Charles Sumner; his complete works; Volume 2 (of 20)

ls, constituting the Peace Movement, now ready to triumph,-with practical suggestions on our duties to this cause, and a concluding glance at the barbarism of Mil

t like the Grecian God of Day, with vengeful arrows to slay the destructive Python,-not like the Archangel Michael, with potent spear to transfix Satan,-but with words of gentleness and cheer, saying to all nations, and to all children of men, "Ye

nder. The Gospel, in its simple narrative, says, "And it came to pass in those days that there went out a decree from C?sar Augustus that all the world should be taxed." History recalls the exile of Ovid, who, falling under the displeasure of the same emperor, was condemned to close his life in melancholy longings for Rome, far away in Pontus, on the Euxine Sea. With singular significance, these two contemporaneous incidents reveal the universality of Roman dominion, stretching from Britain to Parthia. The mighty empire crumbled, to be reconstructed for a brief moment, in part by Charlemagne, in part

y of nations in fraternal labor; the Unity promised, when it was said, "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female, for ye are all one in Christ Jesus"; the Unity which has filled the delighted vision of good men, prophets, sages, and poets, in times past; the Unity which, in our own age, prompted Béranger, the incomparable lyric of France, in an immortal ode, to salute

realm its limi

eath of dire co

gions in the le

empire, with e

sun, and bound t

ystem, one al

parts, and regula

ry British poet of exquisite genius, Al

ob no longer, and the

Man, the Federation

ital elixir of nations, the true philosopher's stone of divine efficacy to enrich the civilization of mankind. So far as these are neglected or forgotten, will the people, though under one apparent head, fail to be really united. So far

very early period, and renewed in the year 281 before Christ. Each member was independent, and yet all together constituted one inseparable body. So great was the fame of their justice and probity, that the Greek cities of Italy were glad to invite their peaceful arbitration. 3. Passing over other confederacies of Antiquity, I mention next the Hanseatic League, begun in the twelfth century, completed in the middle of the thirteenth, and comprising at one time no less than eighty-five cities. A system of International Law was adopted in their general assemblies, and also courts of arbitration, to determine controversies among the cities. The decrees of these courts were enforced by p

ctable throughout Europe."[321] Since these words were written, there have been many changes in the Swiss Constitution; but its present Federal System, established on the downfall of Napoleon, confirmed in 1830, and now embracing twenty-five different States, provides that differences among the States shall be referred to "special arbitration." This is an instructive example. But, secondly, our own happy country furnishes one yet more so. The United States of America are a National Union of thirty different States,-each having peculiar interests,-in pursuance of a Constitution, established in 1788, which not only provides a high tribunal for the adjudication of controversies between the States, but expressly disarms the individual States, declaring that "no State shall, without the consent of Congress, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as wi

nity. A law of mutual attraction, or affinity, first exerting its influence upon smaller bodies, draws them by degrees into well-established fellowship, and then, continuing its power, fuses t

alit, totamque

, et magno se cor

ties constituting so many distinct units, acknowledging only a vague nationality, and maintaining, as we have already seen, the "liberty" to figh

s, margraviates, and free imperial cities, was gradually resolved into the present Confederation, where each state expressly renounces the right of war with its associates. France has passed through similar changes. By a power of assimilation, in no nation so strongly marked, she has absorbed the various races and sovereignties once filling her territory with violence and conflict, and has converted them all to herself. The Roman or Iberian of Provence, the indomitable Celtic race, the German of Alsace, have all become Frenchmen,-while the various provinces, once inspired by such hostile passions, Brittany and Normandy, Franche-Comté and Burgundy, Gascony and Languedoc, Provence and Dauphiné, are now blended in one powerful, united natio

uniting molecule with molecule, atom with atom, and, by progressive change, in the lapse of time, producing new structural arrangements. Look still closer, and the analogy continues. At first we detect the operation of cohesion, rudely acting upon particles near together,-then subtler influences, slowly imparting regularity of form,-while heat, electricity, and potent chemical affinities conspire in the work. As yet there is only an incomplete body. Light now exerts its mysterious powers, and all

se worthy of constant repetition, that the perfection of joy is Peace![324] But the rude hoof of War trampled down these sparks of generous truth, destined to flame forth at a later day. In the fifteenth century, The good Man of Peace was described in that work of unexampled circulation, translated into all modern tongues, and republished more than a thousand times, "The Imitation of Christ," by Thomas-à-Kempis.[325] A little later the cause found important support from the pen of a great scholar, the gentle and learned Erasmus. At last it obtained a specious advocacy from the throne. Henry the Fourth, of France, with the co?peration of his eminent minister, Sully, conceived the be

