The Human Race

tion and power of the white race applies with most

among the peoples forming the European branch, three great families: the Teu

ed with Sanskrit, that is the language used in the ancient sacred books of the Hindus. The analogy of European languages with Sanskrit, added to the antiq

nic F

plexion, which is clearer than that of any other people, does not appear susceptible of becoming brown, even after a long residence

tish Isles, in Italy, Spain, and the north of Africa: but in these last named countries they have eventually become mixed with people belonging to other families. What is more, t

y into three leading groups: the S

ELANDIC PEASA

far advanced, and instruction has been spread among them to such an extent, that they have given a strong impulse to scientific progress.

ns, and Danes. To this group must be added the small population of Iceland, sinc

the coasts of Finland. But in other countries, to which in former times the Scandinavian

F STAVANGE

and hospitable, and extremely fond of their native country. Their productions are small in extent,

some types of

wake of th

ive, of great endurance, simpl

ses of society. Customs here are truly democratic, the peasant plays the chief part

EN OF ST

liable character. One thing which struck him was the absence of sociability between the two sexes. They marry usually

he result of this is a too familiar manner, an absence of constraint among the men, an

OF THE TELEM

d 8, we give types of th

lue, and their complexion ruddy. The children are fresh and rosy, the old men lithesome and erect in their walk. Their voices are good and vigorous, they speak in an energetic manner. We encounter in De

CHRISTIANS

ess merely a house, and those who only rent apartments. The first of these furnish their board with rich

even to the peasant's cottage, and which embraces notions of agriculture, geography, history and arithmetic. The civiliz

with in Denmark, and mar

that on which the marriage takes place. The ceremony is performed amid a flourish of trumpets. The bridegroom is elegant

L OF THE LAWER

ith white skins. Their hair, however, was usually red, while among the Gauls the ruling colour was blond. Their head was large, with a broad forehead and blue eyes. But the modern descendants of the old inhabitants of Germany hav

o the right of the Rhine. They are found also in different parts of Hungary, Poland, Russia, and North America. The Germans of the East and South having m

ABIANS (S

and costumes of the inhabitants of Germany proper (Baden, Würtemberg,

es Races Humaines et leur Part dans la Civilisation," by Dr. Clav

definition. Throughout the whole periphery of this country there exists no identity either of customs, language, or religion. Its provinces on the frontiers of Denmark are half Scandinavian; those bordering on Russia or Turkey are hal

ization and the numerous principalities which are its consequences. It is here that we find the conditions of climate

r stead; the German loves above all things shade and mystic retreats. He hides his house in the midst of trees, limits his windows in size, and lines his

ckgrounds, illuminated by prismatic tints and glowing sunbeams. Pausing beneath the venerable trees, we must listen to sounds, re-echoed a thousand times, then dying away among the thickets, to give place to the rustling of aspen leaves, to the sighing of the firs, or to the harmonious murmurs of rivulets which force their way amid the flags and water-lilies. We must inhale the air scented with the pungent odour of fallen le

UABIANS (

o anticipate the future, and he regards progress with distaste. If he advances towards equality and unity, it is the ideal of the Latins which impels him. There is in him a resistance which forms part of his patien

in proportion, in purity of style and elegance; they are capable of arranging neither lines nor colours; their productions of

und in a wonderful manner, and reduces with ease

nor abandoned without good reason, and they are often followed out in spite of a thousand obstacles. This patient and continuous activity on the part of th

xpect to see family life become strongly organized, an

ither very positive, nor very romantic; it is dreamy in its character. It seeks its object in

r, happy in the conviction that their hearts beat in unison, and in the repetition, over and over again, of tender assurances. The calmness of their temperament and the certainty of belonging to one another some day, diminish the da

a man for the performance of his duties as head of a family, make him thoughtful for the future, save him from licentious

nd woman have taken their respective stamp. The young people know each other; they have no g

BAVA

oming, she feels herself an object of devotion-she is mistress. Whatever she grants, however slight the favour may be, acquires a h

special reference to the inhabitant

BADE

ivered up unhappy France to the mercy of the invader. We then learnt how to appreciate this reputation for good-nature, simplicity, and gentleness, which was commonly attached to the inhabitants of the Ultra-Rhenic countries. The good-nature developed itself into an undisguised ferocity, the simplicity into dark duplicity, and the gentleness into haughty and brutal violence. The hated and

bours beyond the Rhine. Accustomed to regard the Germans as peaceful and gentle, sentimental and dreamy, we, in France, were painfully surprised to find facts contrast so cruelly with a

ue of F

those countries. The Finns overran, at a very early period, Pomerania and Eastern-Prussia; later on, the Slavonians conquered the same territory, as well as Brandenburg and Silesia. Certain Germanic tribes-to which add the results of a French immigration into Prussia, which took place under Louis XIV., after the revocation of the edict of Nantes-must be joined to the stock of Slavonians and

they are Prussians!" This fact is now clearly shown by the investigations of M. de Quatrefages. From an ethnological point of view, the Prussi

exist among the German people; t

ven birth to three dialects-Du

atest maritime commercial people in the world, and

capable of enthusiasm and devotion in the defence of his strange and curious territory, preserved from the sea by dykes and formidable constructions, an

m a mixture of the Saxons and Angles with the people wh

who were the A

wig. About the fifth century after Christ, the Angles and Saxons invaded the British Isles, and mingled with the inhabitants, who then comprised Celts, Latins, and Arameans.

