Among the Birds in Northern Shires

as it is presented on the coasts of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, and in some of the river-valleys in the south of the latter county. It is perhaps in

cal movement amongst birds in the northern shires than in the southern and south-western counties. The former area is subject to much greater climatic vicissitudes, to sudden falls of temperature, and heavy snow-storms, disturbances that have a marked effect upon birds, and cause them to wander to an extent seldom remarked in the south-west, where conditions are much more equable and the temperature uniformly higher. For instance, we believe the isotherm of January in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire is about 37°, whilst in the south-west of England it is as high as 43°. In one way the southern counties possess perhaps an exceptional migrational inte

birds. There is also some slight movement north or north-east of the Redwing and the Fieldfare; whilst Song Thrushes and Blackbirds that have been wintering in the southern portions of our islands begin to migrate towards continental and perhaps North British haunts. The same remarks also apply to the Robin, the Greenfinch, the Linnet, the Chaffinch, the Tree Sparrow,[3] the Snow Bunting, the Sky-lark, and the Shore Lark especially. Starlings, Jackdaws, and Rooks also initiate a migrational movement during February; and there is also some evidence to show that Sparrow-hawks, Bitterns, Geese, Swans, many Ducks, Ring Doves, Golden Plovers, Lapwings, Woodcocks and Snipes, Redshanks, Curlews, Little Auks, the three British species of Divers, and the Red-necked and Sclavonian Grebes are at least in movement of a definite character. This applies not only to an actual departure from our shores, but to a coasting movement across them from winter stations still farther south. With the exception, perhaps, of the Shore Lark and the two species of Swans, the migration c

nk-footed Geese, the Teal and the Wigeon, the Tufted Duck and the Golden-eye, the Gray Plover, the Turnstone, the Dunlin, and the Purple Sandpiper. This movement is continued throughout the month and into April, in many cases gradually dying out in May. Fieldfares and Redwings migrate in large numbers during April, as also do Goldcrests, some of the Finches, Snow Buntings, Starlings, Golden Plovers, and Woodcocks; Dunlins perhaps leave most abundantly in M

chaff is perhaps the most constant pioneer of the spring migrants. We have known this bird arrive in Devonshire as early as the 5th of March; in Yorkshire we have observed it a week later. These dates are somewhat exceptional, but we can pretty safely depend upon its appearance towards the end of that month. The migrations of the Wheatear are practically coincident in date. In fact this bird, we believe, has been recorded from the northern shires as early as February, but this is certainly abnormal. The migrations of both species are, however, much more marked in April. Another March migrant is the Ring-ouzel, but these are venturesome birds ahead of their companions, and the usual date of this bird's arrival in the northern shires is April. Similarly, the Blackcap has been known to arrive in March, but its normal date is the first week or so in April. This latter month brings the migrants back in constantly increasing numbers, amongst which we may mention the Redstart, the Whinchat, the Willow Wren, the Wryn

gration dying down again in November. Stonechats are now returning to us, as also in small numbers are Robins and Hedge Accentors, both of which will arrive in greater abundance during the two succeeding months. The same remarks almost exactly apply to the Titmice, the Goldcrest, the Wren, and the Pied Wagtail. Amongst the hard-billed Passeres such birds as Linnets, Greenfinches, Chaffinches, Yellow Buntings, and Tree Sparrows are also returning; as are also Sky-larks, Starlings, Rooks, and Short-eared Owls. Among the Duck family and the Waders, the Bernacle and Brent Geese, the Mallard, the Teal and Wigeon, the Scaup and the Scoters; Plovers, Turnstones, Woodcock and Common Snipe, Ruffs, Redshanks, Curlews, Godwits, Dunlins, Knots, and Sanderlings are now migrating, but their numbers will enormously increase during the two, or in some cases even three, succeeding months. But few of our own summer birds depart from the northern shires in August, but there is certainly a coasting movement apparen

at a Li

cipally refer, so far as this grand avine movement is concerned, to the latter district. Here season after season we have watched during the late October and early November days that wonderful influx of feathered life that breaks like the waves of the ocean upon the shore, often in such multitudes as to defy estimation. Indeed, we know of no other place on the entire coast-line of the British Islands where the fascinating phenomenon of migration can be studied to better advantage. Along this coast, at intervals during the autumn, birds literally pour in from across the North Sea, or are tempted to loiter upon it when following the entire line of our eastern sea-board to winter quarters far to the south of the British archipelago. Few wi

