Domestic Animals

e and Northern Asia; the aborigines of our remote Western prairies, reaching even beyond the Rocky Mountains, and many other rude nations, his flesh is used for food

is labor. For this purpose he is pre-eminently fitted by his compact, closely-knit frame; his s

tincts on the illimitable pampas of South America, and the wide-spread prairies of Mexico and California. In all these regions he closely resembles the med

ore than 1,800 years ago, asserts that the horse did not then flourish in Arabia, and it was not till some centuries later that he attained any decided superiority there. Great attention, however, has been paid in that c

t the influence of the Eastern blood among the choicest animals of modern Europe, has been followed by great improvements in racing stock. Yet it is equally certain, that the race-horse, both of England and the United States,

in a continued race of 47 miles, the European took the stakes; Sharper, the most successful, performing the distance in 2 hours and 48 minu

ts. But these, with some other choice Arabians, on the best mares, and with every advantage for obtaining celebrity, have succeeded in establishing a fame as just as it has been en

0. This was the white Barb Ranger, which was presented by the Emperor of Morocco, as the choice of his stud, to an English naval officer for some distinguished service. On his route homeward, the animal was set on shore for exercise at an intermedia

invaluable services in the troop commanded by that consummate partisan, Captain (afterwards General) Lee, of the Revolution. It is said the favorite white field-horse

ntry in 1819, from the head of the Persian Gulf, got

ssed for a long time an unrivalled reputation for spirit, endurance, and easy rapid motion under the sadd

s of the importation of the best Orientals, which have been extensively used on some of our s

peror of Morocco to our government, in 1830; and the third consisted of two Arabians, sent by the Imaum of Muscat, near the Persian Gulf, to our government in 1840. These were all claimed t

es was reared on that island, long previous to its authentic history; for, in his first invasion Julius Caesar took many of them to

British horses, by importations from abroad during this reign, which consisted of a number of Spanish stallions. These were supposed to be strongly imbued with the Arabian blood, which had been brought over to that country by the Moors, who had founded the Saracenic empire in the Peninsula, three centuries before. More than a ce

horse, and the hunter, attained a merit at that time which some judicious authorities claim has not been since increased. It is even asserted, that some of the more serviceable breeds have been

least, which probably equal those of any other country for adaptedness to draught, the road, and the saddle. This improvement has been mainly brought about by the importation of some of the best and stoutest of the English blood. In breeding from these for purposes of utility, particular reference has been p

ood animal has done something. But among the earlier horses which may be named with distinction, as having effected much for ou

lintonian, Bay Figure, Engineer, Mambrino, Tippoo Saib, Columbus, Gunn's, and Bushe's Messenger, and many others, which were extensively disseminated over the Northern and Middle states; and he has the credit of imparting a large share of his merits to that nonpareil of horses, his grandson, American Eclipse. His posterity were so numerous and widely spread, that it may be safely asserted, tha

s attained an enviable notoriety among the choicest of the Northern horses. They are derived from the Morgan horse of Vermont, that was foaled in Springfield, Mass., in 1793. He was got by True Britton, suppose

ts were inherited in an eminent degree by three of his sons, which stood in the same state and continued the career of improvement commenced by the sire. The result h

cross on the side of their dams. These have been largely imparted through the French horse in the adj

d flat legs; moderately small feet; long wavy mane and tail; presenting altogether the beau ideal of the road horse. They are spirited, docile, hardy, and

are mentioned, merely as a type of what the serviceable roadster ought to be, and what he may become by the use of the proper instruments fo

tern frontier, the Canadian prevails, a bastard but not degenerate race, made up of the French Norman and the English or American. At the extreme South and West, we have the horse of Spanish origin, obtained in his domestic

truck. He is an amalgamation of several breeds, but probably owes a share of his character to the Fle

he frontiers, who have bred a stunted race from the Canadian or wild-horse, and such others as could survive the hard usage and scanty wint

g.

an H

purposes. He exhibits the qualities of both ancestry in the proper proportions for farm service. He has a thick head; lively, prick ears; short, heavy neck; large breast and shoulders; strong limbs; well-knit back; large quarters, with much wavy mane, tail, and fetlock. Li

ed with additional choice specimens. The Cleveland bay has been introduced of late, and promises good carriage-horses from our well-spread, sizeabl

still look for qualities in the descendants, which they sought for in their imported sires, and the infusion of some of the stoutest of the blood is rapidly gaining an ascendency in the general stock. Our intelligent agricu

ure of the country and the work required of him. [He might have added with propriety, and according to the character of the blood.] His legs will be too slender; his feet too small; his stride too long, and he will rarely be able to trot. Three parts, or half, and for the horse of all work, even less than that, will make a good and useful ani

g.