ient and persevering character, the serious disposition, and the love of family life, introduced by the Saxons,

ed from the square heads of the Germans, particularly those of Suabia and Thuringia. The English generally possess a clear and transparent skin, chestnut hair, tall and slender figures, a stiff gait, and a cold physiogn

nes et leur Part dans la Civilisation," in order to convey an exact kno

ite, of a vigorous circulation, of a powerfully organized locomotive system, and a sanguineo-lymphatic temperament. The power of the digestive functions shows that the nervous system is unable to obtain dominion, and that ther

of the English lies, not so much in the legs, as in the arms, shoulders, and loins. The fist is an Englishman's natural weapon, either for attack or defen

chanic, the soldier who is ready to die at his post but who bears up with difficulty against forced marches and hunger. His blond or reddish hair, his white skin and grey eyes, bespeak the mists of his country; the barely marked nape of his neck,

ourses and the facilities for conducting its internal navigation, all suggest a large maritime commerce and the habits which accomp

German-and it is only a superficial

y in the Anglican Catholic form. Like the old Gauls, he delights in wine, laughter, gaming, dancing, conversation, raillery, and fighting. He is spirited and fond of joking, frank and hospitable; but his versatility renders him incapable of steadily pursuing an enterprise to the end, of careful reflection, or of thought for the future. Through his powe

ings. They had, moreover, strength, which bade them regard conquest as a right, and take what they desired; pride, which bade them hold up their head even against the storm; individual initiative, which demanded, above all things, personal liberty; a tenacity, that nothing discour

its combination with the Celtic element, but it still remains predominant. The Saxon, as a rule, absorbs or destroys

easures of olden time have fallen off; the merry gossips of those days find no place but in literature;

ndustry, agriculture, and commerce, where they are fostered and matured; and last of all, to speculation, which anticipates the greater part of the fruits of commerce, agriculture, and manufacture. The Saxon finds everywhere the means of speculating, aided in his man?uvres by the intricacy of his commercial laws. As a consequence of his phlegmatic temperament, he giv

g in one who employs them; he keeps his word, and considers that he would be dishonoured in breaking it; but he makes the best of all his advantages. For him, life is a struggle for triumph, without regard for those who are unable to contend, and who succumb in the attempt. He asks no pity, and gives but little; he cannot be called cruel, for cruelty

oin to it the spirit of propriety, and temper it with the love of

to amphibology, and curtailing the accent to such an extent as to create discord. When harmony in the means of expressing thought is wanting, the art of talking well is no longer exercised in conversation, but becomes concentrated in discourse. There is scarcely an intermediate between the latter form of speech, and incorrect conversation among individuals. The result of this is, that the Englishman, on almost every occasion, expresses himself in speeches, which are listened to and commented upon with an imperturbable patience, but which have the grave fault of imparting to social relations a tone of pedantry and stiffness.

he result is a peculiar form of hypocrisy which bears the name of cant, and which is really the bane of English society. Owing to this, social life is enclosed in a circle of intolerance which imparts to it a painful uniformity. Each person is o

gantly formed; the oval of her face is marked, but it is somewhat heavy toward the lower portion; her hair is fine, si

nd that the large bones, peculiar to her race, interfere with the delicacy of her form, enla

orm, inspiration in feeling, devotion in love, sympathy, a manifold and undefinable seductiveness, a sort of divine radiance, whi

f heart, which Lord Byron loved so much, all in the Englishwoman revea

of dealing with abstract sciences; she can contend with the other sex in sagacity and depth; yet her conversation does not captivate. She lacks a thousand feminine instincts, and this lack is revealed in her toilette, the posture she assumes, and in

ers, whose prerogatives and domains pass to the eldest son, and of a House of Commons, the right to elect whose members is centred chiefly in the tenants of large proprietors. Where the nobility enjoy such privileges, royalty necessarily assumes a dependent position, and becomes merely an instrument. Positions of influence in the administratio

o the opium trade, and to the products of manufactures which must either sell or succumb. The only material compensation for all these evils, is, that immense power is given to wealth. The cultivation of luxury, in every form, has increased tenfold the number of objects to be provided. The houses are crowded with a number of articles of furniture, the use of which is a science in itself; the tables are loaded with an infinite variety of dishes, f

e elegance of the Latin aristocracy, nor the appreciation of art, w

or even to assign a single division to music. Workers and statesmen abound in England; but the condition of artists is bad in the extreme. A great poet emerges from the ranks of the nobility, and employs his talent

NGLIS

fying the etiquette which rules their excesses at table and in drinking, and which governs field sports and courtship. A word or gesture is sufficient to mark its author as of low breeding, and to jar upon the nerves of the nobility, which ar

and joviality impossible. Moral oppression and ennui permeate their whole life, and in the

ir horses, and their dogs; they drink to a frightful extent; they unearth the fox, and follow him on horseback, clearing every object although at the ris

ss nine months out of the year at their country seats, in the exercise of the gorgeous hospitality which is me

t above, and menaced by that below it, presents a singular mixture of timidity and resolution. Its existence, ever precarious, makes it easily susceptible of alarm, ready to yield to the terms of the powerful, or to assume any character. Its enthusiasm and admiration are

he feeling of dignity, who are passionately fond of money and whatever conduces to its possession; who risk that they may gain, and compensate one chance of loss

kenness, to which they fly as a means of forgetting their misfortunes; with brutality, which exhibits itself in blows, injuries, prize fights, and cock-fighting; with coarse sensuality,

point of being altogether without a notion of justice, he can hardly be accused of avarice, since he gives cheerfully. His friendship is firm, although by no means demonstrative; he keeps his word, and despises an untruth. Reverses redouble instead of causing him to abate his efforts; he never despairs of what he undertakes, since he is ready to sacrifice a