ooded

cially remarkable for the marvellous migration waves of this tiny bird, which not only spread across England, but reached Ireland, and possibly spent themselves in the Atlantic beyond! So far as concerns our own special length of coast-line, the migration appeared to reach its climax on the 8th and the 12th of October, when vast numbers were recorded from Whitby lighthouse; at Flamborough it was reported in unusual abundance between the 7th and the 14th; at Spurn on the 7th and 8th, crowding into the hedgerows and fields near the sea; whilst on the Lincolnshire side of the Humber the 8th was remarkable for these migrants, many of which actually sought refuge amongst the piles on the quays and in the timber yards at Grimsby; in the district of the Wash the poor little birds came on to the coast in a more or less exhausted condition three or four days later, many migrating at night. One favourite line of migration into inland districts of the northern shires, not only of this species, but of Titmice, Chaffinches, Bramblings, and some others, is along the Humber, and down the valley of t

e moment they left the sea and reached the land. Many thousands of these birds continue their way south along the coast, doubtless in some cases to follow the rivers inland; others fly inland over the fields, continuing the exact direction of the course followed over the sea. In the same district the autumnal passage of the Hooded Crow is little if any less impressive. This migration usually commences about the middle of October, and lasts about a month. The arrival of this bird in the Wash district is almost regarded with as much interest as the appearance of the Swallow in spring. Fishermen and farmers in the locality say that the two birds are never seen in the air together, meaning by this that the Swallow has gone to the south before the Crow comes in from the east. Unlike the two other speci

lush Woodcocks from the ditches at the bottom of the tall white-thorn hedges, and this fact we always regarded as a sure indication that the past night had been a favourable one for migrants. Then more Woodcocks would be flushed from the long dry grass, on the sea-banks; perhaps an Owl; but the latter birds we found to have a greater preference for the large flat turnip-fields just over the earth-works. Then perhaps the warbling cry of the Sky-lark would sound from the still dusky sky-the note of tired pilgrims that had been winging their way across the wild sea whilst men slept, and music which never failed to inspire a feeling of sympathy in us. Poor tired and hungry little birds-we always wished them well. Sometimes we should find the bushes and even the long grass on the banks crowded with tired Goldcrests; some of them, poor little mites, so weary that we have stood and watched them sitting fast asleep or swaying on the twigs utterly overcome with fatigue and hunger, quite exhausted and apparently indifferent to their own safety any longer. Then on some lowering November afternoon an occasional flock of Snow Buntings would suddenly appear on the wild salt-marshes, little strangers from an ice-bound region far away to the north. They would settle upon the weed-grown p

these northern shires are most impressive on such nights as these. The lost bewildered birds, attracted by the glare of the flashing brilliant lamps, crowd round the lanterns, and many of them not only kill themselves by dashing against the glass but are observed to fall exhausted into the sea below. Birds of many species compose these lost and bewildered flocks. Adversity mak

able amount of vertical migration that takes place in the northern shires-that movement between the uplands and the low-lying country and littoral districts, undertaken by such species as Twites, Merlins, Meadow Pipits, Lapwings, Plovers, Curlews, Mallards, and some few other Ducks. This movement has already been described in detail in our accounts of these various species, so it is not necessary to treat with it here at greater length. It is, however, a migrational movement of no small interest, though not a little overlooked by ordinary observers. Thus does the migr

e birds unfold their story with the passing months. For a dozen years or more we kept such a record, dealing more especially with the environs of Sheffield; season after season we noted the arrival and departure of the migratory species, the resumption and the cessation of song, the varying food from month to month, the pairing and nest-building, the rearing of the young; the flocking in autumn, the disbanding in spring, the habits of birds at nightfall, t

t music is on the wane. Towards the end of the month the Song Thrushes are back again in their accustomed haunts, and on exceptionally fine and sunny days may be heard to sing a little; the Blackbird, however, is invariably silent. Another irregular singer in January is the Sky-lark. It requires a warm and spring-like day indeed to woo him into voice, still his song must not be overlooked at this season. So far as most birds are concerned, January is a typical winter month. There are few signs among the birds here in South Yorkshire to indicate any change of seasons. At the end of the month Sparrows may be remarked at their old nests, and many Hedge Acc

mmence nesting. March brings still more important changes among the birds, and by many of their ways and movements we read the unerring sign of spring's approach. Among other things may be mentioned the nest-building of the Rooks, the resumption of song by the Chaffinch and the Yellow Bunting, the flocks of both species now disbanding. Avine song is everywhere on the increase; the Blackbird is getting into finer and more frequent voice, the Hedge Accentor and the Wren are particularly musical; whilst during this month we may find the first nests of the Song Thrush and the Missel-thrush, the Robin and the Hedge Accentor. In the northern shires, however, these early birds not unfrequently suffer for their precocity, and a late fall of snow des