of a

of the Hock.-16. Cannon.-17. Fetlock.-18. Large Pastern.-19. Small Pastern.-20. Hoof.-21. Coronet.-22. Ham, or Hock.-23. Sheath.-24. Flank.-25. Girth.-26. Elbow.-27. Heel.-2

external points of a f

eeding, and sometimes viciousness; a convex or Roman nose frequently betokens the reverse; the ears rather long, yet so finely formed as to appear small, and playing quickly like those of a deer; the eyes c

ither too prominent nor retreating, too wide nor too narrow, and supported by a pair of straight fore-legs, standing well apart. The chest should be deep, and the girth large; the body full, and not drawn up too much in the flank; the back short, and the hips gathered well towards t

ly bent, and all well placed under the body; the pasterns of moderate length, and standing slightly oblique; the hoof hard, smooth, round before, and wide at t

; a wider and stouter breast, and low withers, so as to throw the utmost weight into the colla

ich affect the Va

for horses can be found than the dark bay or brown, with black mane, tail, an

reat spirit, are objectionable, as they requ

the result of breaking. All horses should be taught to walk fast, as it is their easiest and most economical pace, and it will help them over a great deal of ground in a day, even with

ort to great severity will be justified, if necessary to conquer him; for if once allowed to become a habit, it will be difficult to cure him. Gro

e and fretful, and ever anxious to be on the move. Kindness, and firm, yet mild treatment, by which th

ell to their paces. Whatever they are capable of performing, can be got from them in this way only. Habit has great influence w

edi

t is desired to propagate, and these, they should not only exhibit in themselves, but should inherit as far as possible, from a long l

-getters, has resulted from the application of this principle. They possess valuable traits, but condensed within too small a compass. When such an animal is put to a well-bred, lar

ear older, before being put to breeding. It would be still better to

ation of

led, and there is a fresh growth of grass. She will be the better for light working till near the time of foaling, if well, but not too abundantly fed. In a few days after this, she may resume mo

once occurred, which happens usually in the fourth or fifth month, she should afterwards be generously fed at that period, and only moderately worked, to pre

e comes

ut to the horse, if it be desirable to have a colt the follo

ent of

nce of the dam, and plentifully supplied with rowen or aftermath hay, crushed oats, or wheat shorts. It is economy to provide a warm shelter through the inclement season for all animals, and especially for colts

tra

secured. Few of the French diligence and farm horses, and scarcely any of the Oriental, are ever castrated. They are thought to be more hardy and enduring; but the

orm fence, where he is firmly held by the head with a bridle, and the operator accomplishes the object without any trouble or material restiveness from the animal while standing. The scrotum should be opened on both sides, and the testicles cu

ck

al is better in every respect with the tail unmutilated. If done at all, it should be when young, and with a sing

ck

etting unfashionable, and we

aki

ay be taken in hand for breaking at three years of age, and thoroughly broken to light work at four, but should not be put to hard service till six or eight. A due regard to humanity and sound judgment, in thus limiting the burden in his early years, would save much disease and suffering to the animal, and profit to the owner, by his unimpaired strength and p

ty of t

rse, now in his 45th year, sound, spirited, and playful as a kitten. He is of a dark brown, with

matured. We have frequently seen a large, compact, flea-bitten horse at work, dragging a heavy load in a single cart, which was formerly used as

ed

ut his natural and proper aliment is the grasses, grain, and roots. In the middle and northern sections of this country, his dry forage is almost invariably good meadow-hay, generally timoth

lways safe, digestible, and nutritive. Barley is the best substitute for it. Wheat and Indian corn are sometimes given, but both are unsuitable; the first is t

l better when cooked. On both sides of the Mediterranean, in the Barbary States, in Spain, France, and Italy, much o

the roots, as besides giving muscle and working power, they, more than any other, improve the wind and prevent all tendency to heaves. They have even been found effectual in removing an obstinate cough. By many of the keepers

to hard labor, will do much better if their food be given in the form easiest of digestion

f their food is given at the proper time, and the horse be allowed to finish it at once, without expecting more, he will lie down quietly and digest it. This will be much

often as they desire. Neither should they be fed when heated, as the stomach is then fatigued and slightly inflamed, and is not prepared for digestion till the animal is aga

g.