nt men (Ya-no-ki), have lost in North America the general character and physiognomy which they possessed in the mother-country. A new type, moral and physical, approaching more to tha

n Fa

d Africa, thus forming the Roman empire. At the present time the Latin languages are spoken only in certain por

nd eyes, and a complexion susceptible of turning brown under the sun's action; but they present m

re separately classed: the French, the Spani

ho in olden times were indifferently called Aquitanians or Iberians, and of whom a few are still to be found in the Basque

ombination with the national blood

, more particularly that portion which now forms Belgium, France as far as the Garonne, and a part of Switzerland. Later on, the Celts or Gaels extended their con

anization of a priestly sect, and a language, which, through its close connection with the sacred

or clothed themselves in tissues of bright colours, analogous to the Scotch tartan. Later on they gave themselves up to greater luxury. Above their tunic they wore the saya, a short cloak, striped with purple bands and embroidered with gold or silver. Among the poorer classes this saya was replaced by the skin of some animal, or by a cloa

sharp flint or shell points, clubs, and spears hardened in th

sort of trumpet, the top of which represented a wild beast crowned with flowers. As soon as th

hich they abandoned after a few days. They sometimes took shelter in caves, sleeping upon a little straw, or the skins of animals spread upon the earth. More freque

mouth of the Rhine, their course being arrested toward the west only by the ocean, toward the east by the Vosges, and toward the south-east by the mountains of Auvergne and the

and the Highlanders of Scotland were Gaels. The Gaelic element also predominated in Eastern France. The inhabitants of Wales, Belgium, and Brittan

e physical types, manners

-eastern, western, and southern Gauls. The first were remarkable for the abundance and length of their hair;

Some allowed it to fall around their shoulders; others tied it in a tuft abov

d of the common soldier, that of the rich warrior being adorned with flowing plumes, while figures of birds or wild beasts were wrought upon the crest. The buckler was covered with hideous figures. Beneath a breast-plate of wrought-iron the warrior wore a

mposed of stakes and hurdles, filled up with earth within and without. The roof, which was ample and solid,

s. The guests sat upon trusses of hay or straw, upon hassocks formed of rushes, or forms with wooden backs. They slept in a kind of press, formed of planks, similar to those which are me

rule, they tore with the teeth pieces which they held in their hands. The

freshness of their complexions, they bathed themselves with the foam of beer, or chalk dissolved in vinegar. They dyed their eyebrows with soot, or a liquid extracted from a fish called orphi. Their cheeks they coloured with vermilion, and dressed their hair

, articles of pottery, &c. The grave was marked by an unhewn stone, which was surrounded with herbs, moss, or flowers. These tombstones were raised up in the pl

ven, his slaves. While the flames devoured the body, the bystanders uttered loud cries, and the warriors clashed their shields. The half-calcined bones were enclosed in an urn of coarse ear

uld wish to convey of the outward appearance of t

r robes reaching down to the ground. During religious ceremonies they covered their shoulders with a species of white surplice, and upon their pontifical dress was displayed a crescent which had reference to the last phase of the moon. T

joined later on to the Romans, the Greeks, and more recently still to the Alanians, the Goths, the B

d fitted tightly, showing plainly the form of the body. He wore a shoulder-belt, ornamented with nails, and plates of silver or inlaid metal. From his girdle hung an iron knife, an axe with short handle and heavy keen iron head (battle-axe), a very sharp ponderous sword, and a pike of medium length,

, GAULS, A

robe of dark colour, or bordered with purple. Her arms were left uncovered, and her head was wreathed with flowering br

adually disappeared among the Frank

Huns; the Latin element again assumed the ascendant at the commencement of the sixteenth century; men and manners, language and art, bore witness more and more to Latin influence: the fair hair and white skin of the Frank alternating with the black locks and brown

ts are most akin to the written language; the Walloons, in the north, whose pronunciation somewhat approaches that of Teutonic nations; and the Romanians, in the south, where the dialects become confused with those of the Spaniards and Italians. The French of t

ibuted to the great geological variety of the soil of France, where samples of all parts of the earth are to be found, the Frenchman, conside

ge nor small, yet his body is in all respects well proportioned; and although he may not be capable of developing great muscular action, he is fully qualified to contend successfully against fatigue and long journeys. Agil

passed. His comprehension is quick and sound. A halo of feeling surrounds this intellectual activity. Add to this a very

ation of their historical monuments. This also goes to explain their excellent organization for public instruction, both in art and science, the forbearing and kindly tone of their philosophy, which abov

tical applications of science, and gratefully acknowledges the service they render him; but he shuns the idea of studying the sciences as such, and the very name of savant conveys to his mind a tiresome person. The

honey, and the preceptor must clearly comprehend what dose of the sweetened beverag

s, engravings, and all the productions of high art; but he does nothing whatever to encourage them. France is at the present day at the head of the fine arts

homage to the merit of their works of art, and leave to th

xhibition being obtained only by payment. When it is over, the various works are returned to their aut

hey merely profess great esteem for the arts and sciences, and render them homage wi

orm and exchange many services, and, while living his own form of existence, enjoy that of others. See how, in French villages, the houses are grouped together or placed back to back, or, in the large towns, those houses where fifty lodgers hardly separated from one another by a scanty partition, have one common domestic, the porter, and