ent expounder was denounced as rash, visionary, and impracticable. The sentiment in which they had their origin found other forms of utterance. Before the close of the seventeenth century, Nicole, the friend of Pascal, belonging to the fellowship of Port-Royal, and one of the highest names in the Church of France, gave to the world a brief "Treatise on the Means of preserving Peace among Men,"[327] which Voltaire, with exaggerated praise, terms "a masterpiece, to which nothing equal has been left to us by Antiquity." Next appeared a little book, which is now a bibliographical curiosity, entitled "The New Cineas,"[328]-after the pacific adviser of Pyrrhus, the warrior king of Epirus,-where the humane author counsels sovereigns to govern in Peace, submitting their differences to an established tribunal. In Germany, at the close of the seventeenth century, as we learn from Leibnitz, who mentions the preceding authority also, a retired g

was especially filled with the idea of Universal Peace, and the importance of teaching nations, not less than individuals, the duty of doing as they would be done by. This was his passion, and it was elaborately presented in a work of three volumes, entitled "The Project of Perpetual Peace,"[332] where he proposes a Diet or Congress of Sovereigns, for the adjudication of international controversies without resort to War. Throughout his voluminous writings he constantly returns to this project, which was a perpetual vision, and records his regret that Newton and Descartes had not devoted their exalted genius to the study and

-an authority not to be questioned on any subject upon which he spoke,-the great and universal Leibnitz, bears his testimony to the "Project of Perpetual Peace," and, so doing, enrolls his own prodigious name in the catalogue of our cause. In observations on this Project, communicated to its author, under date of February 7, 1715, while declaring that it is supported by the practical authority of Henry the Fourth, that it justly interests the whole human race, and is not foreign to his own studies, as from youth he had occupied himself with law, and particularly with the Law of Nations, Leibnitz

more regarded than Humanity, without offering him an unaffected homage. To this fait

well done! well

ht, who single

lted multitu

rd mightier tha

estimony of t

ach, far wo

: for this wa

d in sight of Go

ee perver

e to salute the greatness of his career.[337] It may well measu

s attached what is called Glory. The same satirist, who lived in an age of War, likens men to animals, even to dogs barking at each other, and then again to cats; and he furnishes a picture of the latter, counted by the thousand, and marshalled on an extended plain, where, after mewing their best, they throw themselves upon each other, tooth and nail, until nine or ten thousand of them are left dead on the field, infecting the

ractical statesmen, Rousseau appeals to common sense, and shows how much mere worldly interests would be promoted by submission to the arbitration of an impartial tribunal, rather than to the uncertain issue of arms, with no adequate compensation, even to the victor, for blood and treasure sacrificed. If this project fails, it is not, according to him, because chimerica

Century,"[340] and at a later day with a new title, under the alias of the "Refutation of the Project of Perpetual Peace."[341] Objections common with the superficial or prejudiced are vehemently urged; the imputation upon Grotius is reproduced; and the proje

ates."[344] Truth often appears contemporaneously to different minds having no concert with each other; and the latter work, though in remarkable harmony with Saint-Pierre and Rousseau, is said to have been composed without any knowledge of their labors. Lilienfeld exposes the causes and calamities of War, the waste of armam

f his ripened powers was that system of philosophy known as the "Critique of Pure Reason," by which he was at once established as a master-mind of his country. His words became the text for writers without number, who vied with each other in expounding, illustrating, or opposing his principles. At this period, after an unprecedented triumph in philosophy, when his name had become familiar wherever his mother-tongue was spoken, and while his rare faculties were yet untouched by decay, in the Indian Summer of life, the great thinker published a work "On Perpetual Peace."[345] Interest in the author, or in the cause, was

ties terminate a single existing War only, this should terminate forever all War between the parties to it. A Treaty of Peace, tacitly acknowledging the right to wage War, as all treaties now do, is nothing more than a Truce, not Peace. By these treaties an individual War is ended, but not the state of War. There may not be constant hostilities; but there will be constant fear of hostilities, with constant threat of aggression and attack. Soldiers and armaments, now nursed as a Peace establishment, become the fruitful parent of new wars. With real Peace, these would be abandoned. Nor should nations hesitate to bow before the la

that of Kant. In his "Groundwork of the Law of Nature,"[348] published in 1796, he urges a Federation of Nations, with a Supreme Tribunal, as the best way of securing the triumph of justice, and of subduing t

ted. He sees clearly, that, even when this triumph of civilization is won, justice between nations will not be always inviolate,-for, unhappily, between citizens it is not always so; but, whatever may be the exceptions, it will become the general rule. As in the Municipal State War no longer prevails, but offences, wrongs, and sallies of vengeance often proceed from indi

e was a Dissertation by Gabinus de Wal, on taking his degree as Doctor of Laws, entitled Disputatio Philosophico-Juridica, de Conjunctione Populorum ad Pacem Perpetuam.[350] This learned and elaborate pe

ts of Government are to treasure up occasions of War, and to put fetters upon Trade. To remedy this evil, Bentham proposes, first, "The reduction and fixation of the forces of the several nations that compose the European system"; and in enforcing this proposition, he says: "Whatsoever nation should get the start of the other in making the proposal to reduce and fix the amount of its armed force would crown itself with everlasting honor. The risk would be nothing, the gain certain. This gain would be the giving an incontrovertible demonstration of its own disposition to peace, and of the opposite disposition in the othe

in moral philosophy,-the discovery of a plan that would induce and oblige nations to settle their disputes without first cutting one another's throats. When will human reason be sufficiently improved to see the advantage of this?"[352] As diplomatist, Franklin strove to limit the evils of War. To him, while Minister at Paris, belongs the honor of those instructions, more glorious for the American name than any battle, where our naval cruisers, among whom was the redoubtable Paul Jones, were directed, in the interest of universal science, to allow a free and undisturbed passage to the returning expedition of Captain Cook, the

