A Visit to the Philippine Islands

are not intelligible to one another, still less the indigenous races who occupy the mountainous districts. The more remarkable divisions are the dialects of Pampangas, Zambal, Pangasinan, I

between and the construction of the Tagál and Bisayan will be best seen by a

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l show the affinities between several of the idioms of the

ál. Bisayan.

ang; ca. usá. t

auá. duhá.

ó. toló. tál

at. upát.

ma. lima.

im. unúm. á

pipito. pitó

ualó. ualu. di

m. siam. si

ovo; sang povo. napulo

. labin isa. napulo ug

labin dalava. napulo u

dulavangpovo. calohá

lonpu. catloan. ta

npu. caliman. lim

; dan-sandang. usa cagató

auan daán. dua cagatós

isan libo. usa ca libó

ampon libo. napálo cal

án libo; sang yolo. usa cagatós c

anga?gaonúgao. ......

, in Sampaloc (Manila), 1794. This vocabulary consists of nearly 11,000 terms, the same word conveying so many meanings that

which the first place is due to the Tagál Demosthenes (Father Francis de San José), to whose researches none have the knowledge of adding anything valuable. He professes to have given all the roots, but not their ramifications, which it is impossible to follow. But the Vocabulario is greatly lauded by the "Visitador," as "an eagle in its flight," and "a sun in its brilliancy." It is reported to have added three thousand new words to the vocabulary. The editor himself is modest enough, and declares he has brought only one drop to a whole ocean. The work, which had been in many hands, occupied Father Noceda thirty years, and he allowed no word to pass until "twelve Indians" agreed that he had found it

ga Majayjay is a native of Majayjay. A good Christian is called Ang manga taga langit, a native of heaven;

of bahaque. The bahaque is the native dress. The friars informed me that it required several years of residence to enable them to preach i

Thus ayao means, enough, passage of merchandise, dearness, and is a note of admiration; baba signifies brace, beard, lungs, perchance, abscess; bobo, a net, to melt, to frighten, to spill; alangal

oot or shadow of resemblance. Noceda, for the verb give (dar, Spanish) has 140 Tagál words; for (meter) put, there are forty-one forms; for (ha

mmunicating scientific or philosophical knowledge. Yet M. Mallat contends that it is rich, sonorous, expre

ay, was published in 1841 (Manila), having been written by Father Alonzo de Mentrida.

annot pronounce. Parancisco for Francisco, palso for falso, pino for fino, &c. The r is totally unutterable by the Tagálos. They convert the letter into d, and subject the

on of z is not adopted. There is in the Tagál no vowel sound be

nd the letter repeated, thus:-Aa yaou (a), baba yaou (b), caca yaou (c), dada yaou (d), gaga yaou (g), haha yaou (h), lala yaou (l), mama yaou (

ey are not changed by the personal pronouns. Among other singularities, it is noted that no active verb can begin with the letter b. Some of th

orm of respect. In addressing a woman the word po is omitted, but is expected to be used by a female in addressing a m

ves Maria," but "Maria is loved by Juan." Fr. de los Santos says it is more elegant to employ the active than the passive verb, but I

ngs, there is much perplexity in the construction. The padre Verduga, however, gives a list of s

mple, for zapato (shoe) they use only pato; Lingo for Domingo; bavay, caballo (hor

(they), four substantives (thing, companion, fright, abstract), one verb (to go), and the rest sundry adjectival, adverbial, and other terms], cay, co, con, cun, di, din, ga, ha, i, in, is, m

ness departs; dawn breaks; light advances (magumagana); the sun about to rise (sisilang na ang arao); full day (arao na); sun risen; hen laying; (sun) height of axe; height of spear (from the horizon); midday; sun sinking; sun set (lungmonorna); Ave Maria time; darkness; blackness; childre

of a dog; ?gi?giyao ?gi?giyao, the purring of a cat; cococococan, a hen calling her chickens; pocto pocto, uneven, irregular (there is a Devonshire word, scory, having exactly the same meaning); timbon timbon, piling up; punit punit, rags; a?gao a?gao

e rice, binlor; ground rice, digas; roasted rice, binusa; roasted to appear like flowers, binuladac; rice paste, pilipig; fricasseed rice, sinaing; another sort of prepared rice, soman. There are no less than nineteen words for varieties of the same object. And so with verbs:-To tie, tali; to tie round, lingquis; to tie a belt, babat; to tie the hands, gapus; to tie a person by the neck, tobong; to tie with a noose, hasohaso; to tie round a jar, baat; to tie up a corpse, balacas; to tie the mouth of a purse, pogong; to tie up a basket, bilit;

egg to the full-grown animal, when he is called buayang totoo, a true crocodile. For gol

meter (to put); seventy-five for menear (to move); but synonymes are with difficulty fo

