o smoke the following percentages of

smoke 82

oke 85 t

2] (1912) gives the

ke 3.75 to

oke, smoked as

oke 77

oke 31 t

] found in tobacco smoke about 30 per cent. of

s, which augurs ill for the large class of people who cannot afford to smoke higher pr

on Anima

e-ganglia of the heart. Others established a tolerance similar to that exhibited by habitual smokers, but upon being killed at the end of five months, degenerative changes similar to those produced by the inject

id heart action and lowered blood pressure. In habitual smokers, this preliminary stimulation may not occur. The stimulating effect on the brain is so brief that tobacco can not properly be termed a stimulant. Its effect is narcotic or deadening. Those who fancy that their thoughts flow more readily under the use of tobacco are in the same case with

Prof. Fred. J. Pack are of

tudents competing for places on the f

ution.

pet

aces.

ful. Pe

ces

itut

rs 11

kers 19

itut

rs 10

okers

itut

rs 28

okers

itut

s 28 1

kers 15

itut

rs 10

okers

itut

ers

kers 26

ion. Smoker. Non-smoker. Ins

69.8 G

74.6 H

81.1 I

77.6 J

84.8 K

71.3 L

e relative scholastic standi

mb

en.

. Av

a

81 6,0

ers 101

titutions

mb

n. Hi

s. L

rk

rs 81

okers

mb

n. Hi

s. L

rk

mokers fu

s would fu

mb

en.

dit

lures.

s 82 7

kers 98

Smoking

conclusions w

n-smokers are successful in the

is associated with loss of lung capacit

bly associated wit

d prodigious mental achievement by heavy smokers. Such exceptions, howe

ce except in the use of tobacco. But Prof. Pack has sought to avoid this objection. As he points out, the football squad is probably as nearly a homogeneous group as it is possible to find. It seems reasona

,[47] in a series of

aused an increase

re which, under the circumstances of the

siderable increase in hear

ition, the increased blood pressure found in the horizontal position, showing a disturbance of the

nducive to concentration upon the reading

erent psychic fields found the following conditions among smokin

decrease in me

ss was in the field of

re in the fields of imagery,

these experiments, o

experiments failed to reveal nicotin in the tobacco smok

lacies which have in the past misled investigators into apparently determini

tobacco, and as the clinical effects of chewing tobacco are apparently identical with those of smoking tobacco, very strong and universally accepted c

aret and the mere physical act of lighting a fresh cigaret disturbs the continuity of thought and work. Dr. W. J. Mayo[49

erience on To

ublished any experience on tobacco users. This covered a peri

MORTALITY.[Q] Abstainers. Ra

59% 71%

57% 72%

hich premiums are based, but which provides for a much higher mortality than the average companies susta

rpre

eans that where, according to the premium tables

ity, as the figures show. Nevertheless, the abstainers exhibited

e due to a more conservative habit of living. Furthermore, as the abstainers from alcohol were not separated from the abstainers from tobacco in this analysis a perfect comparison can n

nous

e produced hardening of the large arteries. Clinical observation by some of the world's best

restore the heart to its normal condition, but tobacco heart sometimes causes death, especially under severe physical strain or in the course of acute disease, such as typhoid or pneumonia. Surgeons[52] have noted failure to rally after operation

s, which secrete a substance that in excess powerfully affects the blood vessels, constricting them and temporarily increas

ften an important fact

mon affection among smokers. There is also often an irritant effect

the nose, throat and e

a common affecti

[54] Two drops on the tongue of a dog or cat will prove fatal; moreover, fatal poisonings have occurred in man from swallowing tobacco and even from external application of strong soluti

MM

n with which medical literature is l

s smoke contain power

r disease, notwithstanding the claims that are made for its sedative effects and its value as a solace to mankind. If these benefits are real and dependable, they should b

ychic effect, such as the sight of smoke, the surrounding, etc., are of minor importance in establishing the habit. The main charm to the smoker is the drug ef

tive ease and is therefore less harmful morally. Men who have smoked or chewed steadily for 40 years have been known to give up the habit without experiencing much physical discomfort. Like any other

and circulation should lead one to pause and conside

ether or not one is endowed with sufficient resistance to

seases of the heart and circulation are ra

sumption has rapidly incre

here has been no material increase in the use of tobacco, and the pe

se of

bs., while in 1914 it had risen to more than 7 lbs. In the United Kingdom the per capit

he past five years, while there has been a slight increase in the consumption of cig

gars Cigarets

mokin

7,884,748,515 436

9,254,351,722 380

11,239,536,803 39

14,294,895,471 40

16,427,086,016 41

59,100,618,527 2,02

er guide than the exaggerated and intemperate denouncements of p

mine the condition of the heart and blood vessels. This examination should be repe

ERE

n Tobacco, The Lancet (

griculture, Compt. Rend. Ac

Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin No. 141, Sept. 30, 1909, p. 15; A New Method for the Determination of Nicot

chen, med. Wchnschr., 1908, LV, pp. 723–25; The Physiological

Tobacco, The Lancet (Lond

Quality of Tobacco, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau

Blood Vessels of Animals, Russky Vratch, 1907, VI, p. 189;

n Blutdrucks durch Tabakrauchen, Ztschr. f. exper. Path. u. Therap., 1913, XIV, pp. 352–365; Pawinski, J.: Ueber den Einfl

and Football Men, Popular Scien

ge J. [Monograph

ing and Mental Efficiency, N. Y. M

J.: Personal

roc. Assoc. Life Ins. Med.