FREN

he French nation, are all to be encountered in their various industrial products. A feeling for art is essentially character

o his aid, demand their co-operation and inspiration, and transfer them with advantage into practice. Thanks to

e of the French nation, we will

men can neither read nor write: this is equivalent to saying, that of the thirty-eight millions

er prophet of the same cloth, who foretells what is about to happen on each day of the year; and this is as much as he wants. La Bruyère drew of the French peasant in the t

y the sun, attached to the soil which they turn and rummage about with an insuperable obstinacy; they seem to utt

ing classes: those who seek works of this class are persons who have already received a certain amount of instruction, which they desire to increase by extending it to

a man go by with a book under his arm, regard him with respectful curiosity. Enter the houses, even those of the most wealthy, and you will meet with everything which is necessary for the comforts of life,

l and current affairs, that is, all which go to make up the life and interests of a nation, are excluded with most jealous care from the greater part of the French journals, to

uis of Bièvre are borrowed from Bièvriana, and laid at the door of M. de Tillancourt; then Mlle. X. des Variétés is made the heroin

by which the French bourgeois s

country instruction is obligatory. In Austria every one can read. In Norway and Denmark, the lowest of the peasantry can read and write their language with accuracy; while in the extreme north, in Iceland, that country given up to the rigours of eternal cold,

s will change, when, in France, gratuitous a

nce, quickness of conception, the sentiment of discipline, and even patience when it is called for. If in 1870 a combination of deplorable fatalities forced the French to yield to the dictates of a people, who even yet

and satire. If, in the days of Beaumarchais, everything in France clos

deous exaggeration of every physical imperfection; on the stage it has introduced la cascade, a public parody bringing before the audience in an absurd manner, history, literature, and

o read, as only those of the higher classes have leisure, during their girlhood, to cultivate their minds. And yet even they must not give themselves up too much to study, nor aspire to honour or distinction. The epithet bas bleu (blue stocking) would soon bring

t, stifle the early inclinations of young girls and women, which would in

held by the college of professors, according to the plans proposed by M. Duruy. But this attempt at the intellectual emancipation of young girls was very soon suppressed. Being barely tolerate

we can assign her physiognomy to no determinate type. Her features, frequently irregular, seem to be borrowed from different races; they do not possess that unity which springs from calm and majesty, but are in the highest degree expressive, and marvell

and delicacy. Her extremities and joints are fine and elegant, of perfect model and distinct form,

al desire to charm and please, an anxious care to attract and attach the hearts of others through simplicity or coquetry, good will or malice, the wish to radiate everywhere pleasure and life, the noble craving to

bonnets, and most effectually cause elegance and taste to thrive in the heart of poverty. The correctness of their judgment, their tact and delicacy, and their rare penetration, are of valuable assistance in commercial matters, where their just appreciation affords most useful aid

and sweet young girls become mothers whose patience is inexhaustible, and make of their home

name we include the S

ins, with the Celts, whom they succeeded in Spain

tains, which, by their various intersections, form valleys permitting only of difficult communication with each other. The mountains of Spain are one of the principal causes o

E-DEALER

e summer it is scorching. The leaves of the trees are stiff and shining, the branches knotty and contorted, the

olent and rude, and this characteristic

obtains the mastery; indeed it is quite impossible for him to master or dissemble his feelings. He is not afraid to allow their workings to become evident, but, in their

heart he is full of generosity and nobleness. It endows him with pride, from which spring exalted feelings and good actions; emulation, which prompts him to outdo himself;

and grade is an inevitable conse

s not insult, and seeks to requite it with bloodshed. His hand flies to the sword wh

oo much neglected in other countries-imparts to each the desir

therefore worthy to be named honorably in comparison with the French soldier. It is, however, difficult to preserve discipline among these fiery and independent men. They are not

IVES OF

temptation to use them, and passion frequently creates an opportu

ANISH

peasant seizes his gun and rushes to an

ADRID W

great want of discipline among the soldiers and non-commissioned officers, conduces to desertion to these irregular bodies, and the result is that unhapp

. It is this religious fury which accounts for the cruelty of the Spaniards to the Saracens and Jews; and which, later on, lit the faggots of the Inquisition, and produced the most savage in

will be seen that the multiplication of convents, both for men and women, has had the effect of rapidly depopulating the country; that the proscription of the Moors, the Jews, and lastly, of the Protestants, has proved destructive of productive industry; that the courts of the Inquisition, and the auto-da-fé, have led to a feeling of sadness a

ed with natural gifts. Thus it is that commerce has become a bye-word in a land, whose geographical position is unrivalled, and which possessed in the New World the most fl

remedies must be applied to these crying evils? We

osed. The Spanish woman is almost always small of stature. Who has not observed her large eyes, veiled by thick lashes, her delicate nose, and well-formed nostrils. Her form is a

passion but with constancy, and the jealousy she feels is bu

for by the care of children. The mother lavishes upon her young family her whole life, and if she fails to instruct them, it is, alas! that she lac

ention of those around her only during the short period of her beauty. When, arrived at maturity, her judgment formed by experience, and her views enlarged by observation or practice, she might

ers, we will say something with respect to the m

SH LADY A

metimes wear, in addition to this, a hat formed of felt and black velvet, with the edges turned up. On fête-days they don a waistcoat of green or blue velvet, with numerous buttons formed of silver or plated copper. In lieu of trowsers, they wear full drawers of white cloth, which reach as far as the k

HE FA

antage in the market-place, whither the

lled into bunches above the temples, and carried to the back of the head, where

es of the inhabitants of Valencia, Xeres, Cordova, Tol

erally reflects the character of the people, who accompany it with songs and national melodies. Th

nd its people merit some p

are rather large, but their hands are very delicate. Their forms are well set, and strongly, though somewhat sturdily built; their joints are small, their complexion sallow, their movement

orms. The country people are worthy of special notice, they make brave and steady