on of

ebr?, or bones of the tail, generally about fifteen.-G The Scapula, or shoulder-blade.-H The Sternum, or fore-part of the chest.-I The Cost? or ribs, seven or eight articulating with the sternum, and called the true ribs; and ten or eleven united together by cartilage, called the false ribs.-J The Humerus, or upper bone of the arm.-K The Radius, or upper bone of the arm.-L The Ulna, or elbow. The point of the elbow is called the Olecranon.-M The Carpus, or knee, consisting of seven bones.-N The metacarpal bones. The larger metacarpal or cannon or shank in front, and the smaller metacarpal or splint bone behind.-g The fore pastern and foot, consisting of the Os Suffraginis, or the upper

EAS

is natural condition is subject to few ailments. It is only in his intensely artificial state, and when made the slave of man, that he becomes a prey to disease in

nde

the nostrils of a peculiar character. The disease produces inflammation there and in t

ot lay the foundation for glanders. The poison resides in the nasal discharge, not in the breath. When exposed to it, the mangers should be thoroughly scraped, washed with s

well-ventilated stables, proper exercise,

asture, but it is liable to return on subsequent confinement. Iodine has lately b

minate the existence of its victim at once. This course becomes a duty, from the fact that many grooms, by their attendance o

rc

ith glanders, and the diseases

mp

ion of the gums; shedding of the teeth; a febrile tendency, and from over-feeding or want of exercise. It will general

l-e

ter; and in its later, by bleeding, physic, and cold lotions applied to the part. If these are ineffectual, and the swelling continues, it should be hastened by poultices, an

av

heaves. To some or all of these the horse may have an hereditary or constitutional tendency. Their incipient stages are also induced by a sudden transition from heat to cold, and sometimes from

ctions of warm soap and water, which should be omitted the moment the feces become soft and approaching to the fluid state. Blistering the sides and brisket, to be often repeated if otherwise ineffectual, must be resorted to

d with suitable food and treatment, the horse may be made to do much moderate labor for many years, but he can never become sound or sustain great exertion. Equal and proper temperature

r Horse D

; and general prostration. It is seldom fatal, if properly managed. Give light bran-mashes, purge thoroughly, and keep warm. If he is violently attacked, he may be bled while fever

odic

h his feet resting on his belly. The pain now seems to cease for a little while, and he gets up and shakes himself, and begins to feed; the respite, however, is but short-the spasm returns more violently-every indication of pain is increased-he heaves at the flanks, breaks out into a profuse perspiration, and throws himself more recklessly about. In the space o

his effect. Colic will sometimes follow the exposure of a horse to the cold air or a cold wind after strong exercise. Green food, although, generally speaking, most beneficial

been found in some part of the alimentary canal. Habitual costiveness and the presence of calculi, are frequent causes of spasmodic colic. The seat of colic is occasionally the duodenum, but oftener the ileum

continuance of violent spasm may produce inflammation. Some practitioners bleed at first, and it is far from bad practice; for although the majority of cases will yield to turpentine, opium, and aloes, an early bleeding may occasionally prevent the recurrence of inflam

r strength, by two great fellows. The horse should be walked about or trotted moderately. The motion thus produced in the bowels, and the

d be injected. The patent syringe will here be exceedingly usefu

and have bran mashes and lukewarm water for the two or three next days. Some persons give gin, or gin and pepper, or even spirit of pimento, in cases of gripes. This course of proceeding is, however,

lent

ch, or small or large intestines, all kinds of vegetable matter are liable to ferment. In consequence of this fermentation gas is evolved to a greater or less extent-perhaps to twenty or thirty

wn, as if he were shot. In the stable he paws the ground with his fore-feet, lies down, rolls, starts up all at once, and throws

variably, a combination of hydrogen with some other gas. It has a strong affinity for chlorine. Then if some compound of chlorine-the chloride of lime-dissolved in water, is administered in the form of a drink, the chlorine separates from the lime as soon as it comes in contact with the hydrogen, and muriatic gas is formed. Th

e puncture should be made in the middle of the right flank, for there the large intestines are most easily reached. It is only when the practitioner despairs of otherwise saving the life of the animal, that this operation should