Twin brothers are cambal. Anac is the generic name for son; an only son, bogtong; the first-born, pa?ganay; the youngest, bongso; an adopted son, ynaanac. Magama means father and son united; magcunaama, father and adopted son; nagpapaama, he

sion is, Catalastasan mo

sent is the Castilian cabeza; so that now the Indian generally denominates this native authority cabez

words have been retained, such as Pinanan umbitanan ang patay.-They sing the death-song; dayao,

e as specimens of Tagá

laláqu

abai d

laánan

ngiolog

isi su

ahan

ngsi?ga

ahopa

laya?gan

anyaya

acpan t

yao comet;

rrior, from

upa

tancasa

ngapilipis anc

l flog thee (thou sha

ill wake thee (thou

banhangan e

gpahata

nbabao d

amara un

are called gangsal,

ve, Yes!

! Di; dili;

dita for lina, language; babi, for babuy, pig; hagin (Tag.) and hangin (Bis.) for angin, wind; masaguit for sakit, sick; patay for mati (Mal.), mat (Pers.), dead; nagcasama for samasama, in company; matacut for takot, fear; ulan for udian, rain; and a few others. The Malay wor

ssary for the profession of the Catholic faith, or the celebration of its religious

is small: I heard salam, salute; malim, master; arrac, wine or spirits; arraes for reis, captain. And among the Mussulmans of Mindanao, Is

enerally in use was sampan, a small

ars speak the native idioms with fluency, never preach in any other, and living, as most of them do, wholly surrounded by the Indian population, and rarely using their native Spanish tongue, it is not to be wondered at that they acquire great facility in the employment of the Indian idioms. Most of the existin

on of languages, and it was so preserved in order that the rights of property might be respected in the general anarchy. In the lower numerals of remote dialects there are many seemingly strange affinities, which may be attributed to their frequent use in trading transactions. Savages, having no such designations of their own, have frequently adopted the higher decimal numbers employed by civilized nations, of which the extended use of the word lac for 10,000 is an example. Muster, among trading nations, is, with slight variations, the almost universally received word for pattern; so the words account, date, and many similar. How many maritime terms are derived from the Dutch, how many military from the French, how many locomotive from the English! The Justinian code has impregnated all the languages of Europe with phrases taken from the Roman law. To the Catholic missal may be traced in the idioms of converted nations almost all their religious phraseology. In the facilities of combination which the

attempts which have been made to introduce the phraseology of advanced arts and sciences into tongues which only represent a low stage of cultivation, have been lamentably unsuccessful. No appropriate niches can be found in barbarian temples for the beautiful productions of the refined genius of sculpture. The coarse garments of the savage cannot be fitly repaired with the choice workmansh

ave the Spanish asonante, but words are considered to rhyme if they

tiful s

concave

louds as

rightness

ustom. The San tze King, or three-syllable classic, which is the universally employed elementary book in the schools of China, is always sung, and the verse and

verbs in verse, of whi

ong yag

liptip

quiqui

a goyo

by the h

hty, stron

yá ca

onay n

bo y pa

agsopco

very car

stretch her

rood for pr

d rains and th

ang c

u so to

guin b

cata

apagcati

coming on lif

y as a cer

travel from

from age

astaas. Many f

the flight the greater the fall. Tolluntu

he Alma wreck, and much of their contents is utterly illegible; nor have I been able, from any materials accessible to me in this

Tagál has no possessive pronouns; but empl

; ungma,

un, thou, always follows th

sambahin, the

sun, o

allow to

future passive is c

i, adverb

adi, k

a, forgi

i, to qu

s Dissertation in h