Wchnschr., 1914, XXVII, pp. 497–501; Experimental and Clinical Study of Chronic Tobacco Poisoning, Jour. A

Effects of Tobacco in Surgical Practice, Medic

Secretion, Jour. Pharm. and Exper. Therap., 1912, p. 381; Edito

o. 34, p. 1884. Dixon, A. S.: Proceedings of the Aca

Jour. A. M. A., May 30

of Internal Revenue, 1914, p. 34, Gover

A. M. A., 1904, XLIII, p. 706; Zur Hygienie des Rauc

nce on the Tobacco Question, Jo

y of Tobacco Smoke, Jour.

Tobacco, Jour. A. M.

and Circulation, Jour. A.

krankungen der Tabakraucher, Deutsch. med

f the Surgeon-General's Office,

Jour. A. M. A., 1903, XLI, p. 50. Read before

tabagique, Ann. med. C

TIO

DING

ect

re is a local infection, with mixed classes of bacteria. It is probable that these various forms of bacteria are constantly pres

Obst

neglected causes of nasal obstruction. Such malformations are caused by the arresting of the growth of the upper jaw and nasal structures. Correction of the deformity of the arches often renders nasal surgery unnecessary. Such conditions not only predispose to colds, but increase their severity and the danger of complicating infection of the bony cavities in the skull that communicate with the nose. They

l Resi

colds. In fact, except where actual nasal defects exist, the frequency of colds is usually a fair indication of how hygienically a pe

Tra

over-sensitive, and exhibit a sort of hair-trigger reaction to exposure, causing a disturbance of the circulation, and of the heat-regulating machinery of the body of which

ured by various means. One should fir

ces a healthy reaction, is another

llows: Standing in about a foot of hot water, one may rub the body briskly with a wash cloth wrung out of water at about 80 degrees F. and reduced day by day until it is down to 50 degrees F. Following this the cold

t Cl

sual exposure, as in driving or motoring. Outer clothing should be adapted to the changes in the weather, and medium-weight underclothing worn throughout the winter season. Office-workers and others empl

e temperature should not be allowed to rise above 65 degrees. In ordinary offices or dwelling rooms, th

sh

is one of the foremost methods of prevention against colds. Army men remark that so long as they are out of doors, e

hythmically, say ten at a time

tipa

igorously combated by proper diet and exercise, an

rea

ghtly, using little meat or other high protein foods su

ti

ue will help greatly

l To

physician. When the nose is clogged with soot or dust, a very gentle spray of a warm, weak solution of salt and water, in the anterior nostrils, may do no harm. Picking of the nose should be strictly avoided. This is a fertile cause of infection. In blowing the nose care should be taken to close one nostril completely and to blow through the other with

Treatmen

variable temperature and any severe "skin gymnastics." The paradox, that exposure to drafts is preventive of colds, but is likely to add to the

he body thoroughly warm, especially the feet. To accomplish this it is often th

the duration of a cold and lessen the danger of complications, th

e, and rubbing the neck and chest with camphorated oil. The hot foot-bath should usually last 20 minutes, and be taken in a very thorough manner,

below that of the body, since the neutral bath has the same as that of the body. One can remain in such a bath even for hours, if one has the time, but in getting out,

ified, especially in winter when it is apt to be exceedingly dry. Either excessive dryness or excessive moisture is a strain on the mucous membrane, which is the directly diseased organ in the cas

, such as green vegetables or fruit. The common idea that one should "stuff a cold and starve a fever" is most erroneous and comes apparently from a misunderstanding of the m

leterious and should be avoided, as should all quack remedies and catarrh c

ollowing the above suggestions. The tax on one's time thus required is far less than the tax required by the colds themselves. The authors of this book know of pers

TIO

SE OF THE DEGEN

all civilized countries, is accepted by many as evidence of a steady gain in National Vitality. That there has been a gain in vital

ding European countries. In those countries the fall in the death rate has not been due solely to a reduction of mortality in infancy and adult life through the conquest

also the trend of mortality in the two great classes of diseases: the communicable, which affect more emphatically the y

uence or to the amalgamation of the various races that constitute our population, it must

e unfavorable trend of mortality in this country as compared t

REASES IN DEATH R

N.J. 1

.I.

WALES IN B

rom all causes, by age periods. The decreases are

England and Wales, that they changed to increases about age 45 and continued to increase

comparative statistics could be had. These records were accepted by the national government, and these States really consti

E REGISTR

0,000

IC DI

.I.

WALES DO

ood vessels and kidneys increased 41 per cent. during the period 1890–1910, while in England and Wales (sh

REASES-DECREASES F

c disease among males in gainful occupations, and the downward trend in the mortality from communicable disease in the same

ION

ENERATIVE TENDENC

S[R] AND IN VARIOUS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.[S] Ages U. S. Reg. Area 1900

es Fem. Males

8 189.4 ... ... 17

.. ... ... .