I speak only of those on whose career is the seal of death,-which even more than his deserve affectionate regard. I refer to Noah Worcester, William Eller

rts of War, and at last, as the protracted drama of battles was about to close at Waterloo, publishing that appeal, entitled "A Solemn Review of the Custom of War," which has been so extensively circulated at

awful degradation it caused, rudely blotting out in men the image of God their Father; and his words of flame

rtentous crime of War, and he was moved to dedicate the remainder of his days to earnest, untiring effort for its abolition,-going about from place to place inculcating the lesson of Peace, with simple, cheerful manner winning the hearts of good men, and dropping in many youthful souls precious seeds to ripen in more precious fr

warrior no longer usurps the blessings promised to

dship to the chief commercial cities of France; and the latter delight to return the salutation. Similar cords of amity are twined between cities in England and cities in our own country. The visit to London of a band of French National Guards is reciprocated by the visit to Paris of a large company of Englishmen. Thus are achieved pacific conquests, where formerly all the force of arms could not prevail. Mr. Vattemare perambulates Europe and the United States to establish a system of literary international exchanges. By the daily agency of the p

Great causes, grander even than Science,-like Temperance, Freedom, Peace,-have drawn to London large bodies of men from different countries, under the title of World Conventions, in whose very name and spirit of fraternity we discern the prevailing tendency. Such a convention, dedicated to Universal Peace, held at London in 1843, was graced by many well known for labors of humanity. At Frankfort, in 1846, was assembled a large Congress from all parts of Europe, to consider what could be done for those in prison. The succeeding year witnessed, at Brussels, a similar Congress, convened in the

hose international attractions and affinities which now await their final organization

custom condemned alike by religion, reason, justice, humanity, and the best interests of the people,-and that, therefo

International Treaties, providing for the settlement of all disputes by Arbitration, in an amicable manner, and according to the rules of justice

f framing a well-digested and authoritative International Code, is of the greatest importance, inasmuch as the organiza

tly diminish the financial burdens which press upon them, remove a fertile cause of irritation and inquietude, inspire mutual confidence, and promote the interchange of good

. At the suggestion of the Congress at Brussels, and in harmony with the demands of an increasing public sentiment, another Congress is called at Paris, in the approaching month of August. The place of meeting is auspicious. There, as in the very cave of ?olus, whence have so

ution, bears witness to his desire for action on this subject in the Congress of the United States. It is in the form of a Letter of Instructions from the Legislature of Massachusetts to the delegates

th, they cannot finish the business of the year until they have transmitted to you a further instruction, which they have long had in co

by them be used, through their influence with such of the nations in Europe with whom they are united by Treaties of Amity or Commerce, that National Differences may be settled

d it would redound much to the honor of the United States that it was attended to by their great Representative in Congress, and be accepted as a

ed on the Journals of Congress, if it may be thought proper, that so it may remain for the

ment of that Independence for which he had so assiduously labored, hoped to enlist not only the Legislature of his State, but the Congress of the United States, in efforts for the emancip

Committee acknowledge "that the union of all nations in a state of Peace, under the restraints and the protection of law, is the ideal perfection of civil society"; that they "concur fully in the benevolent object of the memorialists, and believe that there is a visible tendency in the spirit and institutions of the age towards the practical accomplishment of it

arnest desire that the government of the United States would, at the earliest opportunity, take measures for obtaining the consent of the powers of Christendom to the establishment of a general Convention or Congress of Nations, for the purpose of settling the principles of International Law, and of organizing a High Court of Nat

h it, have attracted the attention of many humane and enlightened citizens of this and other countries; and whereas it is the disposition of the peo

etary of State with Foreign Governments, on the subject of procuring Treaty stipulations for the reference of all future disputes to a friendly Arbi

sful, this excellent effort pre

. Bouvet, in the National Assembly of France, submit

to religion, humanity, and the public well-

tries, to unite, by their representation, in a Congress which shall have for its object a proportional disarmament among the Powers, the abolition

eign Affairs, while declining at present to recomme

ght the same measure before the German Parliament at Frankfort, by moving

of Europe, and endangers civil freedom, we therefore recognize the necessity of calling into

ained it by a speech which was received with applause, both in the ass

ed. You must give up the idea that the French will eat us up, and that the Prussians can eat us up. Soldiers must cease to exist; then shall no m

large popular meetings in its behalf, and already, by speech and motion in the House of Commons, has striven for a reduction in the armament