ion of th

t of the internal or mucous coat, and almost invariably connected with purging. The muscular coat is that which is oftenest affected. Inflammation of the external coats of the stomach,

be hot, and the nose red. The animal will soon express the most dreadful pain by pawing, striking at his belly, looking wildly at his flanks, groaning, and rolling. The pulse will

n is suffered to drink freely of cold water, or is drenched with rain, or have his legs and belly washed with cold water, an attack of inflammation of the bowels will often follow. An overfed horse, subjected to severe and long-continued exertion, if his lungs were previous

as soon as possible; and the bleeding repeated to the extent of four or five quarts more, if the pain is not relieved and the pulse has not become rounder and fuller. The speedy weakness that accompanies this disease, should not deter from bleeding largely. That weakness i

s at this period, guarded by opium. This should be quickly followed by back-raking, and injections consisting of warm wa

olved aloes, with a little opium, should be given every six hours, until the bowels are freely opened. It will now be prudent to endeavor to excite

her made with spirits of wine or turpentine, should be thoroughly rubbed in. The legs should be well bandaged, in order to restore the circulation in them, and

nsion of danger. When the horse begins to recover, a handful of grain may be given two or three times in the day; and, if the weather is warm, he may be turned into a paddock for a few

ty of Inflammati

rging is more violent and continues longer than was intended; the animal shows that he is suffering great pain; he frequently looks r

removing all hay and grain, and particularly green food. He should thus endeavor to soothe the irritated surface of the bowels, while he permits all remains of the purgative to be carried off. If, however, twelve hours have passed, and the purging and

ttended by symptoms of general fever. The horse should be warmly clothed, and p

er, will occur from other causes. Green food will frequently

stringents should be used with much caution here. It is probably an effort of nature to get rid of something that offe

required from them. They are recognised by the term of washy horses. They are often free and fleet, but destitute of continuance. They should have rather more

sic

s surfeit, grease, or mange, or that is out of condition from inactivity of the digestive organs, a dose of physic is often most serviceable. A horse should be carefully prepared for the action of physic. Two or three bran mashes given on that or the preceding day, are far from sufficient wh

an hour twice in the day; but after the physic begins to work, he should not be moved from his stall. Exercise would then produce gripes, irritation, and, possibly, dangerous inflammation. A little hay may be put into the rack. As much mash should be given as the horse will eat, and as much water, with the coldnes

rom the languor and debility occasioned by the first dose, before he is harassed by a second. Eight or ten tolerably copious motions, will be perfectly sufficient to answer every good purpose, although the groom may not be satisfied unle

he Barbadoes aloes, although sometimes very dear, should alone be used. The dose, with a horse properly prepared, will vary from four to seven drachms. Custo

ts acrimony it should be given in the form of ball, with linseed meal. The dose varies from a scruple to half a drachm. It acts more

uncertain, but safe; but CASTOR OIL, that mild aperient in the human being, is both uncertain and unsafe. Eps

rm

a formidable looking animal; and if there are many of them, they may consume more than can be spared of the nutritive part of the food, or the mucus of the

e, the better. When the horse can be spared, a strong dose of physic is an excellent vermifuge, so far as the long round worm is concerned. But a better medicine, and not interfering wi

se quantities have been found in the c?cum. These are a more serious nuisance than the former, for they cause a very troublesome irritation about the fundament,

he tail, and much of this mucus, indicating that they have descended into the rectum, an injection of linseed oil,

o

not on the digestive portion of the stomach. They cannot, by their roughness, assist the trituration or rubbing down of the food, for no such office is performed in that part of the stomach-the food is softened, not ru

deeply buried in the mucus for any medicine, that can be safely administered, to affect them; and, last of all, in due course of time they detach themselves, and

d-g

s fluid to lubricate the parts. From undue pressure, and that most frequently caused by violent action and straining of the tendons, or often from some predisposition about the horse, these little sacs are injured. They take on inflammation, and sometimes become large and indurated. There are few horses perfectly free from them. When they first appear, and until the inflammation subsides, they may

andage. The roller should be of flannel, and soft pads should be placed on each of the enlargements, and bound down tightly upon them. The bandage should also be wetted with warm water, tw

o severe; for it will not only effect the immediate absorption of the fluid, and the reduction of the swelling, but, by contracting the skin, will act as a permanent bandage, and therefor