.. ... ... .

.. ... ... .

. ... ... ..

23.4 56.9 48.5 3

.1 4.6 4.6 6.

3.0 2.9 3.5

3.7 4.9 5.2

4.7 7.8 6.4

6.0 8.0 8.0

6.7 8.5 7.8

7.8 10.5 8.8

1 8.6 12.7 9.7

10.0 15.1 10.9 1

13.8 19.1 14.5 1

20.4 26.6 20.5 2

31.4 37.4 30.5 3

50.3 54.5 47.1 5

78.9 86.9 77.7 8

25.3 130.7 120.6 13

186.6 ... ... 21

71.4 221.9 219.8 31

.2 345.6 ... ..

.8 402.1 ... ...

eavier in the United States than in Prussia, France, Italy, and Sweden. Since t

ns can be approximated by adding the rates for m

S., 1900, iii. Vital

he Statistik, Verlag von G

ND AN

es at Twelve Groups of Ages, and Infant Mo

r

1,000 Persons a

25 25–30 35–45 45–55 55–

ants under 1 yr. of

0 7.2 8.8 9.7 12.1 16.1

6 7.7 9.8 10.9 13.6 18.1

2 7.4 9.0 10.1 12.7 17.2

7 6.7 8.3 9.4 12.0 16.1

7 6.6 8.4 9.8 12.6 17.1

3 6.2 8.0 9.9 12.9 17.6

0 5.8 7.7 9.6 13.1 18.0

5 4.9 6.5 8.4 12.3 17.5

2 4.6 6.0 8.0 11.8 17.2

8 4.1 5.3 7.2 11.1 17.1

6 4.0 5.0 6.8 11.0 17.3

.4 3.5 4.5 6.0 10.1 16.2

2 3.1 4.0 5.4 8.9 14.9 2

0 2.9 3.6 4.8 7.8 13.7 2

1890 in death rate at e

istrar General of the Births, Deaths, and

AGE, AND GENERAL NATIVITY, NE

ital Statistics, 33d annual report, State D

ive White. Foreign B

1900 Death Rate. 1910 Death Rate

6 17.3 20.6

154.9 166.6 10

.5 31.6 21.

.0 5.3 3.

2.3 2.5

3.9 4.9 4.

5.9 6.8 5.

7.5 7.9 5.

9.6 9.3 6

12.3 12.2 9

13.7 15.0 1

16.6 19.8 1

19.6 26.0 2

27.0 34.3 3

37.4 43.4 4

53.5 61.9 6

72.3 82.2 8

18.1 119.4 11

63.9 182.4 19

46.0 239.0 24

394.9 351.0 3

ative White. Foreign

1900 Death Rate. 1910 Death Rate

1 14.4 19.7

128.7 160.1 92

.3 30.5 18.

.8 5.0 3.

2.3 2.7 2.

3.2 3.6

4.9 5.8 4.

6.1 7.6 5.

7.0 9.3 6.

7.7 11.0 7

9.6 13.3 9.

11.3 16.9 1

15.0 22.2 1

19.8 31.3 2

27.5 41.7 4

42.7 57.0 5

64.5 83.1 8

6.0 117.5 11

52.7 167.5 17

23.9 246.9 24

339.0 355.0 34

atistics are obtainable. It will be noted, however, that there is little change in the mortality rate among women until age sixty, when a decidedly increased mortality rate is sho

, NEW YORK CITY, ENGLAND AND WALES

England a

912. L

1–1

Males Female

5 48.8 51.50

.4 53.08 55

7 44.21 47.1

6 35.81 38.5

2 27.74 30.3

1 20.29 22.5

9 13.78 15.4

2 8.53 9.5

9 4.90 5.4

8 2.87 3.1

at the expectation of life is greater at every ago peri

ment of Health, City of N

the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages

1000 IN PRUSS

875–1880.[X] 1881–1890.[X]

s Females Males Fe

70.2 68.0 58.0

36.3 34.6 24.7

20.8 20.7 14

8.8 9.0 5.9

3 3.8 4.3 2.

6 4.8 4.5 4.

3 7.0 5.8 6.

2 7.6 7.5 6.

.3 10.6 9.7 8

3 16.3 11.7 14

26.9 19.8 24.2

51.4 44.8 48.7

110.2 113.9 102.

.2 238.2 229.0 233.

y and substantial decline in the death ra

au in Berlin Preussische Statist

Preussichen Statistichen Lan

K BY AGE GROUPS 1880–1889-189

ales Male

1 46.0

.2 7.7

.4 5.6

.9 5.8

.0 6.1

.5 7.4

.8 7.9

.8 8.4

.8 9.3

.6 10.2

.8 12.2

.6 17.0

.3 26.1

.9 39.2

.0 58.3

.9 92.9 1

.7 157.4

.7 210.9

2.3 350.1

ality at nearly every age pe

. Arrhundrede, p. 125. Denmark Statist

1000 IN SWEDEN

–5 5–10 10–15 15–25 25–35

e

7.2 8.5 11.0 14.