HE BO

ee silver buttons, displays the form. Being separated from the petticoat, it permits the chemise to puff out around the body, while the sleeves of that garment are wide and usually worn turned up. The head-dress consists of a large black felt hat, frequently adorned w

9

9

9

VENDORS A

nce of the peasants in their various brilliant dresses,

the costume of fi

l, and pureness of the atmosphere. The soil, which is very undulating, is watered by numerous streams, and permits largely

protected by the sea. Along the coast are vast ports, with good harbours; and lastly, this

oductions which furnish good food, all indicate that Italy should possess a fine, vi

e origin of this people, and the differences t

ians. The barbarian invasions in the north, and the contact with Greeks and Africans in the south, have wrought much alteration in the primitive type of the inhabitants of Italy. Except in Rome, and the Roman Campagna, the true type of the primitive Latin popul

ation. This is met with, as we have said, in and ar

c features, as probably those of the ancient Italian races. The head is large, the forehead of no great height, the vertex (summit of the cranium) flattened, the temporal region

AN PEAS

tely reproducing these features, still retain

MAN PE

brated types of countenance, so familiar to every artist. The distinguishing marks will be easily see

IRL OF THE

which represents a young Roman girl from the quarter on the banks of the Tiber called Tr

ng the modern Romans, to seek among them traces,

convents and celibacy, nor speak of intellectual faculties in a country where we see a jealous tyranny narrowing the minds of the inhabitants, and an authority that is seated in the blackest darkness, moulding body a

y, and having, since the year 1871, become the Capital of Italy and the residence of King

proper. At the same time they call out some number. The winner is he, who, by chance, calls out the number represented by the sum of all the fingers exhibited by the two players. If, for example, I call out five, and at the same time open two fingers, whilst my adversary displays three,

played all

be found; the traveller passing through the suburbs of the capital of the Christian World, Frascati or Tiv

EET AT

al City its austerity, not to say, its public sadness and moral languor. We shall therefore close our series of picturesque views of the inhabitants of Modern Rome, by glancing at the costumes of

AL ENTERING

n the Roman Campagna, has, on the other hand, undergone great modification in the provinces of

land of extraordinary fertility, nourishes a race in which the Latin blood has mingled with that of the German and Gaul. In Tuscany and the

, it is said, from Northern Greece, have preserved the physical for

ture, resting the body on the left side, as do also the women. The women wear a tunic, sometimes fastened below the breast by a broad girdle, which is furnished with a circular clasp, and a peplum which i

ors, and architects. The habits of the people, both of the upper and lower classes, are gentle and peaceful. There is here a state of general prosperity added to a fair amount of education. The poor man here, does not, as in other countries, foster a complaining and hostile feeling against the

TION OF PO

e of the Italian is very far from servile; it comes from the heart. A universal kindly feeling welcomes the stranger, who experiences much pleasure among this conc

lowered the social condition, through the misery and ignorance it has produced. The mixture of African blood has changed the organic type of the Southern Italian to such an extent, as to render him entirely distinct

ed. Let us betake ourselves for a moment thither, and take a rapid view of the strange population,

aroni in the market-place (mercatello), a

n the occasion of the public festivals which are so numerous at Naples. This curious mixture may be investigated in the

RONI SHOP

oosely around the head, and the classic profiles with straight noses (fig. 34). In Southern Italy, these daughters of ancient Greece

parts, moreover, clothe themselves in sheepskins during the winter, and wear sandals, fastened with leathern thongs. The Etruscans,

TAN ICED-WA

LITAN PEA

e richest colours are to be met with, from the coarse cloth drawers and shirt of the fisherman, to the brilliant costume of certain

d colour, the graceful acquajolo (fig. 36), that is, the stall of t

ANT TRADER

ankind in Italy, we naturally pass to those of their

s, are comprehended the people of Walachia, Mo

settlements, with the ancient Slavonic inhabitants of these countries. The language of this people co

QUAJOLO,

ish rule. The Turks did not disturb the internal government of the Walachians, but obliged their prince (hospodar) to pay an annual tribute to the Porte, and to maintain Turkish garrisons in all their strongholds. But Walachia, being situated between the Ottoman empire on one side, and Hungary, Poland, and Russia, on the other, became the scene of most of the struggles between its formidable neighbours. It was trampled over by both Christian an

aintained during the lifetime of its possessor. New events have happened, and, since the year 1860, the political protection of the Danubian Principalities

enjoy their nationality and independence on co

are now to receive

a high court of appeal for judicial affairs. In modern times, Couza was the best known p

o by a sort of indigenous polic

WALA

lachia are remarkable

ous, and sober temperament. But, since they are unable to enjoy the result of their labour, they do as little work as possible. The milk of their kine, pork, a little maize, and b

right eyes, small lips, and white teeth. They are merry, hospitable, sober, active, brave, and fitted to make good soldiers. They profess Christianity according to the

Y OF BU

nization. The country of the Danube, indeed, has practically but one large town, that is, Bucharest. There are thus, in this land, no centres from whence light could emanate; it is

LACHIA

empire, offering, moreover, a communication between Europe and Asia, by the Black Sea; but this is all in vain, for hardly a single vessel glides over its waves. Its rocks, its shoals, the Turkish garrisons on its banks, and above all, the plague, inspire fear. Other fine rivers flow from the su

of being used in the construction of fleets, merely furnish the wood used in paving the streets or roads; for idleness and ignorance find no means of raising the blocks of granite and marble, of which the Carpathians offer such abundance. The summit of Mount Boutchez attains a height of more than six thousand feet