Foreign Affairs to enter into communication with Foreign Powers, inviting them to concur in treaties binding the respective parties, in the even

provinces, divesting themselves of "liberty" to wage War,-by the example of leagues, alliances, confederacies, and congresses,-by the kindred movements of our age, all tending to Unity,-by an awakened public sentiment, and a growing recognition of Human Brotherhood,-by the sympathies of large popular assemblies,-by the formal action of legislative bodies,-by the promises of Christianity, are we encouraged to persevere. So doing, we act not against Nature, but with Nature, making ourselves, according to the injunction of Lord Bacon, its ministers and interpreters. From no single man, from no body of men, does this caus

l who have candidly attended me in this exposition will bear witness that our attempt is in no way inconsistent with the human character,-that we do not seek to suspend or hold in check any general laws of Nature, but simply to overthrow a barbarous Insti

that our aims are in harmony with prevailing laws, wh

ivest themselves of the right of war with each other, and consent to submit all mutual controversies to Arbitration, or to a High Court of Judicature, then can the Commonwealth of Nations do the same. Nor should they hesitate, while, in the language of William Penn, such surpassing instances

can they be reduced to slavery. Poison and assassination can no longer be employed against an enemy. Private property on land cannot be seized. Persons occupied on land exclusively with the arts of Peace cannot be molested. It remains that the authority by which the Laws of War have been thus modified should entirely abrogate them. Their existence is a disgrace to civilization; for it implies the common consent of nations to the Arbitrament of War, as regulated by

his venerable experience, "by the common consent and mere will of civilized man, has not only been divested of its most atrocious cruelties, but for multitudes, growing multitudes of individuals, has already been and is abolished. Why should it not be abolished for all? Let it be impressed upon the heart of every one of you, impress it upon the minds of your children, t

fades away like the fires of religious persecution. Will it, and War passes among profane follies, like the ordeal of burning ploughshares. Will it, and War hurries to join the earlier insti

s pretences, its specious apologies, its hideous sorceries. Above all, men must no longer deceive themselves by the shallow thought that this System is the necessary incident of imperfect human nature, and thus cast upon God the responsibility for their crimes. They must see clearly that it is a monster of their own creation, born with their consent, whose vital spark is fed by their breath, and

error, we cannot expect large numbers to appreciate its true character, and to hate it with that perfect hatred making them renounce its agency, unless we offer an approved and practical mode of determining international controversies, as a substitut

, all show the futility of this objection. Secondly, because the decrees of such a court could not be carried into effect. Even if they were enforced by the combined power of the associate nations, the sword, as the executive arm of the high tribunal, would be only the melancholy instrument of Justice, not the Arbiter of Justice, and therefore not condemned by the conclusive reasons against international appeals to the sword. From the experience of history, and particularly from the experience of the thirty States of our Union, we learn that the occasion for any executive arm will be rare. The State of Rhode Island, in its recent controversy with Massachusett

this Congress is convened, as surely it will be, I know not all the names that will deserve commemoration in its earliest proceedings; but there are two, whose particul

them. In every respect this is a contrast to War. It is rational, humane, and cheap. Above all, it is consistent with the teachings of Christianity. As I mention this substitute, I should do injustice to the cause and to my own feelings, if I did not express our o

s Mohawk: "We have thrown the hatchet so high into the air, and beyond the skies, that no arm on earth can reach to bring it down." Incalculable sums, now devoted to armaments and the destructive industry of War, would be turned to the productive industry of Art and to offices of Beneficence. As in the dead and rotten carcass of the lion

prise, no fancy of Art, which may not then be fulfilled. The great unsolved problem of Pauperism will be solved at last. There will be no paupers, when there are no soldiers. The social struggles, so fearfully disturbing European nations, will die away in the happiness of unarmed Peace, no longer incumbered by the oppressive system of War; nor can there be well-founded hope that these struggles will permanently cease, so long as this system endures. The people ought not to rest, they cannot

ing its veins, as under the incantation of Medea, in the wild hope of infusing new strength, but by the amputation and complete removal of a deadly excrescence, with all its unutterable debility and exhaustion. Energies hitherto withdraw

k upon his mistaken career, he was led to confess the True Grandeur of Peace. Out of his mouth let its praise be spoken. "I had the project," he said, mournfully regretting the opportunity he had lost, "at the general peace of Amiens, of bringing each Power to an immense reduction of its standing armies. I wished a European Institute, with European prizes, to direct, associate

lowly as not to feel its care. Religion, Knowledge, Freedom, Virtue, Happiness, in all their manifold forms, depend upon Peace. Sustained by Peace, they lean upon the Everlasting Arm. And this is not all. Law, Ord