5.6 7.2 9.9 14.

4.5 6.1 9.4 13.

4.7 6.0 9.8 14.

4.4 5.5 8.0 12.

9 5.5 6.1 8.4 11

4.4 5.4 7.2 10.

5 4.2 5.3 7.4 9

7 4.0 5.2 6.6 8

0 3.6 5.4 6.5 7

he death rate at every age pe

he Statistik, Verlag von G

Reme

owever, are pla

to improve

of disease, and especially infective foci in the head, such

giene along the lines of as

e increase in all civilized countries

TIO

GE

however, to the attainment of the best of which an individual is capable. Eugenics deals with the even more vital subject of im

development of the individual, and determine his constitution or makeup. The laws of Nature governing this action are now known

ugenic

wing to the liberal use of the word Eugenics by the sex hygienists. Sex

, as has been erroneously assumed by certain uninformed publicists, a point of vi

infanticide, nor does Eugenics propose to do violence

me have imagined, compulsory

by matings that are academically ideal, but which lack

of Hered

subject to the caprice of forces beyond the reach of mortal perception. In attempting to trace the source of a personality, hereditarily, no constanc

o many distinct units or traits, the hereditary sources of which were clearly traceable, leading to various individuals of the family line, and not to one individual alone. Furth

rollability. It also emphasized the fact that it does make a difference whom one marries as to the character of the resulting o

rancis Galton, of England, was the first to start a world movement

of E

unit-traits, it is apparently necessary, in the bett

into their inheritable trai

gnoble traits, between social and educatio

l perfection in any one individual, but

aits in individuals at all ages of successive

of such traits in a family line, upon s

ich is strong in respect to the

ries can be inflicted on of

table

wn to act hereditarily and to be traceable to di

as those of the nervous system, of the speech, eyes, ears, skin, also baldness, defects of the muscular system, blood, thyroid glands, vascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive organs; also defects and peculiaritie

chanical skill, calculating ability, inventive ability, memory, ability to spell, fluency in conversation, aptness in languages, military talent, acquisitiveness, attention, story-tell

efulness, impulsiveness, temperance, high-spiritedness, joviality, benignity, quietness, cheerfulness, hospitality, sympathy, humorousness, love of fun, neighborliness, love of frontier life, love of travel and of adventure. The same may be sa

ution o

s are not scattered evenly through the popula

average of all. The percentage is high among the Irish, and low among the Jews. Life insurance companies take consideration of this fact in examining applicants for insurance. A family history of tuberculosis counts against even a healthy applicant, not because of a belief that tuberculosis is directly inheritable,

9] Criminality among "The Jukes" is a rule, among Jonathan Edwards' descendants, the exception. The same is true of mental abilities of different kinds. Galton showed that the prominen

ble and Ign

elements in society to which all individuals are subject, that it can justly serve as a line of division between the desirability and undesirability, broadly speaking, of individual traits for perpetuation. This is the measurement by the standard of social worth and service commonly designated as "fitness."[62] Above this dividing line may be roughly grouped th

unt for the apparently sudden appearance of great men and women without obvious hereditary background. It is plainly possible, furthermore, to bring about a s

ion can only enable an individual to utilize more ful

heir faith and persistent their efforts. Sandow was, we may assume, hereditarily gifted with a superior muscular capacity, which his exercises have enabled him to fully develop. It is true, however, that few people ever

y of Ster

charm felt in children, and are consequently quickly selected in marriage. If a mentally able man possess as an ideal of womanhood other traits than mental capacity, no amount of schooling for his child can make up for the difference between the mental capacity of the offspring of such a mating, and the offspring of a mating with an able-minded woman. Although the trait of able-mindedness is dominant, so that the mating of an able and a feeble mind will result in fairly able-minded offspring, who may even be above the average, mentally, such offspring carry in their own germ plasm the defect derived from their feeble-minded parent, which defect may then be pa

with it. In any mating transaction, therefore, choice must necessarily compromise upon the favorable hereditary action of a majority of the traits on the two family lines. One must relinquish any quest for perfection. After eliminating the individuals possessing the grossly unsocial traits below the dividing line of soc

nerations and

ing of the two persons as a whole. That is, when a man and woman marry and bear offspring, it is not the mating of two units, but it is the mating of myriads of pairs of units-the units being the cons

t trait, some types always reappear in the next generation or else are lost entirely from the family line unless reinfused, whereas other types of traits may not reappear in the ne

traits, thus strengthening the existence of these traits, whether desirable or undesirable. Cousin marriages, when the family possess traits of mental ability, may result in children who are geniuses; but cousin marriages, when the family