BOSNIAK

of the adjacent countries. The pastures, filled with aromatic plants, supply nourishment even to the herds of neighbouring provinces, and could support even more than these. The wool of their sheep has already attained considerable value. It is estimated that Walachia contains two and a half millions of sheep, which are of three-fold variety-the zigay, with short and fine wool; the zaskam, with long coarse wool; the tatare, which forms a mean between the two foregoin

nian

nhabitants of Slavonia; and the Magyars, or Hungarians, the Croats, the Tchecks, the Poles, and the Li

e shall give in a general manner the character

hey recall the Caucasian type, they yet possess the most distinct marks of the Mongolian type. The cheek bones are high, the nose is depressed at the root, and turned up towards the extremity, which is

hus described the organic

cided curve; but if such curve were appreciable, it would be slightly concave, so as to give the tip a tendency to rise; the lower portion is rather broad, and the extremity rounded. The eyes, which are slightly hollow, are exactly in the same line, and if they present any marked characteristic, it is that they are rather small in proportion to the head. Th

Hungary proper, whence they extended as far as the Dnieper and the Baltic. Their name of Servians is derived from a people mentioned by Ptolemy, under the name of Σερ?οι, who dwelt in the regions around the Baltic (Palus-Meotis), and belonged to the Sarmatian nation. The Sarmatians advanced by

AN SENTIN

Slavonians, is connected with gradual displacements of Asi

remarkable degree of purity, but alter

od they separated into rival nationalities, possessing but little capacity for self-government. Anarchy was their political condition, and to

ians of Lusatia, the Tchecks or inhabitants of Bohemia, and the inhabitants of Carinthia and Carniola. The purest type of the Slavonian race is to be found in the Servians, inhabit

ry, from the region of the Carpathians in Illyria, and who abs

rate stock, is represented by the Lithuanians, a people whose mild and indolent nature would

Varegians, a Scandinavian people, brought a northern influence into this country. These Varegians absorbed the Slavonians whom they found in this country, and the Tchoudans who had summoned them. Under this twofold action arose the Russian nation, which is mentione

rants (Rios-Lagen, the

AN DEVOTE

Among these Russians we shall find the stock of those who established themselves farther north in Russia Major, the population of which eventually absorbed them. The Bielo-Russians, or i

Austrian Galicia, belong, as well as the Tchecks, to this same Polish branch. The Ruthenians, settled to the north of Transylvania, proceeded fro

f populations united under th

s, has been divided between oppression and slavery. We will, however

ar the greatest fatigue. On horseback he crosses plains covered with snow, as the Arab crosses the burning sands of the desert. Music has a very moving effect on the Slavonian. It forms a means of translating his tenderness and his melancholy; it responds to the vague and cloudy impressions, to the yearnings, of his sw

ste for colour attains with them a considerable development, a fact which is evidenced by the colours of their materials and furniture, and the decoration of their apartments. The sense of orna

is able, after a very short apprenticeship, to reproduce

eveloped, and that this race, in order to arrive at excellence in art, onl

t the Russian be looked to for personal initiative, or philosophical or social innovations. He does not possess the instinct o

prevails in Russia, which imposes with authority its decisions, and th

opulation, with bad police arrangements, bad administration, and without good means of communication, acts collectively, a

id not possess the element of centralization which was necessary to enable them to withstand foreign aggression. They at last became a prey to the Mongolians and Germans, who brought with them a feudal form of government, and banished all prosperity by des

populations of the north, to the despotic centralization s

ountainous country, filled, nevertheless, with sweet odours, a burning sun, a clear sky, and the various products of the soil, have rendered the race of

in; the least hope of independence nerves their hearts. The hospitality of the Southern Slavonians, their language brimming with poetry, and their national songs, all impart t

rincipal populations whom we have

nch of this family. They may be subdivided into Ru

isseminated throughout all the rest of the Russian Empire, the immense extent of which is well known. In the Asiat

etersburg; fig. 43 represents the dress of the townspeople, and the sledge which takes the place o

C IN ST. P

A Russian village usually consists of only one street, lined with isbas, more or less ornamented, according to the

USSIAN

ove kept alight during the whole winter. The furniture consists of forms placed along the wal

ery room is an image of the Virgin Mary. Instruments of labour, cooking uten

RIOR OF

wanting in cleanliness, and indulges to excess in malt spirit. He wears a shirt of cotto

and worn with this next the body. His low crowned hat has a broad turned up rim. The h

houlders. It is only on fête days that this wretched costume gives place to aprons and shawls, of bright colo

ONIAN P

cter. The quick and sparkling expansion and gaiety of Southern p

ded from without by double windows and double doors: that persons leaving the house envelop themselves in a fur robe, which leaves no form distinguishable, so that it is difficult to say whether the individual in question is a

RTAR O

requently have longer faces, more prominent noses, and are of greater height, than the Russians properly so called. Their principal settlement is upon the banks of the lower