ion of th

s of sprain of the back-sinew, that are not accompanied by inflammation of the ligaments of this joint; and numerous supposed cases of sprain higher up, are simple affections of the fetlock. It requires a g

may be subdued, but at other times, the horse suffers dreadfully, and is unabl

tt

this; the inside heel has been raised and lowered, and the outside raised and lowered; and sometimes one operation has succeeded,

of equal thickness from heel to toe, and having but one nail, and that near the toe, on the inside of the shoe; care being t

the Coff

is sudden, and the heat and tenderness

s, it is apt to return, and finally produce a great deal of disorganization and mischief in the foot. Sprain of the coffin-joint sometimes becomes a very serious affair. Not being always attended by any external sw

gbo

the foot, and spreading around the pasterns and cartilages, thus derives its name. When the first deposite is on the lower pastern, and on both sides of it, and produc

t in the hind foot than the fore, because, from the violent action of the hind legs in propelling the horse forward, the pasterns are more subject to ligamentary injury behind than before; yet the lameness is not so great there, because

the cautery; but there is so much wear and tear in this part of the animal, that the inflammation and the disposition to the formation of bone rapidly spread. The pasterns first become connected together by bone instead of ligament, and thence results what is called an anchylos

ent of t

from sudden violent concussion, by some check at speed, or over-weight, and a

ed nature, and by rest and fomentation, or, perchance, firing, the limb recovers its action, and the horse becomes fit for

mal may discharge his usual work during a long period, without return of lameness; but if one of those emergencies should occur when all his energies require to be exerted,

u

ain of the ring-like ligament which binds the tendons in their place, or of the sheath of the tendons; oftener, however, of the ligament than of the sheath. Any sudden action of the limb of more than u

a considerable angle outwards. This is intelligible enough; for in hocks so formed, the annular ligament must be continually on the stretch, in order to confine the tendon.

t of wine, water, and vinegar, will afford an excellent application. It will be almost impossible to keep a bandage on. If the heat and lameness are considerable, it will be prudent to give a dose of phys

lied until some considerable swelling takes place; or, what is the preferable plan, the hair should be cut off, and the part blistere

trial, however, should be given to milder measures. If t

nd, if the horse is soon put to work again, the lameness will frequently return. No horse that has had curbs, should be put even

so an hereditary complaint; and therefore a horse that has once suffered from it, should

Spa

in some degree abates, and even the bony tumor to a certain degree lessens. There is sufficient moderate motion and friction of the limb to rouse the absorbents to action, and cause them to take up a portion of the bony matter thrown out, but not enough to renew or prolong inflammation. It cannot be said that the plow affords a cure for spavin, but the spavined horse often materially improv

, if he suffers the chisel and mallet, or the gimlet, or the pointed iron, or arsenic to be used; yet measures of considerable severity must be resorted to. Repeated blisters will

led

enormous degree from the hock, and almost from the stifle to the fetlock, attended by a greater or less degree of heat, and tenderness of the skin, and sometimes excessive and very peculiar lameness. The pulse likewise becomes quick and hard, and the horse evidently labors under considerable fever. It is a

eared. Mild cases will generally yield to their influence; but, if the animal has been neglected, the treatment must be decisive. If the horse is in high condit

ence of food and increase of nutriment rapidly increase the quantity of the circulating fluid, while the wa

d these parts, being farthest from the centre of circulation, are the first to show the loss of power by the accumulation of fluid in them. Here the means of

ding a new coat for the animal, and the extremities have not their share of vital influence. Mingled cordials and diuretics

ea

imes of the fore-feet, but oftener of the hinder ones. Bad stable management is the true cause of it. Grease is a local complaint. The heel should be well but

enerally effective, unless the discharge is thin and offensive, when an ounce of finely-powdered charcoal should be mixed with the linseed meal; or a poultice of carrots, boiled soft and mashed. After the chaps or cracks have healed, the

ception; that green food should be given, and more especially carrots, when they are not t

on as the horse is able to bear it, and this

ble, bleeding at the slightest touch, and interspersed with scabs. By degrees portions of the fungus begin to be covered with a horny substance, protruding in the form of knobs, and collected together in bunches. These are known by the name of

and if they have no degree of blood in them. It was the experience of this, which partly contributed to the gradual change of coac

e, the disease is evidently still more likely to be produced. Want of cleanliness in the stable is a fruitful source of grease. When the heels are imbedded in filth, they are weakened by the constant moisture surrounding them.