's beard does not appear until puberty. Likewise, other physical and mental and moral traits sometimes do not manifest themselves until specific ages, according to the type of the family breed. Because a parent dies before the development of the trait does not preclude its transmi

f Specifi

usian

tes with a black, the children will not be either black or white, but blue. All will be blue. But the most interesting facts appear in the next generation, when these hybrid blue fowls mate with black or white, or with each other. The original of the cross between the white and the black is an entirely new color blue, which may be considered a sort of amalgam of black and white. But a cross between the blue and the black will not be any new color, but will be either black or blue-an

of

, or whatever the case may be. In other circumstances we can only state what the chances are. But these chances can be definitely stated as one in two, one in four or whatever

o be. Of course, this is only a pleasant fancy, like the advice of Oliver Wendell Holmes to children to choose good grandparents, but it is a useful fancy which will help us to understand the laws of heredity. The child of the Andalusian fowl takes its color from its two parents o

ach basket will necessarily have a black pair. For the same reason the child of two white fowls must be white, but when a black and white fowl mate, the child takes a white bean from one parent and a black from the other, its own color being resultant or amalgam of the two, which in the case of the Andalusian fo

with an even chance of drawing white or black. In the long run, half of the children will draw white and half, black. Those which draw the white will, since they also drew white from the other parent, be wholly white, but those which drew the black will be blue, since they will have one black and one white bean. We see, too, that the white child is just as truly white as though it had not had a hybrid parent; for

ning both white and black beans in equal numbers. When at random one is taken from either of these two baskets there is an e

from the mother, (4) black from the father and white from the mother. So the children could draw both white once in four times, both black once in four, and a white and a black in the other two cases. And that is why from two blue Andalusian fowls, on the average you will have one-quarter of the children black, one-quarter white, and the ot

tly of one another. Each of us is a basket or bundle of very many qualities, each quality being a little compartment of the basket with two beans in it. Th

black, (2) white may mate with white, in which case all the offspring will be white, (3) a black may mate with a white, in which case the offspring will all be blue-a hybrid containing both black and blue elements, (4) blue may mate with a black, in which case half the

nea

lear to see. All the offspring are hybrid, but they will not be blue: they will be black. They will look like the black parent, but they are different. The black color predominates; i.e., black is "dominant" over white, while the white recedes out of sight, or is "recessive." This hybrid black guinea pig is like the hybrid blue Andalusian fowl. It is a hybrid, a combination of white and black, but in the guinea pig the black covers up the white so that nothing in the color reveals the fact that it is a hybrid. Now if the hybrid black

two blacks that are hybrids so that we can be sure which is which? The only way they can be di

n that black parent. If proper tags are put on the blacks so as to distinguish between the pure-blooded and the half-blooded-say a blue tag on the hybrids and a black on the thoroughbreds-we shall get exactly the same results as described in the case of the Andalusian fowl, in the six cases mentioned. The same principles apply to qualities of

ghbred"

; but these black eyes are not the genuine article that the Italian parent possessed. They are a blend, and it is only because the black element dominates over or conceals the blue element that we can not see on the surface that there is any blue there. But it may come out in the next generation; for, if these half-blooded individua

ation is the long observed but formerly mysteri

large number only half will be thoroughbred black-eyed. The other half will be "imitation" black-eyed. The case is just like the mating of hybrid black guinea pigs with thoroughbred bla

s and Re

ce of this pigment. In general a quality which is due to the presence of some positive element is dominant over a quality due

del apply in any given case we need first to know

ort-fingeredness (two phalanges only on each digit), Huntington's chorea, presenile cataract, congenital thickening of the

ertain degenerative disease of the eye, deafmutism, imbecility, insanity of cert

edness. Yet all these children that seem to be perfectly normal lack something in their bodies. This deficiency is simply covered up but can crop out in later generations. If two of these hybrids between the weak-minded and the strong-minded marry each other, one-quarter of the children will be feeble-minded, one-quarter

eneration, and if these apparently normal children of such marriages take pains to marry only really normal individuals, avoiding not only the feeble-minded bu

of Eugenic

ery child of the unfortunate victim of this malady will contract it when it reaches the right a

idiot who are short in stature and afflicted in all cases with goitre in the neck. Of course, many people have goitre who are not cretins, but there is no cretin who has not goitre. These cretins are peculiarly a feeble-minded people. They are comm

awful apologies for human beings. But in 1910 he found only one! What had happened? Simply that a few resolute intelligent reformers had changed the entire situation. An isolation institution, or rather two institutions, one for the men and the other for the women, were established. In

modern eugenics we could make a new human race in a hundred years if only people in positions of power and influence would wake up to the paramount importance of what eugenics means. And this could be done quietly and simply without violence to existing ide

ch object, will reduce the transmission of defects, especially when it is recognized that the sexes must b

onal In

ducational influence on love and on marriage selection has been operating through centuries. The sick, the feeble-minded, the immoral, and members of their families, have at all times been socially handicapped, and have always been the first to be

ction) in such a way as to bring about varied conditions in their races, with respect to resistance to disease, of m

marriage, as to whether the races of the future shall be physical, mental or moral weaklings, or w

mm

n lines along which eugenic impro

s so that they may not mingle their family traits with those on sound lines; (3) steriliz

ion, and to give expert advice as to how to legislate wisely, and individual advice as to how to mate wisely. The latter function now falls ent