Bunting and the Greenfinch are in fine voice, the Sky-lark warbles incessantly, and the avine calendar is punctuated with the note of the Cuckoo once more. Most of our resident birds are now nesting;

Chiff

e Whe

song, especially among our earliest breeding birds. Each may and will be heard to warble on every day of June, but certainly not in such abundance as characterized their melody in May. The Cuckoo is also in less splendid voice, and not unfrequently cries in a treble series of notes instead of the normal double one. As birds are notably later here than in south-western counties, we shall also find that June is certainly a more musical month in Yorkshire than it is in Devonshire. With the advent of July, however, the beginning of the end arrives. Thrush, Blackbird, and Robin sing fitfully, as also do the Blackcap and Whitethroat and many others. By the end of the month much song has ceased, Tree Pipits and Chaffinches especially becoming mute. Some birds are still busy with their second or even third broods, but the moulting season is coming on, and that is ever a time of moping and of silence. This month also marks the flocking of many birds, notably the Ring-ouzel, the Rook, the Twite, the Meadow Pipit, the Lapwing, and the Curlew. Tits are also to be seen in family parties, as are als

ls speed away to the south, and the Blackbird shows a far too unwelcome partiality for the fruit-garden. All the Warblers are migrating fast; the Rooks and Jays complete their moult, as also do the Chaffinch, the Redpole, and the Yellow Bunting. October, nut-brown October, finally clears away the last of our summer visitors, and brings us bird guests from the far north-east. One of the most familiar of these is the Redwing; they return with pleasing regularity to their old haunts. Now the coppices begin to swarm with migrant Goldcrests and Titmice; the Merlins leave the moors finally

re and

sorts to them as soon as the share turns over the earth. In November the flocks of Bramblings return to the beech-woods for the winter, and bird-life generally becomes much more localized, crowded into areas where food and shelter chance to be found most easily. December is but an emphasizing of the preceding month. The Kestrel is now very rarely seen about the South Yorkshire woods and fields. Now come the periodical snow-storms that usually punctuate a Yorkshire winter, and with them bird-life becomes more or less disorganized. We have now much wandering to and fro, the recurring frosts drive birds from their usual haunts, and we meet with species in localities where they are seldom seen at any othe