r avoided; but to wash out the heels, and then leave them partially dry or perfectly wet, and suffering from the extreme cold that is produced by evaporation from a moist and wet surface, is the

e Hair fro

n which the heels are constantly enveloped, from reaching, and caking on, and irritating the skin. When the horse is carefully tended after his work is over, and his legs quickly and completely dried, the less hair he has

to

e muscular or other substances beneath. They are retained there by the ends being tied together, or by a knot at each end. The tape is moved in the wound twice or thrice in the day,

he degree of inflammation which they excite on the interior of the tumor, stimulating it to throw out healthy granulations, which gradually occupy and fill the hollow. In deep fistulous wounds they are indispensable, for except some channel is made through which the

iverting and carrying away a portion of the fluids which distend or overload the vessels of that part; th

un

articularly when followed by drinking cold water, or overloading the stomach in any way, sudde

erwards applying soft poultices of linseed meal to the whole foot and pastern. If this is ineffectual, take three quarts of blood from each foot the succeeding day. It may then be necessary to blister the foot and coronet. The

is

ng should be resorted to, then give daily bran mashes, with Glauber salts in doses of ? to 1? pounds, according to the size of the h

cs amon

plexy, which destroyed many valuable animals. It occurred during the heat of summer, and was principally confined to such as were at pasture. By many it was attribute

of blood from the head, swathing it with cloths saturated with cold water, and

opious bleeding, and swathing the head i

tion of

ms nitre, and 15 grains tartarized antimony, dissolved in a bucket of water, which the animal will drink when thirsty. This to be repeated

ng of H

te external application of strong spirits o

Spra

artshorn, half an ounce oil of thyme, and rub with it frequentl

ruise o

n for both sprains and bruises. A veteran among horses, claims, that it will

st

cured by repeated a

un

Castile soap added, and then rub with whale-oil. This answers for all

ll

moistened with sweet-oil or milk. The saddle ought always to fit easily and be wel

oe

perienced person; nor ought the shoes to remain so long as to produce contraction of the hoof, w

ion of t

d with fresh cow-manure and clay, or with a thick felt, soaked in water, and cut to suit the foot. This

tt

traction, but it is the reverse. It is besides of great benefit when shook out for a bed, by inducin

rn

and occasional or permanent lameness is produced. This disease of the foot is termed corns; bearing this resemblance to the corn of the human being, that it is produced by pressure, and is a cause of lameness. When corns

this; the extent of the disease will be ascertained, and one cause of it removed. A very small drawing-knife must be used for this purpose. The corn must be pared out to the very bottom, taking care not to wound the sole. It may then be discovered whether there is any effusion of blood or matter underneath. If this is suspected, an opening must be made through the horn

e diseased part. This may be worn for one or two shoeings, but not constantly, for there are few frogs that would bear the constant pressure of the bar-shoe; and the want of pressure on the heel, generally occasioned by their use, would produce a softened and bulbous state of the heels, that would of itself be an inevitable source of l

ver-

the shoe of the corresponding hind foot, and either inflict

velling, or rounding off of the in

oose parts, the application of Friar'

, or Cl

t the fore one. This noise of the clicking is unpleasant, and the trick or habit is not altogether free from danger.

hoes of clicking horses short in the toe, and having the web broad. When they are too long, they are apt to be torn off; when too

earin

rfectly competent authority, insists on its use with fast roadsters and coach-horses. With team-horses, it may generally be dispensed with, and always should be in ascending h

g.

ein illu

hich is on the middle of the rein, below the hook or head of the bridle, which prevents it from being thrown out by the motion of the horse's he

the same time motioning the horse to go on. If he is only a runaway he will obey it at once, such horses being generally of a willing, good temper. After the horse has been a few times firmly gripped with it, use it

e

, and in many cases inducing permanent injury and viciousness. It should never be

Stud may b

er the head and through the left ring. This gives a

in

ut in few cases are necessary, while in

rib B

g.

rib B

threefold purpose, to prevent biting, crib-biting, and wind-sucking. All of the foregoing are bad hab

St

ted. But no air must be allowed to blow directly upon the animal. The horse is a native of a warm climate, and ought to be well protected against cold. The stable should be neither too light nor too dark