ERE

delian Discovery, Cassell & Company, Ltd., L

ty in Relation to Eugenics, Henr

e Jukes, G. P. Putnam's Son

ditary Genius, D. Appleton

Kallikak Family, The Macmi

Direction of Human Evolution, D. Applet

iage of Near Kin, Longmans, G

scent of Man, Thomas Y. Crow

ed "Books and Journals," and "Publications" issued by

N

E F G H

R S T U

eneficial effects of

of animal proteins in diet, 39; fru

hygienic life, 89; work and pl

in foods,

easures of ref

of constipation, 52–53

ion, coolness, humidity, and freshness o

rafts, 8–9, 123

sh, through

tagnation of, b

ferent heatin

of coolness

grees of dryness a

systems

cco smoke and

rried by dust p

of sunl

hing which admi

out-of-door,

ing, 20–24, 1

eathing

taking of,

s, use

ement against, 3; p

ects of

fectious disease

l traceabl

in cases of ov

fluence of, on l

ion of, in various

idence relating to physiol

and the nervous

ly resistance to

rt and circul

lue of,

n offspr

nal Council of Sa

estrictive and prohibitive

on subject

dentifr

s. See Re

tion from, of action of h

effects of indoo

pparent immorta

ath rates fr

of, by delicacies of

value of, 3

s for flat f

co and diseases

ns, caused by foc

food value

droop, ca

s of tobacco on,

in, 96; injuries

f, essential to secu

, 81; intestinal intoxicatio

practise

t particles, 13–14; part

Ge

fication of foods with

e of, 30, 177; dig

e of starch a

uspected impairmen

f the body, ascert

e as all-round

or avoiding disease, 75–7

laxation combin

f skin train

ifferent needs, 102; nervous rel

lds, 2

alue of, 29, 175; a

possible obj

urce of pr

iseases sp

preferable

d value of

nstrictio

ents by, to ascertain ba

ood value

ong tobacco

nfluence of deep

t regulators of the,

t of alcohol

, eating habi

180; stale and crusty pr

e of starch a

5; influence of muscu

effect of s

one's mental c

ry quality in f

, as to smoking and m

d value of,

e in, 41; food va

of food val

-units for mea

for combating i

r-indulgen

food value

constituent of food, 35–36; ex

portion of,

ap foo

h, moderate and d

l recreation from,

d by smoking, 264; avoid

s, avoida

food value

in, 41; vitamins

alue o

a necessity

ity of, 52; table of f

erweigh

ng posture, 60–61; among th

d, 63–64; influence o

rs and non-abstainers, 230–233; of death rates in di

value of, 29,

ctive, among the

y hard foods, 41; impor

astic

aulty posture in, 62;

lic indulgence by

effect of slow ea

ng, special e

n, 254–255; physical and menta

in use of

l on, 240–241; effect of toba

eath rates from disea

n, hygiene

ance of, for avoidi

cted impairment

of, to ventilation,

y of porous

of tig

ton, linen, a

of,

as to, resulting from

king, a harmf

nger of, from drafts, 8, 123; usu

for avo

ctly caused by c

sions concer

infecti

normalities in nose

ention to rules of in

ntive measu

treatment

f avoiding, a

clothes

oods, objectio

t, to be used

51–52; effects of wate

ich prev

neral oil

ce of d

temporary e

age of the ab

gh-seated wat

stablishing pro

ition of protein in the

a slouching

fects of,

ascribed to

n to colds ca

stoop, ill e

ertain foods by, 42; nece

e of, 29, 175;

e Temperate

onstrictio

; wholesale, of uncooked ingred

e of, in c

, a cheap sour

fe, advant

arriage of

se for faulty p

value of,

heredity appl

lose in, 41; foo

, observance

table of food

, exaggeration

alue of, 99–100; an obstacle to

public hygiene, 158–159; s

alcohol on,

of tobac

ps, and rise at older age pe

increas

ing trend o

mong different n

tion and sterilizat

ies among nations, c

popular, concerning

tality stati

, beneficial

cay, proc

loss, us

ling intensity o

re in sitti

mes caused by a slo

le of food va

to focal infection, 82

hysical sourc

vitamins from food, 42; carri

focal infe

ility of,

on of alcohol and increase

on bodily resist

smoking,

se of the degen

tion of

gainst, 8; exaggeration of idea

sions concer

means of skin

after catchi

constipation, 53; habit

be classed

9; question of ill ef

of, caused by fo

n from, 13; method

carried b

bidity and mortal

among sm

iring, 103; in cas

abits. S

ritability of tra

f, 29, 38, 183; fo

, in treating

exercise o

different diets on, 197–199; experiments wit

f, for const

death rate in, 283–284; mo

on of lif

, desirability of

in exerci

y, secret

f using, as a

; distinction between other

f, 16

are of racial g

choice in marr

, to guide race to hi

ersonal advantage and

f thoroughgoing

r future gene

f science to the h

egenerative te

e of

opular misconce

ry laws, resulting in

s of

ent from application

s of eugenic im

e Eugenic Bo

nces o

enefits, 16; necessity for, to of

nt form

eati

, in wi

enthusiasm

ls i

ll and emot

g as,

erweig

erweigh

6; breathing, for correcti

r faulty postu

at foo

comparison of, in diff

ulting from, 93; prev

effects

e of, in matte

eping air i

ituent of food, 35–36; examp

portion of,

tive fo

ap foo

s poor and r

o avoid in cases o

for underw

eating in a state of, 35;