LAW, the WORLD'

es and glo

owning good, rep

o hesitation. With the lips you confess the infinite evil of War. Are you in earnest? Action must follow confession. All must unite to render the recurrence of this evil impossible. Science and Humanity everywhere put forth all possible energy against cholera and pestilenc

ty of Peace; let your warnings sink deep among those purifying and strengthening influences which ripen into true manhood. Scholar! write it in your books, so that all shall read it. Poet! sing it, so that all shall love it. Let the interests of commerce, whose threads of golden tissue interknit the Nations, enlist the traffickers of the earth in its behalf. And you, servant of the law! sharer of my own peculiar toils, mindful that the law is silent in the midst of arms, join to preserve, up

ay hope to prevent a single war,-and who can doubt that such may be its result?-we ought to adopt it. Take the initiative. Try it, and nations will never return to the barbarous system. They will begin to learn War no more. Let it be our privilege to volunteer the proposal. Thus shall we inaugurate Permanent Peace in the diplomacy

s dismal work be renewed? Can Freedom be born, can nations be regenerated, only through baptism of blood? In our aspirations, I would not be blind to the teachings of History, or to the actual condition of men, so long accustomed to brute force, that, to their imperfect natures, it seems the only means by which injustice can be crushed. With sadness I confess that we cannot expect the domestic repose of nations, until tyranny is overthrown, and the principles of self-government are established; especia

es must be with Freedom, while, in sorrow at the unwelcome combat, we confess that victory is only less mournful than defeat. Through all these bloody mists the eye of Faith discerns the ascending sun, struggling to shoot its life-giving beams upon the outspread earth, teeming with the grander products of a new civilization. Everywhere salute us the signs of Progress; and the Promised Land smiles at the new epoch. His heart is cold, his eye is dull, who does not perceive the change. Vainly has he read the history of the Past, vainly does he feel the irrepressible movement of the Present. Man has waded through a Red Sea of blood,

llare

d, and echoing

ence of potent unseen attraction, while preserving each its own peculiar form, cohere in a united chain of independent circles. From the birth of this new order will spring not only international repose, but domestic quiet also; and Peace will become

t, yet one other topic, which I have left thus far untouched, partly because it is not directly connected with the main argument, and therefore seemed inappropriate to any earlier stage, and

e,"-that feats of brute force are heralded "brilliant,"-and that a yet prevailing public opinion animates unreflecting mortals to "seek the bubble reputation even in the cannon's mouth."

mong God's children must be fugitive, evanescent, unreal. It is the offspring of a deluded public sentiment, and will disappear, as we learn to analyze its elements and appreciate its character. Too long has mankind worshipped what St. Augustine calle

principalities, and provinces, or like the Trial by Battle between individuals,-the conclusion is irresistible, that an enlightened civilization, when the world has reached that Unity to which it tends, must condemn the partakers in its du

vived in modern times, and men sought to extend the circle of its influence. Warriors, like Du Guesclin, rejoiced to hail each other as brothers. Chivalry delighted in fraternities of arms sealed by vow and solemnity. According to curious and savage custom, valiant knights were bled together, that their blood, as it spurted forth, might intermingle, and thus constitut

o all mankind, and distinctly declared that God had made of one blood all the nations of men. As if to keep this sublime truth ever present, the disciples were taught, in the simple prayer of the Saviour, to address God as Father in heaven,-not in phrase of exclusive worship, "my Father," but in those ot

glory," when he slew Abel; nor would Abel have won "glory," had he, in strictest self-defence, succeeded in slaying the wicked Cain. The soul recoils from praise or honor, as the meed of any such

iving," or "triumph," to the conquering chief whose sword had been employed against fellow-citizens, though traitors and rebels. As the Brotherhood of Man is practically recognized, it becomes impossible to restrict the feeling within any exclusive circle of country, and to set up an unchristian distinction of honor between civ

ton likens the contests of the Heptarchy to "the wars of kites or crows flocking and fighting in the air."[365] But God, and the exalted judgment of the Future, must regard all our bloody feuds in the same likeness,-finding Napoleon and Alexander, so far as engaged in War, only monster crows and kites. Thus must it be, as mankind ascend from the thrall

ot lost. Clearer than in the venerated napkin, better than in color or marble of choicest art, it appears in each virtuous deed, in every act of self-sacrifice, in all magnanimous toil, in any recognition of Human Brotherhood. It will be supremely manifest, in unimagined loveliness and serenity, whe

bed by Dr. Shaw, English chaplain at Algiers in the reign of George the First, in his "Trave

f the Roman Empire, Ch

o Virginia as fast sinking to be "the Barbary of the Union."-Memoi

f the South of Europe, Cha

pears that it was five hundred gold crowns of Spain, which, according to his Spanish biographer, Navarrete, is equa

p. 14

of the Reign of Mu

Empire, Chap. LV

Dictionary,

re Laced?monii." Nat.

ade, have been vindicated. See Bruce's Travels in Africa, Book II. Ch. 2. Vol. II. p. 319. After quoting these tex

r. Pope, Book X

n Taurid., 1400; Aristo

operation, and is accommodated to every nation on the globe. It robs no one of his freedom, violates none of his inherent rights, on the ground that he is a slave by nature, as pretended; and it well b

toric to Alcidamas, a disciple of Gorgias of Leontini. See A

tut., Lib.

e Rustica

pig. I

tus, Ann.

r. Pope, Book

t. Wulstan, Bo

ury (in the Cottonian Library, Domitianus XVIII. 10);