E

2

2

N

][ D ][ E ][

][ L ][ M ][

][ T ][ U ][

to go to first e

, Hedge,

n, 265,

ip fiel

n Janua

n Marc

cembe

ial so

, 16,

es,

a, Ea

rd moveme

in,

Stack

on moo

a,

ntic

bird-lif

231, 232

at, fate

le, migra

rd, 5

ks,

k, 240,

ry,

f woodla

n the Di

agg, 1

n, 240

migratio

ick,

ick

mischief don

ern,

ion, 2

56, 141, 18

ion, 2

tember

vembe

Februa

ch, 28

uly,

rook,

ap, 18

n, 184,

n July

Haw

eay,

fiel

165 fig.; 166,

166, 265,

Goos

, 127

helmst

the Dippe

Hall

h, 141,

ock,

Cirl, 1

mon, 1

tion,

d, migrat

, 171,

ion, 1

g,

s,

erside

, 57, 9

ion, 2

170, 171, 194,

s,

n, 265,

281,

migratio

ard,

ck-kne

84, 133,

134, 135

gh-leg

on,

ess, 9

ilzie,

Loch,

n, 59, 2

164-166, 28

of feat

6, 263, 264,

164,

driin

156, 157, 28

ion, 2

g,

Owl,

lus,

hara

ber,

ham Mo

r, 87, 2

nent,

193, 1

Forest

ant, 2

e, 176,

, 18, 29

er-ne

Sea-cliff

potted,

tion,

per,

tyshir

bill,

rion, 89,

tion,

, 88, 89,

265, 273,

132, 13

lin Hi

116, 153, 176,

, 266-268

, 286

d Meadow

's Mat

rland

34, 70,

king

264, 269,

, 118 fig., 1

ion, 1

oration, 117,

ames, 1

s,

ford

Warbler,

, 52, 58

in,

237,

bird-lif

, 106, 117, 133, 134, 148, 149, 167, 1

spects of

bird-li

14, 25,

dge,

s Hole

87, 114, 129, 147, 149, 152, 165, 172, 173, 19

s of mo

rd-life on

fig., 16-25,

of classifica

istribu

of rac

name

19, 24

eputat

lness

, 20

nd habit

, 22

ck-throate

-throa

, 96,

tion,

s,

, 97

25, 208,

252, 2

, 14

hawk

90, 91 fig

g of n

river,

ing,

ion, 2

238, 240-

, 137, 1

tle, 1

ion, 2

es,

Dale,

, 102, 218, 222

g-tail

198, 199

tion,

t,

s,

, 98, 99, 1

, 192, 198, 2

4, 265, 278,

es, 19

70, 71,

265, 266,

le,

en, 82,

d,

e-taile

n feed

shall

dstow

gs

g, Ree

llow,

Stone, 1

er,

Tufted

ar,

et,

Gray-

Littl

e, Re

Herrin

Black-ba

isher

lin

tjar

ort-ear

Fork-tai

, Gold

nged,

miga

er, Com

ter, Ma

rake,

n,

Arctic

mmon,

sser,

ndwic

te,

chat

, Kin

02, 218, 222,

ffe, 1

lley,

oods

annel, 218

e, 16

jar,

ng-ja

oor

9, 60, 62

59, 76-78, 85,

Garden,

3, 214, 217, 221, 225-

oes

bird-lif

Owl

172, 182,

2, 263, 265,

ey,

164, 170, 2

n, 265,

213, 240, 2

king

Pied, migr

d, migrat

s, 141, 18

t, Loc

nd Copse

osa,

of, 209, 210,

ey, 27

32, 252, 257

tion,

t,

s,

Kite

244, 245 fig., 2

, 24

s,

In Farm

192, 22

tion,

ean, 218,

git

ker, 10

Bar-tail

tion,

s, 266

138, 154,

268, 269, 273,

n-eye

169; migr

nder,

Bean, 2

rnacl

rent

n, 264,

ay-la

s,

t,

k-foot

tion,

e-foote

ild,

Darlin

r Warbler,

tion,

ag Goo

s,

21, 2

ttle,

s,

t,

-necke

avonia

, 141, 169

263, 264,

g,

ank, 34

tion,

sby,

34, 59,

43, 121, 1

fig., 39-

tion of,

amous

coloration,

tion,

t,

s,

low, 4

ot, Bla

mon, 1

nged,

, 229, 231, 240

aded, 127, 128

t,

mon, 9

, 210, 220

s,

k-backed, 218,

t,

s,

206, 214, 218, 222,

tion,

yon,

ays,

d, frontispiece. H

n, 63, 2

arsh

sage,

ch, 16

Blue

or-.