etween colds

n a remed

baths,

in cases of un

correct position of, in

es for

of health due

tecting wea

uality of, 52; f

ation by wood

d, 38; special objection

smoking tests con

toeing-in and exercise of le

exercises

specialist

detecting

tion o

preaders of

s flesh abstainers

on revived by, 46; experiment with meth

, 71; guarding against typ

f destroy

ause of disease, 81; di

n accepting princip

minations to

28; measurement o

common foo

unt needed pe

g, in case of overwe

in case of underw

iddle lif

hot weat

nt needed by bra

hen fati

foods,

of hard f

sity in, 41–

to concent

f raw f

cessary fo

cation of, imp

of, desira

influenced by

"bad" foo

of so-called i

of fads

of physician

n of bowe

atives and adul

ve cost o

vilization illu

rated foods arti

it and eating

f appetites

fication of co

n of the three

values of, in da

and cost of ready-to

cost of,

ily by different cla

tication and instinc

ces on,

ue of alcoho

38; special objections to

alcohol in, 236; mortal

n, views of, conc

dle life, 33; suitable fo

upplied by

supplie

upplied

e best f

tive f

th at end of

leansing the m

of food values

ds, 171, 175–183; of read

, identified with e

as fo

e, 95; advantages possess

onstrictio

ion of alcohol in

in, 8–9, 70–71, 272; de

g food

ns throu

noted for mastic

source of starc

erilizing inf

s as venti

t, 4; perfect physical poise

, in spo

xative qua

of exposure to i

n from, of action of her

ansing th

; overcoming acquired, to le

ptoticus," post

s, habit

, benefits

effects of

constipation, 51; sometimes

ent for conservation of, 2; infl

wards fro

f the mind

good,

s of attainm

ods and d

focal infection, 82; common

alcohol on

co on, 250, 259

rom diseases

vating eff

ms, ventilati

mind on health illu

ividual on, 164–165; eugenic improvem

resulting in science

luenced by

on of trai

undesirable tr

, by Andalusian fowl and

rinciples to hum

exercise, 94; fo

P., fly-trap in

xercis

se, preventive

her, die

ges attached to in

4; disadvantages of the

air, how to

rn life, 114; as a promo

of flesh foo

lied by, 1; medieval views cont

tion the firs

l, 10

of, 12

es to,

ities of

lization

us individu

tion between public a

, 16

generation, while eugenics is import

cs, risk of

mparative foo

d proport

ygiene, 1; contrast aff

ablishment of m

labo

provement needed

s, evil

nsuspected phy

riods of, 89; rest and sleep

cts of indoor liv

s, digestibility

versus, 157–159; practice of, a rem

tural character and

nts among, 137–138; calories of food con

ned by use of al

erms, 69–75; importance of c

the mout

olds

nce to, weakened by alcohol, 68; resu

orne dis

for, 102–103; often caused

ing, experiment

n, distinguished from

ng, from insuffici

ne of the curses

vegetable

lity statist

nt of life, 5; on religion

indoor living w

ng the wors

ates from diseas

d, on concentra

turned from drudgery into play by pr

n evil of civi

Wo

d value o

ugs, avoida

ve foo

rcise for fault

e in, 41; vitamin

alue o

ses carried

s, 142–143; shortening of, by

n Institute,

ctric prefera

ncy of flesh

of, in cl

avoidance of

roduced by eating, 39; a

es, death ra

ctation of l

f food, 190–194; experiments by, to as

y night air, 22; carr

opportunities for, 2; exercisi

of wise la

eugenics an

oods, 41; value of thorough, an

ns of tooth and

al attit

ects of, on endurance

middle life and in hot weather,

ommon error o

acids prod

ascertain value o

exclusion from die

of cravin

f food values

diet indi

desirable for deter

modern radical r

to matters pertainin

sical sources o

ry of laws of h

in women, menta

f mode of breathing to, 26–2

o avoid ab

, 30, 181; protein

supplied

y pasteuriza

e best f

or avoiding typ

heap source o

e, 97; activity and

an importan

n of health

and improper emplo

as intestinal

not to be used

, as warning s

of air, met

nd interru

ortality among abstainers

y. See D

icated by, 22, 71; preventi

78–83; preventive measures aga

aused by, 93; hygienic value,

tion from ov

hes, use o

tion, a cause

Safety, attitude t

equilibrium of, by ci

nstriction f

cts of indoor liv

effect of alco

es, outdoor tr

imes caused by a sl

life in, compared with Engla

eath rate statist

acco, 251–254; amount of, in t

s of,

with, on a

staken ideas

ning the,

lied by, 42; among

of, when prope

food valu

ood value

to hygien

ood, 52; as intesti

a cheap sourc

concentrate

od value o

se in, 41; food

ood value

g, benefits,

r scho

leeping,

of, 154; nasal co

ing of r

from too free u

lts of, 90; prev

ongevity, 30–31; life insuranc

nation

checking ten

its that c

or, 21

o avoi

se for

on dietetic regulation ra

den reduction in

ight a simple m

r delusions conc

istics by, on effect

an intestinal