Générale (Hoefer

of Agincou

thodique (Jurisprude

t, p. 440,-a work crowned with a gold medal by the Institu

an, Chap

ing Tangier: Harleian Mi

Pilgrims, Vol

d and Isabella, Vol. III. p. 308.

he Fifth, Book V. Haedo, Historia de

Fran?ais, Tom. X

istory of Charles

istory of Charles

f the Abolition of the S

tayned, not onely the high Entreprise and Valeauntnes of Themperour Charles the v. and his Army (in his Voyage made to the Towne of Argier in Affr

lly relating to this expedition, entitled "Algiers Voyage, in a Journall, or briefe Reportary of all Occurrents hapning in the Flee

ry of the United Sta

Earl, boasts that the latter "secured the seas from piracies, so as only one ship was lost at his first coming [as Lord Lieutenant to Ireland], and no more all his time; whereas every

ages, Vol. II. p. 493. See also Mrs. Macaulay's

rs and Despatches, Vol

tters and Despatche

bid.,

ngland, Book XXII

orks,

ating to the Redemption of the Captives in Argier and Tunis, by Edmond Cason, London, 1647. A Relation of Seven Years Slavery under the Turks of Algier, suffered by an English Captive Merchant, etc., together with a Descript

9.) He forgot the expedition of Sir Robert Mansel, already mentioned (ante, p. 408), which was elaborately debated in the Privy Council as early as 1

State Papers, V

peeches of Cromwell, Part IX

to my Lord Pr

England, Book XXIII.

Traitez de Paix

pp. 307, 4

ral v. Gibson, 2 B

an's Magazine, V

ery under the Turks of Algier: Os

ears Slavery: Osborne's

burning them, not to take them, but to destroy them,-of attacking, not fortifications, but private houses, not soldiers, but peaceable inhabitants, women and children,-and of confounding thousands of private crimes, each one of which would cause horror, in one great public crime, one great disaster, wh

de Louis XIV

Siècle de Louis

s Magazine, Vol

Rédemption des Captifs, à Paris, 1726. Voyage to Barbary for the Redemption of Captives in 1720, by the Mathurin-Trinitarian Fathers, London, 1735. This is a translation from the French. Braithwaite's History of the Revolutions in the Empire of Morocco, London, 1729. This contains a journal of the mission of John Russel, Esq., from the English government, to obtai

Life of Cer

entered at the custom-house, viz.: 20 pieces of broadcloth, 2 pieces of brocade, 2 pieces of silver tabby, 1 piece of green damask, 8 pieces of Holland, 16 pieces of cambric, a gold re

s of Abraha

ears Slavery: Osborne's

istory of the

ion de l'Esclavage Anc

de la Captividad: Histo

vantes, p. 50. See his s

s Magazine, Vol

anti-slavery character of this play rendered it unpopular at Liverpoo

te, Part I. Bo

ivity of Thomas Phelps: Osbor

pon my condition as desperate; my forlorn and languishing state of life, without any hope of redempt

gister, 1763,

Trato

Historia de Argel. p. 185. I refer to Roscoe as the popular authority.

harles T. Torrey was a prisoner in the Penitentiary of

s Pilgrims, V

Pilgrims, Vol.

Pilgrims, Vol.

ness in Barbary, and of his strange Escape, in Company of Edmu

ory of the Quake

the Reign of Muley Ism

y of the Reign of M

egister, Vol.

egister, Vol.

ew England's M

's Journal, V

f First Church

sex Probate

ilbert to Arth

. 323. See Jackson v. Phi

Chief-Justice Sa

anklin, October 9, 1785: Spar

28, May 12, October 20, November 3, Nov

1786. Sparks's Frank

16, 1788. History of the War between t

tes and Tripoli, pp. 62, 63. American Museum, 1

r between the United St

iplomacy, Vol.

ited States and Tripoli, pp. 64, 65. Ly

iplomacy, Vol.

between the United Stat

s Ba?os

upon Slavery

of Algiers (Philad

e Office, Hanover,

. XXX. Vol

XXXII. Vol

s of Congrese, 1786,

ravels, Letter XX

ess, 1st Cong. 2d Ses

s Franklin, V

nt, April 3, 1795, in honor of French successes.-B

ngress, 4th Cong.

rge, Treaties, Vol. VIII. p. 133.

ngress, 4th Cong.

iplomacy, Vol.

tes at Large, Vol. VIII. p. 154. Lyma

cy, Vol. II. p. 400.-This treaty has two dates,-August, 1797, and March, 1799. Willia

Large, Vol. VIII. p. 100. Lyma

r between the United St

Diplomacy, V

us Works of David

Works of David Hum

Large, Vol. VIII. p. 214. Lyma

r between the United St

s Travels,

. National Intellig

Large, Vol. VIII. p. 224. Lyma

e's Life of De

é, et adopté à Paris en Septembre, à Turin le 14 Octobre, 1814, à Vienne durant le Congrès. Par W. Sidney Smith. S

er to a Member of Parliament on the Slavery of the Christians at Algiers, by Walter Croker, E