R OF THE

re, of Cossacks who live in the Caucasus, along the frontier

f hunters and husbandmen, rather than that of warriors and nomads. Reddish, or, frequently red hair, a scanty beard, a complexion marked with red patches, bluish or grey eyes, sunken cheeks, prominent cheek-bones, a large occiput, and an angular frame possessing less beauty than that of the Europeans

two groups; one in the Sou

R OF THE

nd Kachintz, whose language bears some general affinity to Turkish dialects; these give t

people: the Ostiaks and the Vogoul

AN NORTH-

a very insignificant p

mixture with the Turks and Mongolians as to hav

h greater perfection the characteristics of the Finns. They are a people devote

tiak huts. These habitations were so foul, and gave forth such putrid miasmas, that, n

d fish or game, this being their ordinary food. But from time to time they go with large buckets of bark to Bere

les who speak Turkish dialects mingled with Finnish words, and who exist in very much the same way. The Baskirs are the most

d Moadueinites, who likewise speak dialects interspersed with Turkis

, are the remains of a people of some consideration, formerly independent, civilized, and co

e distinguished the Livonians, Esthonians, Ischorians, Kyrials, Ymes or Finlanders, and Quaines, who are respectively the remains of the ancient inhabitants of Livonia, Esthonia, Ingria, Finland, and Careli

STIAK

n stated above with reference to the Southern Slavonians. We will merely borrow a few descriptions and illustrations from the work of M. George Perrot, a Fr

ANE OF V

Croatia, Bosnia, and the strip of territory r

sions, and which bears the

VONIAN

nts of Slavonia, which we shall reproduce here. Figure 54 represe

EASANT

ted a few leagues from Essek, M. George Perr

s the Magyars. Many of the women, who are tall and slender, are really beautiful. Their eyes especially, which are bright and sparkling, and sometimes blue, tho

urned up, a linen shirt, and full trousers down to the ankle; this in hot weather, when they are in workin

r occasion, when we were on the boat, we saw some men who, in addition to this, wore, over the waistcoat, a short cape or half-cloak, which did not fall lower than the waist, and of which,

mise forms elegant and symmetrical folds, falling in front as low as the ankle, while behind, it extends to about half way down the calf of the leg. Over the head is thrown, in various fashions, a kerchief, which is usually white, but which on festive occasions is embroidered with silver and gold; the ends of this fall down the back, or over the bosom, as may suit the taste of the wearer. When the best dress is donned, a cloth apron, the col

OF THE MILI

nes or Frontiers, and he describes the miserable state in which the Slavonian peasantry exist the

ts of these districts

F THE MILIT

as a type of the Slavonian women

more of this trav

cloaks of red cloth; and, thus equipped and armed, guard their flocks on the moors. The state furnishes them, for exercise and service, with guns similar to those used by regiments of the line; but when not on duty, many of them prefer long guns of Albanian manufacture or shape, with swallow-tailed stocks. These guns are transmitted from father to son for several generations. Besides these, they wear in their girdles

r than those of the neighbouring provinces, where they dispense with all this armed exhibition. This, therefore, is another of the useless and erroneous consequences of the military régime: here are hands tak

tary stations of the Confines, with the

S AND THEIR

s, to-morrow they may be torn from their orchards and fields, to encounter death in Italy, or on some other frontier; would it not be madness to expose themselves to privation and fatigue in view of a future upon which they have no means of reckoning? Besides this, does their property, which they can neit

se to recognize the advantages to be gained from any modern invention, better tools, or more advanced methods of cultivation.

GANE PR

e very insufficient both in number and quality; in certain districts, especially in Southern Croatia, the villages are so distant from one another, that the children, who do not dwell in the borough where the school is, are unable, without difficulty, to go there at any time. Besid

of the neighbouring provinces, and even with strangers. This contact somewhat opens their minds and suggests new ideas; but it is chiefly in Southern Croatia, in the districts called Banal and Karlstadt, that the characteristic features of the Gr?nz

813, were still the subject of dispute. Here, moreover, the Frontier territory is no longer from fifteen to twenty kilometres, but from five to six myriametres broad; the people subject to the military régime, here, therefore, form a more homogeneous and compact mass. Cases of

ourse of the river Save. He stopped in a borou

y pouch with a Bosnian tobacco which is by no means so good as that of Macedonia. I purchased a rug such as are worked also by the women of Slavo

men, in Austria as in Turkey, would be no unworthy rivals of the Turcoman women, who, in the neighbourhood of Smyrna, and from the high meadow-lands of the Taurus down to the

wants, already dyed by industrial processes: but it will be understood that the colours thus obtained, which are produced with a view to cheapness and variety, are far from possessing the fresh and durable tints of those colours, few in number, always the same, and a

to pass a herd of bullocks, which had just been purchased in Bosnia, I amused myself by noting the pict

SNIAK

ts were most primitive. Two vertical posts supported a horizontal piece, upon which worked the lever, by means of which the bellows were set in motion. In front of the orifice by which the air escaped, a small anvil was fixed in the ground. Around the prop

IAK PEAS

NIAK ME

ng down his neck; he stood erect, his hand supporting the butt end of his gun, which rested on his shoulder. A tapestried mantle, adorned with long flocks of wool, which is peculiar to the frontiers of the two countries, was thrown over his shoulders. At his side was another Bosniak, who leant against a wall, clad in a

MEN OF

o M. Perrot, a Bosniak peasant man and w

Asia under the name of Magyars, and who were, it would seem, a tribe of the Huns. Hungary is believed to have been

UNGAR

from other people in th

ter is warlike, and their state of civilization is super

,) M. Duruy has imparted to us his impressions on a journe

NGARIAN

lace ruffles; a jacket body, either red, black, or green, embroidered at the back with fringes and silver buttons, sets off a slender and supple form. A light, very ample, but often rather short petticoat; a silken or velvet scarf thrown over one shoulder à

UNGAR

ging mustachios. He was dark, and dressed in a vest of sheepskin, and breeches of coarse cloth, supported at the waist by a scarf falling over his heavily-shod and spurred boots. A large hat, with the edges turned up, covered his head, and beneath it hung two long plaits of hair. The Magyar language is energetic, full of similes, and fi