ood value o

milk left unco

e of food va

s, habit-formin

e of, 30, 183; dig

urce of pr

od, 38; protein in, a p

od value o

be used spa

gen, for disinfec

, hygienic living

on, benefi

mental hygiene, 114; Oriental superior to Occide

, a remedy for degene

effects of alc

le of food v

value of

e of, in sl

d by fleas an

between work and rest, 1

nds, out

c value of, as

atment for, 21; trend

ation, 51–56; relatio

rugs and patent

ilder for the mor

67–68,

68–69,

s with ge

as a source of

n and autointo

he, in opportunities to

erect, 57; breathing exercis

g and walk

feet,

ting,

e to fau

faulty, in

of corr

to charac

ercises for f

of flat f

, 29, 176; valuable bec

e best f

e of starch a

erweigh

ives, har

of disease and

dental trea

e of, 2–3; application of me

a day's, 120; main fea

s, disease

on. See So

s a constituent of food

ight proporti

f diet in usin

m overabunda

y decomposition of

ap foo

h, moderate and d

termine value of,

of, 30, 179; laxa

ity statistics

57; what is inclu

s made

tant measures

le of food va

cellulos

o production of uric acid, 39; f

of, 79–80; trea

tobacco smo

o be avoided in c

dvertising, moveme

cluded in publ

disagreement of wor

ization, 150; relative energy values a

deleterious in ca

ene. See

t, 146–147; varied conditions in different,

s, value

ce of, for re

ins, eye-strai

ods, analysis and

door, 19; neces

of enjoymen

s of

possessed b

ng and card-pl

amuseme

for a well-ba

marriage

on of power of, 101;

of mental hygiene, 114; of

es of, under a eu

e two great forms

ceable to focal

tive food, 52; f

s., on cost

Commission on National

, on sex ins

ne, home exe

uries from overabunda

beneficial

harmful i

e used spa

anic, in mix

its and risks

ing correct p

, outdo

defective class

tion between erect

be practised

exercises

genics not limi

tructio

an and the Earth,

ood, 38; special objections

ssary in choosin

biscuit, food v

xercise, for fau

a hygienic p

rrect postu

heap source of

g resistance to colds by,

ght, porous c

t forms of inactivity, 89;

of, to he

s of

before,

pillo

of be

ntal attitud

3, 20–24, 104; a prev

erweigh

hes, arrangem

g tents

of, 123; cooperation need

od values

48; a means of reducing decomposi

cal, "one idea" d

cellulo

ometimes caused by

food value

cellulos

rrect postur

eap source

on of defec

., on duty of b

f, 30, 182; danger

ources

for under

enefits of,

manhood inferior to those of, 4; attention to ind

tatistics o

cids produced by, 39; am

od values of, 182;

n example of healthful activ

erweig

ect of, 78; resistance to

es from mouth i

ure in sitt

e of injur

ard foods, 41; evils of in

from decay

over-denti

cleansin

nations and cl

at expense of othe

f irregulari

tempor

f teeth h

ause of nasal obstru

living-rooms an

utdoor slee

, exerci

of character of,

eases spre

, for hygienic

m poison in, 65; il

ion of,

ion of,

imals and on

in use of

concernin

, risks accom

on from, 13; amount of nic

and toeing

se in, 41; vitami

alue o

sing, with to

s and pastes

xication distingu

nto, according to Mendelian discovery, 295;

wn to act her

l, 29

al,

ing inherit

tion of,

le and ignob

in marriage

, at certai

nd recessi

ion on inherit

ercise for faul

a remedy for, 21; sometimes produc

from ger

causes

a house di

different r

l hygiene invoked in

, weakened by

eath rate

science of eu

r, death rat

, guarding ag

arried by

, sometimes caused b

of loose, porous, 14; s

of, to longevity, 30–3

y for

ce statistic

or, 21

se for

onsumption of alc

f alcohol in, 235, 236; tren

rate with those of o

hygiene

used by purin

ath rates from dis

ercoming prejud

ners, advan

eed of, in

s, 29; suitable diet f

n account of richnes

e suppli

supplie

upplied

e best f

ve foo

od values o

ns from, 77–78; resistance

ion, coolness, humidity, and fresh

of danger fro

s of wi

ndow-boar

as a he

ystems an

air and enervating

humidity o

f clothing

conditions of ci

ntive of c

eases sprea

causes

increased by outdo

us, conserv

2; importance of wel

posture in, 58–59

of, as rec

erweig

8; varying effects of habits o

om typhoid

of pure sup

s, height of

, 60; disturbances o

detecting

longevity, 30–32; the

t various ages a

udden reductio

ight and U

reventive of co

taken for colds,

ooked ingredients of s

98; effort of, necessary t

ards, use

entilation to b

as ventil

necessary

of, in clo

eat blessings of life, 91;

variet

La

forms of activity, 89; adju

isadvantages of the p

ces of, 105–106; phy

f serenity as an

aggravate

cramp, ca

se for faulty p

carried by m

riments of, with cigare

s been done with missing footnote or reference marks. The inconsistent hyphenation of the words borderline, cooperation, coordination, cornst