51. Osler's Life of Exmouth, p. 302. Ma

s Life of Ex

s Life of Ex

State Papers,

s Life of Ex

ter, 1816, Vol. LVIII. pp. 97]-105]. Sh

s Life of Ex

Ibid.,

. Shaler's Sketches

s Pilgrims, Vo

's Revolutions in

ady introduced, I refer briefly to the following: Edinburgh Review, Vol. XXVI. pp. 452-454; Quart

f the Reign of Muley Is

rs of Abrah

verselle (Michaud):

sh the foundation of a similar scene. "For my only son," he says, "is now a slave in Algier, and but ten years of age, and like to be lost forever, without God's great mercy and the king's clemency, which, I hope, may b

f General Ea

Shaler's Sketches of Algiers, p. 77. Edinburgh Review,

s. (Halhed's Code, Chap. VIII. § 2.) It was unknown in the British West Indies while slavery existed ther

, Chap. LXXVI. Vol

ms to have been supposed, that, according to the Koran, the condition of slavery ceased when the party became a Mussulman. (Penny Cyclop?dia: Art. Slavery. Noah's

a."-Haedo, Historia de Argel, p. 85.

rvantes, pp. 303, 304. C

: Art. Thomas de Jesus. Digby's Broad

Universelle: Art.

Memoir

's Revolutions in

ew, Vol. XV. p. 146. See also Chénier's Present

ur, p. 29O. See also

Ten Years' Residenc

ravels,

hes of Algi

e Terre et de Mer, M?urs et Costumes des Habitans, de Mores, des Arabes,

tal Journey: The Passp

se Lost, Boo

and the other French. (Lempriere's Tour, p. 147.) The fate of "one Mrs. Shaw, an Irish woman," is given in words hardly polite enough to be quoted. She was swept in

o, p. 350. See also Quarte

aithwait

Ibid.,

ter, July, 1846

Ibid.,

ter, July, 1846

énitentiare,

s and Prison

Report of the Prison D

he United States

Report of the Prison D

eport of the Prison Disci

ing, May 30, 1837

1830, Vol. I

s Maximus, Li

eid, IV.

tr. Pope, X

ficiis, Lib

assius, Lib.

e translation by Lady Charlotte Guest this passage i

e of Aginco

ture of the South of Eu

d States Exploring Expeditio

Commedia: Purgatorio

De Finibus, Li

erved in the Life of Epicurus by Diogenes Laertius, Lib.

De Finibus, Li

ib. II. c. 7; L

ro Marc

Qu?st., Li

ro Arch

o C. Rab

nd seeks to interest him in the same behalf. (Ad Atticum, Lib. IV. 6.) Pliny, who looked to the pen of Tacitus for Fame, but in a higher spirit than Cicero, expressly declares that he does not desi

tens, October, 1774: Life,

Reviczki, March,

ton, Lyci

s, qu? dulcedine glori? non tangatur

2

mpi d 'esti

iveder le b

gioverà di

oi alla gen

Canto X

. I. Art. V. sec. 2

Carm. IV.

Non enim exercentur ad pr?mium; recte facti f

lkes, 4 Burrow'

Miscellaneous

Noble Lord: Works,

mes G. Birney: Wor

e Regained, B

e Fear of G

y of the United State

ier: Works,

pud Herod. Hist.,

and the executioner; but he finds the soldier so noble as to ennoble even the work of the executione

Pharsalia,

ations at the end

, Pharsalia

gruel, Book

d'apprendre aux hommes à s'exterminer les uns les au

een Catharine, on N

hiller,

ortal was to be a God to a mortal, and this is the way to everlasting Glory: "Deus e

on: Prose Works,

Universelle: Art.

State of the

the Abolition of the African

2

ies mutat latus

iam, et c?lum s

III. 58

nternational Law

on the Law of Nat

nternational Law

t. ex Ponto, Lib

ril 12, 1786: Writings of Washing

nts, January 18, 1779: Goodlo

ongress, 1st Cong

ashington, ed. Spar

, Opera et D

Carm. III.

zioni. The fourth book is entitled Del corso che fanno le nazioni; the fi

ura et Necessità della Scienza delle Co

Art. LXXIV.-"Ut semper certa serie progredi valeamus." Opera Philosoph

chte der Menschheit, tr. Chu

de la Méthode, Part. 6: ?u

, De l'Autorité en Matière de Philosop

t des Modernes, en ce qui reg

sur les Anciens et les Mode

s de l'Esprit Humain: ?uvres (e

sur l'Histoire Universelle:

leau Historique des Pro

omité d'Instruction Publique, etc.: ?uvres de Condorcet (

, De Rerum Natu

ientiarum, Lib. I.: W

shed in 1787, on The Evidence of a Future P

ebrides: Works (Oxford

Study of the Law of Nat

th America, Ch. 2. Horner's Anniversary Address, for 1847, before the London Geologic