ng-ta

65, 66, 133, 13

tion,

ing,

, 139, 140

r Lint

nd Marsh

, 73, 83, 97, 99, 10

entor. Se

y, 42

, 34, 196

0, 32, 35, 36, 38, 47, 51, 57, 6

laya

s, 13

21, 30, 52, 59

Islan

oe,

Mere,

07, 208, 213,

and,

d, 152

f Man,

42-144, 23

tion,

pe, 127,

ion, 1

bird-life

0, 142, 149, 180,

ion, 2

ancis, 156

d-life in

rd-life

t,

113, 133, 136, 137, 1

Eider

1, 25, 34, 187, 1

of feed

oncerning

t,

s,

e,

Furz

es,

221, 243,

t,

ion, 2

albus, 4

istric

ction of, by

ire, 12

il, 17

tion,

, 68-70, 126, 12

n, 264,

, migration

. See S

d-, 11

t,

113,

ks,

tion,

Stack

, 127, 128, 209, 210,

on the Di

, 50, 116,

n, 263,

, Heat

ountain

Isla

livray

132, 137

king

ing,

2, 98, 99, 122

n, 264,

ird-life

owe,

hes,

, Hous

and,

0, 192, 196

192, 268,

Littl

-life in,

rook,

ook Par

anse

sted, 96 fi

7, 58 fig

266, 268,

ing,

s,

ey,

a Lighthou

rat

Hedge, 265

Littl

acle

n, 264

ird, 2

, 184, 2

166, 265,

, Commo

pland

d, 194

ow, 2

w, 265,

ings

6, 263, 264,

aff, 26

Spott

Carrio

265, 273,

266-268,

64, 269,

ne, 12

rs,

ing, 26

tle, 2

Tufted

265, 278, 28

65, 266,

2, 263, 265,

, 265,

her, Pi

otted

ar,

se,

it,

268, 269, 273,

inch,

ent, 264,

k-foot

, 263, 264

shank

e, Re

ls,

Hen, 63,

Sparro

daw,

265

266,

rail

, 264,

hore, 2

ks,

263, 2

, 264,

192, 268,

66, 268,

, 109, 1

, 53, 54, 26

ared, 265, 2

s,

, Red-nec

adow, 46,

ree,

ts,

Golden,

y, 265

nged,

265, 269,

il,

Land

, 264, 2

tart

172, 263, 265,

63, 266,

264,

f,

, 265, 266

iper,

mon, 2

rlew,

up,

265, 2

Great Gr

a,

ffon'

, 264, 269, 2

pe,

mmon,

k, 181

w, Hed

, 263-2

e, 26

264, 265

Littl

t, 265,

, 266, 268,

n,

, 270 fig.

265,

n,

Missel-,

ong,

5, 266, 269

tone,

, 282

s, 26

l, Gra

265, 266,

, Garde

sshopp

eed,

ge, 26

lers

ar, 51

brel

at, 26

roat, 2

sser,

265, 2

ck, 26

265,

low, 2

ood,

eck,

the Norther

s Dale

s Dictio

5, 120, 124, 146, 14

ion, 2

4, 290,

l Dal

agu,

, 126, 182, 188

d fires

s and Ro

n and L

st

r, Hedg

r, 22

s, 97

Tufted

ar,

t, 24

Gray-

Littl

e, Re

ack-head

Black-ba

isher

t-eared,

ork-taile

Meado

, Gold

miga

in,

in,

ter, Ma

ake, 2

n,

te,

, Gray,

tear

chat

lark,

tead

ad Abb

essor, on th

rden Warb

Kingfis

-crow

-hawk

ingal

7 fig., 108-113,

pute, 1

, 106

n, 109,

e,

r, 11

ing,

s,

k, 117

k Plov

Sea, 2

mberla

n Lee

way

re, 114, 134,

bird-lif

atch

bird-life

, 71, 83, 9

y, 94

Mount

2, 53 fig., 54-

king

53, 54, 267

ing,

g,

Tor

ater

ls,

Barn,

hurn

ern,

g-eare

d, 122, 123 f

265, 269,

124,

s,

awny

112, 140, 144

tion,

r Ba

her, 104, 2

e, Engli

-legge

es, 43,

s, 16,

es, 46,

, 13, 34, 52,

e chai

nd Fir

ance

, 76-78, 85,

iled, 232, 254,

, 25

255,

193, 232,

232, 233,

chaps

l Cast

Red-necked,

tion,

, 132, 135, 142, 145,

d?,

n, 82

les, 2

, 46-48, 59,

king

on, 46,

ng, 4

g,

k, 213

114, 175,

tion,

s, 18

tion,

Golden

ion, 2

t,

s,

migration

rfolk

206, 207, 210, 211

tion,

s,

tone

ck-kne

59, 66-68,

265, 269,

ing,

d, 201

River a

on of bi

ve color

ne, 117, 11

, Red,

, Will

er Black-b

er,

igan,

Lesser

Sandwi

2, 75, 76, 7

coloratio

e,

t,

s,

ridge

6, 227, 231, 24

t,

migrati

Land,

tion,

125, 126

res,

6, 77 fig.,

nson,

, 1

231, 240, 241 fi

r, 19

es, 30

33, 189,

168, 169,

, 33, 72

n, 264,

155, 183

tion,

1, 166, 172, 173

172, 263, 265,

le,

in, 1

2, 53, 54, 59, 132, 1

d Pool,

, 182, 183

, 289, 2

l song,

t,

263, 266,

Hood

ier,

Mounta

d,

144, 159, 160, 161

to farme

king

ion, 2

g, 284

hire,

aning of,

Moorland

igratio

89, 90, 209, 24

rling

265, 266,

16, 66, 7

tion,

fig., 29-32,

ion, 2

ing,

o nesting-pl

s,

e,

rlew,

tion,

ill,

inavi

, 207

tion,

acine?