, namely, the Croats, the Tchecks, the Lithuanians,

commencement of this chapter, applies

reek

their origin from the ancient tribes known under the name of Pelasgians. T

victorious arms into Egypt. But these conquests were ephemeral. The Greek empire was in its turn s

uring districts. The majority of the people of this race who inhabit the Asiatic continent have adopted even the lang

, already afforded an example of advanced culture, at a time when th

human head, is that we find traced in the sculpture of ancient Greece. It had been supposed that the magnificent heads with the noble outlines, admired in the statues of the Greeks, were not the exact reproduction of nature, and that some features had been exaggerated in the dire

nt Greeks. In his "Travels in the Morea," M. Pouqueville gives a description of the physiognomy of the present Greeks, which enable

eeth. The women of Sparta are fair, slender, and dignified in carriage. The women of Taygetus have the gait of Pallas . . . . The Messenian girl is conspicuous for her plumpness; she has

heir sculpture, and which, according to what we have

he nose; this last straight or slightly aquiline; large eyes, opening widely and surmounted by a scarcely arched

thens; fig. 67 a Greek family and

EKS OF

nteresting work by M. Prout, "Journey to Athens," published in "Le Tour du Monde" in 18

y certain that from Cape Malea to the Black Sea, and from Smyrna to Corfu, there are ten million individuals who speak Greek, mixed up with a population speaking Slavonic, and that in the plains of Athens, we easily distinguish the Albanian with the nar

These qualities give to the Greeks so great a superiority over the other races of the East, that they are liked by none of them. The Turks reproach them with being suspicious and dissimulating, becau

harp crisis leading to the ecstasies of madness. Whilst Cupid's weapons, in Naples or in Venice for instance, inflict terrible wounds, the arrows of the Athenian god neither keep his victims from repose nor from the pursuit of business. The Greeks have preserved their tragic intonation, and are the true children of that wild Orestes who

REEK HO

ytical and foreseeing tendencies, even amo

istening, and whilst saying a great dea

inter of 1858 it was the fashion to wear the entire beard. I trust that this fancy, which gave them the appearance of sappers in petticoats, has disappeared; the finely trimmed mustachios, revealing the lips, are better suited to their delicately chiselled features as well as to their refined and fanciful style of dress. But alas! Athens every day sees the pure gold of its ancient costume bartered for the dross of modern broadcloth fresh from the shelves of the tailor's shop. Athens now boasts seventy tailors and fifty shoemakers who make in the French style, whilst only six of the former, and three of the latter still work in the spirit of their national traditions. There are sixty-two shops for the

all the peasantry of the neighbourhood may be s

m-eaten sheds roofed in with ragged cloths, in which are exhibited produce of all sorts

diocre figures, and the portico of Minerva Archigetis. Arch?ologists after noticing the first, hasten across the spacious vestibule to visit the second, but those, wh

r chariots of H

sis on the basso-r

they have no feminine attributes, in the meaning we give to the word. In commercial circles and among the Phanariots, who come principally from Asia, where the race has remained pure, there are, on the contrary,

s where they busy themselves with domestic occupations, and employ the

; the first already quite Europeanized, the second on the high road to become so. The Phanariot ladies are well educated and speak French admirably. The others,

OF THE AGOR

it said that the pri

ey are more easily taken in, on account of the complication of the currency, this complication being another instance of Bavarian error. Rothschild made an offer to the council of regency to effect a loan payable in coin similar to that struck at the French mint. The council decided that it was more ingenious, and above all more archaic, to shut their eyes to all known standards, and

iled in the streets with the importunity of beggars. These are few in number, for with the Greeks it is a sacred family duty to assist its impoverished members, and the few that do beg, shrink from publicity. The streets of Athens have a peculiar physiognomy. The stranger notices there neither the noisy disturbance of the highways of Naples, nor the methodical activity of those of London. They are rather to be compared with those of some of the provincial towns of France, where the leisured citizens stroll about, and retail to one another the gossip of the hour, rema

rities of yesterday and to-day. This man, treading as gingerly as if he stepped upon eggs, and throwing uneasy glances around him, is a Chiotian. As he passes, your cicerone scowls, for the Chiotians are not exactly beloved. Popular tradition declares that the Island of Scios was formerly settled by Jews, but this is erroneous, although the Chiotians have a Jewish appearance, and, like the children of Israel, are very successful in banking and commerce. Commercial aptitude has always

group. I have a great admiration for the Ionians. I do not say that human perfection is to be found in these numerous islands, but wonderful natural qualities, in unison with the healthy civili

this Greek good sense they add the fire of the Italian. Active, intelligent, goo

E TEMPLE OF JU

he Athenian population is

ay only, follow a few paces behind them. The crowd walks round and round a kiosk till a military band placed there has finished playing, and then goes home; not into the house, however, but into the streets, for during the warm summer nights nearly

ancient inhabitants of these districts. They are the descendants of the ancient Illyrians, mixed up with the Greeks and the Slavonians. Restricting themselves almost exclusively to the profession

the south by the kingdom of Greece, on the west by the Adriatic and Ionian seas, constitutes the pachaliks of Janina, Ilbessan an

nd than of the cultivator and the labourer, the Albanians p

puy, 22, R. des Petits

GEAN

R CAUCA

to submit to the victorious Ottomans, who compelled the Albanians to embrace the religion of Mahomet. In some parts of Albania the Greek church still

BANIAN

sents the Alb

OF AN A