ate Professor H.D. Rogers, fr

of the Lord Chancellors

of Basil Mo

etters and Lives

gland, 1673: Harleian Miscell

t, and, as a natural consequence, became the frequent scene of assassination and outrage, perpetrated under the shelter of darkness. At last, in 1685, it was proposed to place a light, on moonless nights, before every tenth door. This projected improvement was enthusiastically applauded and furiously attacked. "The cause of darkness," says Macaulay, "was not left undefend

lough: Sermons

Histoire de Dix A

ongress, 1st Cong

and Forensic Ar

ir, Vol. I

Ibid.,

dience to the Civil M

Character of Patrick

ermined, stood: For Taylor, 61,072

Poets and Poetry

y of the Rebellion, Boo

Progress and Prospects o

ah Mason, of Bost

. I. § 1: Opera (ed. Dutens), Tom. IV. Pars 3, pp. 287, 2

acific Principles of the New Testam

ral and Political Phil

is Address, Turkey and China h

of Nations

hr., Admiralty Repo

urop?ische V?lkerrec

ral and Political Phil

ral and Political Phil

ans ses Origines, Liv. I. Seconde

l'Histoire de St. Louis, Diss. X

of the House of Aust

occiderit seu vulneribus debilem reddiderit, velut homicida nequissimus et latro cruentus, ab Ecclesi? et omnium fidelium c?tu red

asque sua novitate incognit? disciplin? mitesceret, et solita armis

istory of Charles

. II. c. 10: Monumenta Germani? Historica

. 1636-1638, Table Méthodique, 28717-28749, will be found titles in various languages, from which I select the following: Joan. de Lignano, Tractatus do Bello, de Repressaliis, et de Duello, Papi?, 1487; Tractatus de

cap. 65: Muratori, Rerum Italic

es Lois, Liv.

s, Book IV. ch. 3

Sc. iv. 14, 15) of one who obtained great riche

e du

magnas

hails the age of Augustus, as at peace, or free

C?sa

vacuum

uirini

ire Philosophiq

Paris, Histori

Liv. I. Seconde époque,

Laws, Book

Documents, 1848: Do

., Doc. No

Documents, 1839:

s, Vol. VI

Executive Documents: 28th Cong. 1st Sess., No. 15,

13, note; and "True Grandeur o

hese are the very words of Frederick, deliberately written in his own account of the war. Voltaire, on revising the work, dishonestly struck out this important confession, but preserved a copy, which afterwards appeared in his own Memoirs. L

Ode in Imitation of Alc?u

of Nations, ante, Vo

ife of Locke,

3

rmez une sai

z-vous l

Alliance d

ion of Columbus,

Locksl

tions, Book II.

de l'Allemagne du 8 Juin, 1815, Art. XI. pa

d, Lib. VI

quinas, Summa Theologica, Prima Sec

ione Christi, L

li ac Pacis, Lib.

n a recent edition of the Pensées of Pascal. Notwithstanding this great company, and the praise of Voltaire in his écrivains du Siècle de Lo

r une Paix générale et la Liberté du Commerce par tout le Monde: Pari

d'une Paix Perpétuelle de l'Abbé de S. Pier

of William Penn, Ch.

vres, Tom. X. p. 138. V?ux d'un

t this collection is not complete; I have several other volumes. Brunet introduces him into his Bibliographical Pantheon among "Modern Reformers"; but the space allowed is very scanty by the

. XI. p. 113. See, also, Bescherelle, Di

s, Du Mérite Person

ix Perpétuelle; Lettre à l'Abbé de S. Pie

se Lost, Boo

-"Après avoir mérité le beau surnom de Solliciteur pour le bien public,

ain, Tom. I. p. 332; Des Ju

de Paix Perpétuelle de M

i unsers Philosophi

g des Projects v

chts, §§ 321-340: Werke,

meiner Friede nach der

ues Staa

chlusses eines Tractats zum Ewigen Frieden in der Philosop

ichte in Weltbürgerlicher Absicht: S?

echtslehre, §§ 53-61, Das V?lkerrecht:

Ueber das V?lkerrecht: S?mmtlic

as Unvermeidl

e member, Mr. Suringar, of Amsterdam, referred to this Dissertation, and announced a copy of it which had been given him for presentation to

Works, Part VI

y Hewson, Jan. 27, 1783; to Richard Price, Feb. 6, 1780: W

Vol. V. pp. 122-124. Collections of

. II. pp. 485, 486. Lyman's Diplomacy o

23, 1798: Transactions of the American Ph

ms, belonging to the his

mmittees, 25th Cong

e Documents, Ses

. 2d Sess., Jan. 16, 1849, p. 267. S

that this history stops wi

ewburyport, July 4

morial de Sainte-Hé

Jones, Ode in Im

e de France, 1re Série, Tom. III. p. 349. Sainte-Palaye, Mémoires sur l'Ancienne Chevalerie, Part, III. Tom. I. p. 225. The same attempt at Brot

Slaughter

t not the

e ruddy go

rink, our bl

Book IV.: Prose Works (ed.

riber'

blication with the exception of some minor errors and

1 pen is

ndidades is n

graphical is now

ufilled is n

324 were numbe