r, 99

n, 265,

7, 30, 51,

pire

y, Dr

Shore,

, On Crag

, bird-li

on the King

f, 1

ter, 23

x, 232

t,

s,

59, 106, 117, 141, 154-156, 159

, 102, 214, 2

215,

s,

9, 106, 122, 132,

50, 71, 83, 99,

On Sea

eler

at Gray, mi

ria,

, 167, 170

a,

tion,

's, migra

, 52, 114, 1

8, 264, 269,

115, 284-28

, 33, 64, 76

acha

34, 70,

ming

tion,

mmon,

tion,

, 127,

ion, 1

mer, 2

253,

ay,

rset

g n

Hedge, 283

d, 285,

kcap

g, Ree

low, 2

nch, 1

chaff

o, 28

lew

, 19,

finch

isher

tjar

, Rin

Meado

miga

9, 289,

ial, 1

pipe

4, 115, 284-

, 177, 284, 2

el-, 284, 29

ong,

te,

, Gray,

Garden,

sshopp

edge

tear

throa

ark, 1

6, 290,

nial,

in Augu

tember

Januar

bruar

edge, migr

, 163, 1

n, 263-2

ty, 16

ree,

ion, 2

, 65, 66, 133, 1

tion,

ing,

ton,

13, 272,

Armi

ge Ed

7, 143, 162, 184

king

264, 265,

g, 284

177, 284, 2

tle, migra

ts,

hat, 5

n, 265,

clatte

, 117, 118 f

oration, 117,

ames, 1

ion, 1

s,

Plover

er,

ock, 5

Ferry,

nus,

olk,

rland

x Dow

land,

51, 180, 192,

2, 266, 268,

2, 198,

t,

s,

tion,

wick's,

85, 196,

n, 260,

ker,

99, 193,

ion, 2

s,

206, 218, 228

tion,

103, 206,

s,

103, 206,

s,

206, 210, 2

s,

seate

ich, 206

s,

nee, 11

ne,

, 55, 57, 141,

120, 124, 146, 147

ion, 2

4, 290,

23, 172, 17

263, 264, 2

t,

g,

, 1

king

ested

ark,

154, 183, 190 fi

265, 266, 2

ing,

se, 29

arded

uay,

ani

ey,

rula aqua

on the D

e, migra

moor

49 fig., 50, 51

king

ion, 2

t,

ing,

e,

s,

e,

Streams

llot

igration,

fig., 26-28, 30, 180,

atio

, 26

, 26

to breeding

80, 192, 194-19

265, 266,

178, 179 fi

ails

leet,

52, 5

n Hal

ark,

Dartford,

rden,

tion,

183,

hopper,

tion,

g,

d, 127

tion,

, 127, 1

ion, 2

g,

rs, 14

tion,

0, 235, 272,

crow,

-ouze

, 125, 126

Charles,

n Isle

cliff

rags

ds, 13

, 155, 239,

, 51, 267

t,

te

-bird

el, 71

tion,

, 173, 1

ion, 2

t,

s,

by,

Gilbe

at, 115,

ion, 2

g,

r, migra

pers

73, 193,

n, 265,

Isle

Grouse,

ghby,

44, 145 fig

264-266, 26

ark, 1

t,

113,

er, 132,

Ireland and

Spotted, 15

en, 15

er Spot

47, 141, 182,

265, 266,

6, 290,

l songst

w, 155-1

ion, 2

, 156,

tion,

g Lark

k, 153

tion,

14,

rook, 14

ring

134, 147, 148, 152, 154, 155, 165, 167, 168, 170-173, 175, 181, 183, 184, 190, 193-196, 201, 2

rs, changing

ird-life

TNO

the borders of the moors, clothed with coarse herbage, bramble,

oologist, 1

the migrations of the H

clear. The bird visits the l

but the movement is no

cribe

obvious typographical errors were corrected. Hyphenation